• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.77 no.3
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• pp.303-314
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• 1988

Tong-ri beach has not enough vegetation to be enjoyed by the sea bathers and to be satisfied with preventing the disaster-damages, but mixed forest near the beach can work its funtions and the old forest of Pirus thunbergii $P_{ARL}$. near the beach do a Little. Therefore it is very urgent to plant more trees near the beach for bathers and disaster-damage prevention. This study was carried out for planning an afforestation, with reporting upon the crown amounts and soil properties of disaster-damage prevention forests of P. thunbergii $P_{ARL}$. planted on the coast sand dunes in 1970 and 1976, and with reporting upon the valuation on soil properties of the lands near the beach in order to set the afforestation site. The results are as follows : 1. In disaster-damage prevention forests, crown surface area and crown volume became increasingly greater in proportion to the height. To D.B.H., crown volume also became increasingly greater in proportion, but crown surface area was directly proportional. 2. In comparison to sail characteristics of sand dune, those of the forests were in large quantity in OM, T-N and avail. $SiO_2$, and almost in the same in avail. $P_2O_5$, but in small quantity in exchangeable canons : K, Ca, Mg and Na. 3. EC, Cl and pH were in small value in the forest soils, but CEC was in large value in those soils. 4. Above facts showed that the forests fulfill their functions for preventing disaster-damages and improve their soil properties. 5. The forests have naturally been thinned up to 34% in 17 years and 39% in 11 years, and one can easily pass through the forest(planted in 1970), because of its sufficient clear-length(2.71m) and its space to pass. 6. A plan for afforestation was oracle nut after judging several sites by the evaluation on the soil properties and considering the best relaxation and the prevention of the various disaster-damages upon which were reported in the last issue. 7. Afforestation should be kept for maintaining its appropriate density for best relaxation and disaster-damage prevention.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.309-317
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• 2016

The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of microbial culture supplements on ruminal fermentation and fermentative quality of Italian ryegrass silage (IRGS) both in vitro and in situ. Three species of microbes (Lactobacillus casei (LC), Bacillus subtilis (BS), and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC)) were used in this study. They were applied to IRGS at 30 days after silage manufacture. Various items were measured using in vitro and in situ incubation technique after each microbial supplement was inoculated into IRGS at $0.5{\times}10^4CFU/g$. In the first experiment, in vitro ruminal fermentation characteristics of IRGS were evaluated at 0, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after microbes were inoculated into IRGS. In the second experiment, in situ fermentation characteristics were investigated at 0, 1, 3, and 5 days after the inoculation of each microbial supplement. In vitro ruminal $NH_3-N$ content was significantly (p<0.05) increased in LC-, BS-, and SC-IRGS at 12 hrs post incubation compared to that in control IRGS. In vitro ruminal total VFA concentration and dry matter digestibility (DMD) of IRGS were not significantly difference among LC-, BS-, and SC-IRGS, although they were numerically increased in LC-IRGS than those of the other IRGS. In addition, this study evaluated the fermentation characteristics and in situ DMD of IRGS with the lapse of incubation time up to 5 days. Throughout the incubation times from 1 day to 5 days, the pH value was significantly (p<0.05) lower in BS-, LC-, and SC-IRGS than that in control IRGS. Lactate was significantly (p<0.05) higher, and significantly (p<0.05) butyrate was lower in LC-IRGS than that in other treatments at 0 day. It was higher (p<0.05) in control IRGS than that of BS-, LC-, and SC-IRGS at 1-5 days. In situ DMD tended to increase in BS-, LC-, and SC-IRGS compared to that in control IRGS. Especially, DMD was higher in SC-IRGS than that in other treatments at 0 day. It tended to be higher in LC-IRGS at all incubation time. Taken together, these results suggest that it might be useful to select a microorganism by considering the feeding time of IRGS to ruminants because organic acids and DMD of IRGS were affected by the incubation time of each microorganism with IRG silage, especially for L. casei decreased the content of acetate and butyrate in IRGS.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.40-47
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• 2006

Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the effects of attenuation correction (AC) and scatter correction (SC) on the quantification of PET count rates. Materials and Methods: To assess the effects of AC and SC $^{18}F$-FDG PET images of phantom and cat brain were acquired using microPET R4 scanner. Thirty-minute transmission images using $^{68}Ge$ source and emission images after injection of FDG were acquired. PET images were reconstructed using 2D OSEM. AC and SC were applied. Regional count rates were measured using ROIs drawn on cerebral cortex including frontal, parietal, and latral temporal lobes and deep gray matter including head of caudate nucleus, putamen and thalamus for pre- and post-AC and SC images. The count rates were then normalized with the injected dose per body weight. To assess the effects of AC, count ratio of "deep gray matter/cerebral cortex" was calculated. To assess the effects of SC, ROIs were also drawn on the gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM), and contrast between them ((GM-WM)/GM was measured. Results: After the AC, count ratio of "deep gray matter/cerebral cortex" was increased by $17{\pm}7%$. After the SC, contrast was also increased by $12{\pm}3%$. Conclusion: Relative count of deep gray matter and contrast between gray and white matters were increased after AC and SC, suggesting that the AC would be critical for the quantitative analysis of cat brain PET data.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.265-272
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• 2002

Forage breeding laboratory of National Livestock Research Institute, R.D.A. has made interspecific hybrids of Lolium multiflorum $\times$ L. pratensis and intergeneric hybrids of Lolium $\times$ Festuca since 1984, and has collected ecotypes of Italian ryegrass since 1991. Growth characteristics of these hybrids and ecotypes were researched, and then these clone lines were named. Among these clone lines, the several clones that have polen fertility, high cold-tolerance, and similar heading time were used for making synthetics, Naehan 6, 7, 8, 9, with polycrossing method in 1997. Field experiments were carried out to compare the mophological and agronomical characteristics and forage productivity and quality of the synthetics with those of Italian ryegrass varieties, Barmultra and Hwasan 101. in Suwon and Yonchun from 1999 to 2000. Heading time of the synthetics were 22th to 24th May that belong to late-mature types to be similar to that of Barmultra and Hwasan 101 in Suwon. The synthetics were 101 to 106 c3n in plant length, medium or thick in thickness of stem, dark peen in leaf color, broad and long in flag leaf, strong in lodging resistance, and excellent in regrowth. Winter survivals of the synthetics were no different from that of Barmultra or Hwasan 101 in Suwon, but better than that of Barmultra or Hwasan 101 in Yonchun where was -10 to -12$^{\circ}C$ of minimum average air temperature in January or February. Dry matter(DM) yields of the synthetics were similar to DM 8,238kg per ha of Barmultra in Suwon, but in Yonchun, were more 7 to 13% than DM 7,291kg per ha of Barmultra. Forage qualities, IVDMD, ADF, NDF and TDN of the synthetics were lower than those of Hwasan 101, but higher than those of Barmultra.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.351-359
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• 2013

This study was undertaken to assess dietary crude protein (CP) and amino acid (AA) concentrations for growth performance and carcass characteristics in Korean native ducks. In a $2{\times}3$ factorial arrangement, 1-d-old Korean native male ducks were allotted to 6 dietary treatments in a completely randomized design. Experimental diets contained 23 or 21% CP with 1.31/1.09, 1.21/1.00, 1.11/0.91 and 1.11/0.91, 1.02/0.83, 0.92/0.75 AA (Lysine/Total sulfur amino acid, Lysine/TSAA), respectively, from 0 to 3 wk of age. From 4 to 8 wk of age, experimental diets had 19 or 17% of diet; each contained 1.00/0.79, 0.94/0.75, 0.88/0.71 and 0.88/0.71, 0.82/0.67, 0.76/0.63 AA (Lysine/TSAA), respectively. Each dietary treatment has 6 replicates and feed and water were provided ad libitum. Body weight (BW), feed intake and uniformity were measured at 3 wk and 8 wk and carcass characteristics were evaluated at 8 wk of age. As CP increased from 21 to 23%, the BW and BW gain significantly increased (P<0.05) during 0 to 3 wk of age. From 4 to 8 wk of age, BW, feed intake, BW gain, feed conversion rations (FCR) and uniformity were not different (P>0.05) between treatments. Carcass yield and relative weights of liver, spleen, right breast and leg per 100 of BW were not different (P>0.05) between treatments. The meat color, shear force value, cooking loss and pH were not affected by dietary treatments (P<0.05). Korean native ducks require relatively low levels of dietary CP and AA for late growth and carcass yield due to low daily weight gain. This suggests the possible differences in CP and AA needs between Korean native ducks and commercial breeds from foreign breeding companies, especially late growth stage.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.11
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• pp.1532-1537
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different arthroplasty designs on knee kinematic and lower limb muscular activation for up-stair and down-stair movement. 3-D video analysis of whole body and joint kinematics and EMG analysis of quadriceps and hamstrings were conducted. One-way ANOVAs were used for statistical analyses (p=0.05). The single-radius group exhibited more arthroplasty limb quadriceps EMG and hamstring coactivation EMG than the multi-radius group. Single-radius demonstrated more abduction angular displacement and reached peak abduction earlier than the multi-radius arthroplasty limb. The single- radius the percent body fat showed similar values in the Elderly, Single and Multi-radius group among the periods, however Control group was Lowered among the periods. Single-radius group limb also increased the quadriceps muscle activation level to produce more knee extension moment to compensate for the short quadriceps moment arm. Resting metabolic rate was significantly increased in control group in the period of LI. Energy expenditure was extremely increased in all groups except control group among the periods. We can say this is the exercise effects.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 1998

This study was carried out to confirm whether the developmental capacity of bovine mature oocytes frozen ultra-rapidly using electron microscopic(EM) grids and EFS30 can be obtained, and whether the cryoprotectants and the freezing method used in this study effect detrimentally to the bovine oocytes by indirect immunocytochemistry. As freezing solution, we used EFS30 which consisted of 30% ethylene glycol, 0.5 M sucrose, 18% ficoll and 10% FBS added in D-PBS. The results obtained in this experiment were summarized as follows: When the effects of cryoprotectant and freezing procedure on the microtuble, micrfilament and chromatin morphology of oocytes were evaluated using indirect immunocytochemistry, the results of freezing as well as exposure group were not different with that of the control oocytes. When the fertilization abnormality after ultrarapid freezing of bovine mature oocytes was examined by Hoechst staining, the rates of total penetration(96.7, 9.0%), normal two pronuclei formation(74.6, 68.9%) and mean number of sperm / oocyte(1.50, 1.44) were not different between control and freezing group. In addition, when the developmental capacity of frozen-thawed of oocytes(85.5%) was survived, 74.5% of them were cleaved and 31.4% of cleaved embryos were developed to blastocyst. These data were similar to those of the control(76.0%, 34.6%) and exposure(74.5%, 33.0%) except survival rates. Also, when the total cell number of blastocysts produced from the each treatment at day after IVF was examined by hoechst staining, there were not different among groups. There results demonstrate that developmental capacity of frozen-thawed bovine mature oocytes can be successfully obtained by ultra-rapid freezing method using EM grid and EFS30 solution.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.62 no.3
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• pp.249-258
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of envrionmental factors on the ecological responses, yield, and quality properties and physicochemical characteristics of yacon cultivated in various regions of Korea. Experiments were carried out in eight regions from 2010 to 2013. The temperature range in Jinbu, Bonghwa, Cheolwon, and Gangneung during the growth period of yacon cultivation was $17.5-24.6^{\circ}C$. The total yield and marketable yield of tuberous root in Jinbu were 4,065 and 3,196 kg/10a, respectively. The sugar content of yacon tuberous roots comprised 0.11-0.20% fructose, 0.11-0.37% glucose, 0.39-0.68% sucrose, 0.07-0.37% reducing sugar, and 7.03-9.62% fructo-oligosaccharides. The content of fructo-oligosaccharides, which is a functional substance, was the highest in yacon cultivated in Jinbu. Based on the productivity and functional fructo-oligosaccharides, the optimum areas to cultivate yacon are Jinbu and Bonghwa, which are located in the middle-highland zone (500-560 m) and have a suitable growth temperature of $18-25^{\circ}C$. The results of the present study indicate that temperature could be the factor with the greatest influence on the root growth of yacon.

• 대한공업교육학회지
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.142-163
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of problem solving ability and satisfaction of university students who are pre-technology teachers in woodworking products(birdhouse) making program using design thinking. Survey responses are analyzed by statistical programs(SPSS ver.20) such as satisfaction, confidence in problem solving, difficulties and causes of difficulties according to gender and grade of 33 students who conducted experience programs in extra-curricular programs to improve creativity and problem solving ability. The main conclusions of this study are as follows: First, the average of total satisfaction about experience programs is 4.39, which is somewhat high. The highest average response is 'feelings of accomplishment' and 'advice in the surroundings'(M = 4.46). There is no significant difference between male and female, and grade. The students interest in group-based different birdhouse woodworking together with the help of the surrounding people by the process of design thinking rather than practice to follow. Therefore, I'd like to recommend to other students due to this program shows a high self-confidence, sense of accomplishment, and satisfaction. Second, the total average response of students 'self-confidence for problem solving at the group based making experience program using design thinking is 3.80. In result of group activities, the students have self-confidence of 'problem-solving ability and deal with difficult situations'. Later, in making programs, complementing difficulties of making can enhance the satisfaction of the students. Third, in the survey questionnaire related with problem solving ability confidence, between 'I have the ability to solve many problems' and 'I always have the ability to cope with new and difficult business situations' show the highest correlation. Therefore, in order to improve self-confidence of problem solving ability, it is necessary to prepare teaching learning programs that can strengthen problem solving ability. Fourth, in the new design and making process not a given product design, the most difficult step is 'the process of rework and modifying idea product'. The main reason that students have difficulty in the production process is 'lack of knowledge and ability to produce'. To make various woodworking products using design thinking process, it can be helpful to make works if you have enough training on woodworking and design thinking before product making. The students' satisfaction about team-based learning using design thinking that helps improving creativity and problem solving ability is high. Therefore, the result of the research in other making activity program that design thinking is applied and analyzed can improve students' problem solving ability.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.497-503
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• 2012

This study was performed in order to evaluate the antioxidant activities of red beet extracts as well as the physicochemical properties and microbial changes of pork patties containing red beet during refrigerated storage. Red beet was extracted with water and ethanol. Red beet water extracts (RBW) and red beet ethanol extracts (RBE) were diluted with various concentrations (0.05~1.0%). DPPH radical scavenging activity and iron chelation activity of RBW showed a higher level than those of RBE (p<0.05). In particular, the iron chelation activity of RBW was over 53.4% at all levels. In addition, RBW at 1% had nearly 100% activity. On the other hand, the reducing powers of RBE were higher than those of RBW (p<0.05), and the antioxidant activity on linoleic acid emulsion of RBW was over 83% at all levels. Based on these model studies, 0.5% levels of RBW and RBE were added to ground pork patties (GPP), and the physicochemical properties and microbial changes of red beet GPP were evaluated during storage (0~14 d) at $4^{\circ}C$. The pH and microbial counts increased with increased storage time (p<0.05). Pork patties with BHT showed the lowest thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and microbial counts, and those with red beet had lower TBARS than the control (p<0.05). These results indicated that both red beet water and ethanol extracts could be used as natural antioxidants of pork patties during storage.