• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.29 no.3
• /
• pp.555-562
• /
• 1997

The characteristics of mash qualities of takju prepared by using different nuruk (Korean-style bran koji) such as Mucor racemosus nuruk, Rhizopus japonicus nuruk, Aspergillus oryzae nuruk, Aspergillus kawachii nuruk and traditional nuruk were investigated during fermentation. At the begining of fermentation, ethanol content was in the range of $2.0{\sim}3.0%$. However, it increased to $8.2{\sim}12.6%$ after 16 days of fermentation. Takju made from Rhizopus japonicus nuruk showed higher ethanol content than treated otherwise. pH of takju made from Rhizopus japonicus nuruk showed higher value the others. Total acids were $0.15{\sim}0.20%$ at the begining of fermentation, and it increased to $0.086{\sim}1.57%$ after 16 days of fermentation. Total sugar were $16.64{\sim}17.62%$ at the begining of fermentation, but decreased to below 7.00% after 16 days of fermentation. Rhizopus japonicus nuruk showed the lowest level of total sugar content. Except ethanol, iso-amyl alcohol and iso-butyl alcohol were major part of minor alcohol in the mash of takju. Higher concentration of iso-amyl alcohol, iso-butyl alcohol and n-propyl alcohol were found in the mash of Rhizopus japonicus nuruk whereas the level of phenylethyl alcohol was high in the mash of traditional nuruk. Fusel oil was $0.002{\sim}0.411\;mg/mL$ during fermentation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.43 no.12
• /
• pp.1889-1895
• /
• 2014

Radiation-induced hydrocarbon contents of dried anchovy, jiri anchovy, and large-eyed herring were evaluated following electron-beam irradiation at doses of 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 kGy. GC/MS identification of the induced hydrocarbons by irradiation was conducted after lipid separation by soxtec, followed by florosil column chromatography. 1-Tetradecene ($C_{14:1}$) and pentadecane ($C_{15:0}$) derived from palmitic acid, 1-hexadecene ($C_{16:1}$) and heptadecane ($C_{17:0}$) from stearic acid, and 8-heptadecene ($C_{17:1}$) and 1,7-hexadecadiene ($C_{16:2}$) from oleic acid were the major induced hydrocarbons in irradiated dried anchovy, jiri anchovy, and large-eyed herring samples. At the same irradiation dose, concentration of induced hydrocarbons differed from fatty acid composition and increased in accordance with radiation dose level. Radiation-induced hydrocarbons, such as 1-tetradecene ($C_{14:1}$), 1-hexadecene ($C_{16:2}$), 8-heptadecene ($C_{17:1}$), and 1,7-hexadecadiene ($C_{16:2}$), were confirmed as irradiation marker compounds. Therefore, these marker compounds could be used to distinguish electron-beam irradiated dried anchovy, jiri anchovy, and large-eyed herring from non-irradiated ones.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.13 no.5
• /
• pp.538-542
• /
• 2006

Physicochemical properties and positional distribution of Hallabong Tangor (Citrus Kiyomi ${\times}$ ponkan) cultivated in heated greenhouse were investigated. About 90% of Hallabong produce fruit within the range of $250{\sim}400g$ fruit weight on a tree, larger fruits were mainly consisted of $400{\sim}450g$ in M16A, a variant species of Hallabong, due to younger tree and fruit thinning. Nevertheless fruit sizes of M16A were larger than Hallabong, and peel thickness of M16A (3.29 mm) was thinner than that of Hallabong (3.51 mm). Hardness of m6h was 994.69g-force, compared to 832.8 g-force of Hallabong on the average. Soluble solids and acid content of Hallabong were $12.20{\sim}12.98^{\circ}Brix$ and $1.08{\sim}1.14%$, while those of M16A were $1.48{\sim}12.63^{\circ}Brix$ and $0.92{\sim}1.00%$, respectively. Vitamin C content of Hallabong was $71.30{\sim}78.77 mg/100 g$, compared to $64.40{\sim}68.01mg/100g$ in M16A. Soluble solid in the part of stem was lower than that of end part among the same segment. Fruit size in the upper part of the tree was larger, the peel was thicket and flesh ratio was lower than the middle or lower part. However, soluble solids and acid content were high, due to cumulative sunshine during cultivation.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
• /
• v.24 no.4
• /
• pp.176-183
• /
• 2013

In this paper, we report the design, fabrication and characterization of the 3-Dimensional optical receiver for a Laser Detection And Ranging (LADAR) system. The optical receiver is composed of three parts; $16{\pm}16$ Geiger Mode InGaAs Avalanche Photodiode (APD) array device operated at 1560 nm wavelength, Read Out Integrated Circuit (ROIC) measuring the Time-Of-Flight (TOF) of the return signal reflected from target objects, a package and cooler maintaining the proper operational condition of the detector and control electronics. We can confirm that the LADAR system can detect the signal from a target up to 1.2 km away, and it showed low Dark Count Rate (DCR) of less than 140 kHz, and higher than 28%-Photon Detection Efficiency (PDE). This is considered to be the best performance of the $16{\pm}16$ FPA APD optical receiver for a LADAR system.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.38 no.4
• /
• pp.525-528
• /
• 2009

In this study, phytosterol content and fatty acid composition of grape seeds from fourteen different cultivars produced in Korea were determined. Although the total phytosterol contents depended upon the cultivars, the major phytosterol was $\beta$-sitosterol (64.9$\sim$119.3 mg/100 g) in all samples. The fatty acid composition of the grape seeds were analyzed as palmitic (16:0, 6.8$\sim$16.8%), palmitoleic (16:1, 0.1$\sim$0.2%), stearic (18:0, 4.7$\sim$5.2%), oleic (18:1, 16.6$\sim$26.1%), linoleic (18:2, 16.6$\sim$20.1%), linolenic acid (18:3, 0.3$\sim$0.5%) and arachidic acid (20:0, 0.3$\sim$0.5%). Campbell early, the mainly produced and consumed cultivar in Korea, contained relatively high phytosterol content compared to other samples and high proportion of unsaturated fatty acids. Therefore, the seeds from Campbell early might be used for functional oil production and as food ingredients.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.103 no.1
• /
• pp.23-29
• /
• 2014

Open- to closed canopy stage and it's ecological characteristics in vegetation succession are commonly described, but poorly understood in Korea. Vegetation development on structure, environment and understory abundance were studied for 16 yr in post-clearcut Pinus densiflora forests in the southern Gangwon-do province by applying space-for-time approach. We sampled 210 plots (10 for structure and 200 for understory) for four seral stages (1yr, 3yr, 10yr and 16yr). After clear-cut, mean stem density increased gradually to $5,714{\pm}645$ stems/ha after 16 years and mean basal area was also from $5.5{\pm}0.7m^2/ha$ after 10 years and doubled at $10.0{\pm}1.6m^2/ha$ in 16 years. Woody debris and bared soil on the forest floor peaked at 11--- after 10 years and at 10.3--- after 3 years, respectively. In understory mean cover declined with all growth form groups following succession, but in richness, forb specie increased with structural development during 16 years. Our study suggested that overstory development did not suppressed whole understory properties especially in richness, thus appeared to act as a filter selectively constraining the understory characteristics. However only long-term studies are essential for elucidating patterns and processes that cannot be inferred form short-term or space-for-time researches. Strong negative relationship between overstory and understory characteristics in conventional models surely reexamined.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
• /
• v.23 no.4
• /
• pp.787-796
• /
• 2012

The aim of this study is to closely examine the changes in their metabolic syndrome index and autonomic nerve systems after the 16-weeks's combined exercise program is carried out on low-level physical strength group (PAPS 4-5 level students). They were divided into two groups; exercise training group (15) and control group (15). This program consisted of five-times-a-week's warm-ups, main activities and warm-downs and it takes 50 minutes per trial. Through SPSS 19.0, all averages and standard deviations of dependent variables were calculated. We first performed Shapiro-Wilk's normality test of the variables. Before verifying the effect of combined exercise program, we tested the equality of means of the variables between combined-exercise-programmed-group and control group through a two-sample t-test and carried out a paired t-test to check if the changes in the variables of two groups before and after 16 weeks are statistically significant. Every statistical test is performed at a significance level of ${\alpha}$=.05. The results are as follows. When it came to metabolic syndrome index, there were statistically meaningful changes in waist measurement, triglyceride, glucose with empty stomach and HDL-C. Also, when it came to autonomic nerve system, there were meaningful changes in all variables. Consequently, it seems that the 16-weeks combined exercise program has positive effects on low level physical strength students.

• Food Engineering Progress
• /
• v.13 no.3
• /
• pp.183-189
• /
• 2009

Lactobacillus sakei B2-16 producing high level of $\gamma$-amino butyric acid (GABA) was previously isolated from Korean traditional fermented food, Kimchi. L. sakei B2-16 converted 99.3% of mono sodium glutamate (MSG) to GABA in Lactobacilli MRS broth supplemented with 1% MSG. In order to enhance the production of GABA by L. sakei B2-16, growth parameters such as media components and concentrations of major components were evaluated. The maximum GABA concentration was obtained by a modified rice germ extract broth containing 4%(w/v) sucrose and 1%(w/v) yeast extract. L. sakei B2-16 converted 100% of MSG to GABA in modified rice germ extract broth supplemented with 7% MSG.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.16 no.4
• /
• pp.599-603
• /
• 2009

To evaluate the anti-tumor activity of Flammulina velutipes extract, we used an in vitro wound-healing assay, and an in vivo approach using a mouse melanoma model. Wound-healing activity in B16 cells was affected by the extract in a dose-dependent manner, indicating that the extract had anti-metastatic activity. The extract also exhibited strong anti-tumor activity against lung cancer when B16 cells were injected into mouse veins together with B16 melanoma cells. The results indicatethat the Flammulina velutipes extract decreased B16 cancer cell growth by inhibition of cell migration both in vitro and in vivo.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
• /
• v.38 no.2
• /
• pp.215-222
• /
• 2022

In this study, the effect of wavelength range and absorption cross-section used to retrieve nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) vertical column density (VCD) from Pandora was analyzed using Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS). During the GEMS Map of the Air Pollution (GMAP) 2020 campaign, data from direct sunlight observation with Pandora instrument in Seosan was used, and NO₂ VCD was retrieved under four conditions. The average NO₂ VCD under the four conditions ranged from 1.22×10¹⁶~1.38×10¹⁶ molec. cm^-2, with a maximum difference of 0.16×10¹⁶ molec. cm^-2 between each condition. The fitting error averaged 3.19~9.59%, showing an error within 10% in all cases, and the RMS was 5.11×10^-3~7.16×10^-3 molec. cm^-2. The retrieved NO₂ VCD using 4 conditions shows a slope in the range of 0.98 to 1.09 and correlation of 0.96 to 0.98 in comparison with Pandonia Global Network (PGN).