• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.182-190
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• 2013

Composition of oral microbial flora is suggested to play a role in the maintenance of oral health. Among them, Streptococcus mutans plays an essential role in the formation of dental plaque and it is being noticed as incipient infective bacteria of dental caries. The purpose of this study was to prepare the basic data about distribution of Streptococcus mutans detected from saliva by measuring colony density. It is well known that smoking as well as drinking is a factor of dental caries, however there are few investigations about distribution of Streptococcus mutans either smoking or drinking. The materials of this study were collected from students of dentistry college with general characteristics obtained by self-administered questionnaires. Students were asked to gently chew the paraffin to get saliva for 1 minute. Bacitracin disc in the culture medium was activated for 15 minutes, and then sample was incubated in the activated medium at $37^{\circ}C$ incubator for 48 hours. Streptococcus mutans colonization per 1 ml saliva was measured by the number of criteria. The severe levels of dental caries activity were significantly increased in the case of smoking (from 5.6% to 10%) or drinking (form 0% to 7%), respectively. Also, dental caries activity increased according to smoking and drinking periods longer. However, using the SPSS analytical process (Mann-Whitney's U), no significant differences were observed between the smoking and the non-smoking or the drinking and non-drinking, respectively. These results obtained from dental caries activity of saliva suggest that distribution of Streptococcus mutans following smoking or drinking can be used as a significant information for oral health.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.67-89
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• 2013

This study is to perform empirical analysis on observational before-after studies in Naive Method, Comparison Group(CG) Method and Empirical Bayes(EB) Method, and to compare with their results and to propose ways to apply to evaluation researches. For this purpose, the evaluation of road safety audit executed on Y$\breve{o}$ng-dong freeway in 2005 and 2006 was performed. As a result, all three methods have showed improved effects due to safety treatments. The safety effectiveness of Naive method is the largest, CG Method is the second and EB method is the last. The results of Naive method are overestimated due to the trend of reducing traffic accidents and those of CG method are affected by the external casual effects of comparison group. In the EB method, as "regression to the mean" phenomenon are controlled by reference group's accident model, it's result is relatively more accurate than that of other methods. In the conduct of evaluation studies, the analysts have to understand the pros and cons of each evaluation method. And after leading the survey on accident trends of related all sites, evaluation analysis is performed to be able to minimize bias.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.10 no.9
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• pp.239-251
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• 2012

This study aims to seek the policies and the plans for the successful small business start-up through an exploratory study about the factors affecting the success rate of small business start-up. To measure the performance of the start-up business(sales revenue, net profit, and outcome expectancy), the characteristics of founders (experience, psychological characteristics) and the preparation of small business start-up were measured as independent variables and the self-efficacy was measured as a parameter. 427 small business owners were targeted and structured self-administered questionnaires were collected from them. For the data process, a multiple regression analysis by SPSS 18.0 was conducted. The findings demonstrated the experience in the same business, the need for achievement, the risk-taking propensity, the preparation period for business start-up had a significant effect on self-efficacy, and experience of failure and the ratio of net worth had a significant effect on sales revenue and net profit, and the locus of control had a significant effect on outcome expectancy through the self-efficacy, a parameter. It was also noted the self-efficacy of small business owners and the business performance varied depending on the characteristics of them and the preparation process of the business start-up. Based on the those findings, the theoretical and practical implications were discussed and the suggestions about the limits of the study, future policies and studies were made.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.57-81
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to examine the balanced English approach program on five-year-old children's English reading and writing ability. For this study, two classes consisting of five-year-old children in HATBEAT kindergarten in D city were selected. One class was designated as the experimental group and the other as the control group. The balanced English approach program was performed on the experimental group but not on the control group. The balanced English approach program was carried out for 8 weeks. The experimental procedures were in the order of pre-test, the experimental treatment, and post-test. The result of the experiment was evaluated by comparing the pre-test and post-test results. Analysis of data was performed by ANCOVA. The result of the study are as follows. First, in the English reading ability, the experimental group was more enhanced than the control group. Also, for sub-factors of English reading such as alphabet and English word reading ability, the experimental group was more enhanced than the control group. However, in the English book reading ability as a sub- factor of the English reading, there was not much difference in the result between the experimental group and the control group. Second, in the English writing ability, the experimental group were more enhanced than the control group.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.121-138
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• 2017

Organizational culture represents values and beliefs that members share and is a factor that influences the behavior of organizational members. Understanding organizational culture is a source of competitive advantage to increase the rate of success and efficient management of the organization. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between job satisfaction and the turnover intention of sailors. To achieve its purpose, the study was developed by examining the properties to be used for the demonstration and the purpose of the study, and verifying the hypothesis through empirical analysis. Empirical analysis showed that developmental, rational, and group cultures among organizational culture have a significant impact on job satisfaction. When the organizational culture has a group culture and an extrinsic factor to job satisfaction, it has a negative effect on turnover intention. This implies that the shipping company needs to foster organizational culture to feel like growing for Sailors themselves and to improve relationship and cooperation with other sailors rather than trying to control strongly. The shipping company will need to educate members and manage its organizational culture consistently for improving the organizational culture.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.157-167
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to research, such as the following. And to the empirical results that affect the potential growth factors in the organization and development of human resources through staff training for enterprises to grow into a competitive enterprise. Through the analysis we propose a systematic training of the human resource development needs of the company. The results are as follows. First, the number of courses, the degree completion has had a positive effect on job satisfaction. Second, the number of courses can have a partial mediating effect on financial job satisfaction. Third, corporate education funding ratio has a negative effect and Business support form has a positive effect on turnover intentions. Fourth, the control variables of marital status has a positive effect on psychological job satisfaction and company size had a negative impact on turnover intention. The implications of this study are as follows. Organizational commitment to act as a mediating effect can be maximized through realistic training plan and quality training. There is also a need to be made a high quality education content development through the advancement of learning styles.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.203-216
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of a VR(virtual reality)-based biology class on both the cognitive and affective domains by developing and applying a VR-based biology program for 6th-grade elementary school students. For this research, we developed a VR teaching material about 'digestion' reflecting virtual reality characteristics and one hundred five students in an elementary school in an urban area participated in this study and took three VR-based lessons. To examine the cognitive effects of a VR-based biology class, the study subjects were divided into two groups. The experimental group was composed of 50 individuals who participated in VR-based biology lessons, while 55 students of a control group learned through general lessons. We collected data using drawing tasks for measuring students' modeling performance level from these groups and analyzed the cognitive effect of VR-based instruction. We also recorded 21 interviews of students after the intervention, which were transcribed to verify the students' perception of cognitive and affective effects. The key results are as follows: First, we demonstrated the possibility of applying a VR program reflecting VR characteristics (manipulation, multi-sensory, and interaction). Second, we found out that a VR-based biology class significantly enhances higher levels of thinking (spatial, abstract, and reflective thinking). Third, we examined students' perceptions on this program and came to the conclusion that VR characteristics positively affected cognitive and affective domains. This study may be able to contribute to offering guidelines on how to apply VR-programs to future science education effectively.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.239-248
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• 2010

Objective: Despite the increasing number of female participation in employment, blue-collar women have been exposed to higher health risk. This study is to describe the prevalence of chronic diseases, health behaviors, and medical service utilization of female blue-collar workers. Methods: Data were derived from the 2001 Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey (KNHANES). The sample was made up of 37,108 male and female participants aged 20 or over selected nation-wide by probability sampling from Korea. This study applied the logistic regression for nominal variables such as disease prevalence and health behaviors and with the regression for continuos variables such as the length and costs of medical services. Results: In general, women's prevalence of chronic illness and uncured rate were significantly higher than male, and especially female blue-collar workers had the highest prevalence, uncured rate, unhealthy status, and perceived stress. However, the medical care cost was the lowest in female blue-collar workers. Conclusions: The findings suggest that female blue-collar workers were more likely to experience health problems, and that despite the highest health risk, health service is not effectively utilized, and health policy maker should take consider of special status of female blue collar workers who are in health inequality.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.1234-1243
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• 2011

Our study was carried out to develop the severity-adjustment model for length of stay in hospital for community-acquired pneumonia so that we analysed the factors on the variation in length of stay(LOS). The subjects were 5,353 community-acquired pneumonia inpatients of the Korean National Hospital Discharge In-depth Injury Survey data from 2004 through 2006. The data were analyzed using t-test and ANOVA and the severity-adjustment model was developed using data mining technique. There are differences according to gender, age, type of insurance, type of admission, but there is no difference of whether patients died in hospital. After yielding the standardized value of the difference between crude and expected length of stay, we analysed the variation of length of stay for community-acquired pneumonia. There was variation of LOS in regional differences and insurance type, though there was no variation according whether patients receive their care in their residences. The variation of length of stay controlling the case mix or severity of illness can be explained the factors of provider. This supply factors in LOS variations should be more studied for individual practice style or patient management practices and healthcare resources or environment. We expect that the severity-adjustment model using administrative databases should be more adapted in other diseases in practical.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.371-379
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• 2015

This study examined the symptoms of temporomandibular disorder and the relationship with the psychological character using Symptom Check List-90-Revision (SCL-90-R). The self-administered questionnaire survey was implemented from March 1, 2014 to June 30, 2014 targeting 294 University Students in Daejeon and Gangwon area aged 20-31 years old (Men 140 persons, Women 54 persons). The data showed that the teeth grinding and the unilateral chewing out of corrupt practices in the mouth in relation to the use of the lower jaw showed a significant correlation (p<0.01) with the depth of symptoms of temporomandibular disorder, as the result of the simple psychodiagnosis inspection (SCL-90-R), and a significant correlation (p<0.05) with the depth of symptoms of temporomandibular disorder in the item excluding phobic anxiety (PHOB). The somatization (SOM) criteria out of individual psychological characteristic appeared to have the significant plus (+) effect on the depth of symptoms of temporomandibular disorder as a result of implementing multiple regression analysis by controlling the individual characteristic variables to check the influence of the psychological character of the study object on the symptom of temporomandibular disorder.