• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.526-532
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• 2013

In this study, we investigated the effect of 88 marine algae extracts on melanin synthesis to develop new whitening agents. Among varieties of marine algae tested, the ethyl acetate extracts from Endarachne binghamiae (EB), Scytosiphon lomentaria, Sargassum yezoense, Ecklonia cava and Sargassum fusiforme inhibited melanin synthesis in melan-a cells. EB treatment showed the strongest inhibitory activity in melanin synthesis, compared with that of other extracts. EB-mediated inhibition of melanin synthesis appeared to be associated with inhibition of ${\alpha}$-glucosidase-dependent glycosylation of tyrosinase in melan-a cells. In addition, EB treatment did not affect mushroom tyrosinase or cell-extracted tyrosinase activity in vitro. Taken together, our findings suggest that anti-browning effect of EB on skin is mediated through regulation of ${\alpha}$-glucosidase activity and subsequent inhibition of tyrosinase activity and melanin synthesis, and further development of EB as a potential agent for skin whitening.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.109-116
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• 2018

Erectile dysfunction (ED), also known as impotence, is the inability to attain and sustain an erection firm enough to have sexual intercourse. Frequent ED may be a symptom of health problems including heart disease, obesity, alcoholism, stress, smoking, and depression, that need treatment. This study aimed to effect of complex extract (CPL) including Cornus officinalis on sexual function factor in the erectile dysfunction rat model. The erectile dysfuction rat model was induced by cimetidine (500 mg/kg in 5% ethanol, oral injection 2 weeks). Rats were oral administered with different concentration of CPL in rat erectile dysfunction model. As a results, sexual function factors (NO, cGMP) significantly improved in CPL treated groups (CPL-300, 600, 900 mg/kg) compared to CON group. Serum testosterone was increased in a dose-dependent manner after CPL treatment. Furthermore, administrations of CPL restored lumen areas of the prostate in the erectile dysfunction rat model. These results indicated that CPL alleviated erectile dysfunction by increasing sexual function factor and testosterone in rat model. CPL could be used to natural treatement for erectile dysfunction. However, further study is required to identify active ingredient and its mechanism of erectile dysfunction.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2018.04a
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• pp.69-69
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• 2018

아로니아(Aronia czarna)는 anthocyanin, polyphenol, flavonoid, cathechine, chlorogenic acid와 같은 생리활성물질이 풍부하게 존재하며 항산화, 항암, 항균, 피부건강개선, 노화방지 등 다양한 생리활성에 대한 효능이 있는 것으로 알려져 있어 건강 및 기능성식품, 화장품 등의 원료 소재로 각광받고 있다. 생물전환(Bioconversion)은 미생물 또는 효소의 생물학적 촉매 반응을 활용하여 기존 소재의 성분을 변환시키는 기술이다, 최근 생물전환을 활용한 천연소재의 생리활성 물질 기능성, 생체이용률, 안전성을 증대시키기 위한 방안으로 많은 연구가 진행되고 있으며 식품, 의약품, 화장품 등 다양한 분야에서 활성화 되고 있다. 본 연구는 젓갈로부터 분리한 균주를 유전학적 특성을 확인하기 위하여 16S rDNA 염기서열을 분석한 뒤 그중 유산균을 발효공정에 활용하였다. 전북 순창에서 수확된 아로니아 분말과 발효공정을 수행하였으며 아로니아 최적 추출조건 선정, 발효공정 전 후 추출물의 기능성 평가를 진행하기 위하여 DPPH radical scavenging activity, Total polyphenol 함량을 확인하여 항산화 효능 및 유효성분 함량을 평가하였다. 또한 대식세포인 Raw 264.7을 사용하여 MTT assay, Nitric oxide (NO) 생성 억제 효능을 확인하여 세포독성 및 항염증 활성을 평가하였다. 실험결과, 젓갈류 발효물로부터 16종의 다양한 균주를 확보하였으며, 그중 L. rhamnosus, L. plantarum, P. pentosaceus 균을 발효 공정에 활용하여 유용 균주를 선정 결과 P. pentosaceus 종 유산균 처리군에서 무처리군 대비 DPPH radical 소거능 및 polyphenol 함량이 증가됨을 확인하였다. 발효공정 후 항산화 활성은 무처리군 대비 약 119%, polyphenol의 함량은 무처리군 대비 약 119%로 증가됨을 확인되었다. 또한 Raw 264.7 세포실험 결과 발효공정 후 독성활성이 감소되는 경향을 확인되었으며, 항염증 활성이 월등히 증가됨을 확인하였다.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2018.04a
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• pp.64-64
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• 2018

생물전환(Bioconversion)은 천연소재의 기능성을 증대시키기 위한 방안으로 많은 연구가 진행되고 있으며 다양한 산업에서도 활용되고 있어 유용미생물을 기반 차세대 기술로 각광받고 있다. 이러한 기술의 도입은 식품은 물론 의약품 및 화장품 산업에서도 활발히 사용되고 있으며, 특히 최근 기능성 제품에 대한 소비가 급증함에 따라 그 중요성이 높아지고 있다. 산초(Zanthoxylum schinfolium)는 limonene, citronellal, phellandrene 등의 다양한 유효물질을 함유하고 있으며 유효성분들로부터 유래되는 항산화 활성과 항암활성, 항균활성 등의 효능을 지니는 것으로 보고된바 있다. 본 연구의 생물전환 공정에 사용된 유산균들은 전통 발효식품으로 알려진 다양한 젓갈류로부터 분리하였으며, 16S rDNA 염기서열 분석을 통해 유전학적 특성을 확인하였다. 또한 확보된 유산균들을 사용하여 산초(전북 진안군) 분말의 발효공정을 수행하였으며, 산초의 최적 추출조건을 선정하고 추출물을 제조하여 생물전환 공정 전 후 활성의 변화추이를 관찰하였다. 추출물의 활성평가는 항산화 효능 및 유효성분 함량을 평가하기 위하여 DPPH radical scavenging activity와 total polyphenol 함량을 평가하고 세포주를 활용해 MTT assay, Nitric oxide(NO) 생성억제 효능을 확인하여 세포독성 및 항염증 활성을 확인하였다. 실험결과, 생물전환 공정에 사용할 유용 미생물을 확보하기 위한 실험을 통해 다양한 젓갈류에서 다양한 미생물을 확보할 수 있었으며 약 16종의 유산균을 분리하였다. 분리된 미생물을 사용하여 산초 분말의 생물전환 공정을 실시한 결과, 5종의 유용미생물 처리에서 무처리 대비 DPPH radical 소거능 및 polyphenol 함량이 유의적으로 증가됨을 확인할 수 있었다. 그 중 가장 높은 활성을 나타내는 균주를 16S rDNA 염기서열 분석을 통해 확인한 결과 Weissella confusa D1로 확인되었다. 선별 균주를 활용한 생물전환 공정 후 항산화 활성은 대조군 대비 약 120%의 활성을 나타냈으며, polyphenol의 함량은 약 126%로 증가하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 더 나아가 생물전환 공정 후 산초추출물의 세포독성은 처리전과 비교하여 월등히 감소하는 경향을 확인할 수 있었으며, 항염효능 또한 증가하는 경향을 나타내는 것이 확인되었다.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2018.04a
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• pp.77-77
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• 2018

미역의 뿌리부분인 미역귀에는 알긴산과 후코이단 성분이 풍부하고 고혈압과 당뇨등과 같은 성인병을 예방하는데 도움이 된다. 후코이단은 미역과 다시마 같은 갈조류에서 추출된 천연물질로 특히 면역력을 활성화하고 항암작용으로 잘 알려져 있다. 알긴산 등 유용성분이 함유된 것으로 알려진 미역귀의 유용성분을 분석하여, 향후 미역귀를 활용한 제품개발의 기초자료를 제공하고자 본 연구를 수행하였다. 본 연구에 사용된 미역귀는 2015년 12월 완도 금일수산에서 제공받아 연구재료로 활용하였다. AOAC방법에 따라 분석한 미역귀의 일반성분은 수분이 대부분을 차지하였으며, 조섬유와 가용성 무질소물 함량이 높게 나타났다. 이는 시료로 사용한 미역귀가 수확 후 바로 냉동보관 되어서 수분함량이 높은 것으로 보여진다. 유리당은 미역귀 1g에 증류수를 가하여 $60^{\circ}C$에서 4시간 추출 한 후, 원심분리(3,000 rpm, 30 min)하여 $0.45{\mu}m$ membrane filter (Millipore Co., USA)로 여과한 여액을 HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography)를 이용하여 분석한 결과, 미역귀의 유리당은 Galactose 1종만이 검출되었다. 미역귀의 구성아미노산과 유리아미노산은 $0.45{\mu}m$ membrane filter로 여과하여 얻은 여액을 일정량 취하여 AccQ-Tag 시약을 사용하여 유도체화 시킨 후 HPLC로 분석하였다. 미역귀의 구성아미노산은 glutamic acid, aspartic acid, alanine, lysine, threonine, valine, arginine 순으로 높은 함량을 나타내었으며, 유리아미노산은 glutamic acid, alanine, threonine, arginine, lysine 순으로 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 미역귀의 유리아미노산함량은 표고에 비하여 현저히 낮은 함량이 나타났으며, 주요아미노산은 해조류의 풍미를 대표하는 아미노산인 glutamic acid와 alanine으로 나타났다.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.82-90
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• 2012

In this study, we investigated the environmental factors and growth characteristics of Sasa borealis community inside a temperate deciduous forest and reviewed its effect on the lower vegetation and natural regeneration. The S. borealis community in the Jungsan-ri region of Jirisan National Park was chosen as the study area, and the vegetation and the environmental factors were investigated. The dominance value, height and foliage layer thickness were investigated as the growth characteristics of S. borealis in the area. As the environmental factors, we investigated the photosynthesis photon flux density (PPFD) of the shrub and ground layers as well as the chemical characteristics of the soil. Additionally, we investigated the flora on the ground layer of the area as well as the number and height of woody plants. The result showed that the height and foliage layer thickness of the S. borealis was closely related to the light conditions but the distribution was not determined simply by the effect of the environment or vegetation of the particular area. This may be deeply related with the unique survival strategy of S. borealis, a vegetably propagated plant, that it can extensively distributed on a heterogeneous resources environment in a forest as multiple culm are interconnected with each other through the rhizomes. The dense dominance and great height of S. borealis reduced the plant species diversity in the ground layer by decreasing the PPFD on the ground surface.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.363-371
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• 2012

Sambucus williamsii var. coreana have been used as a traditional medical food. This research was conducted to investigate the antioxidants of S. williamsii var. coreana leave and stem extracts. Total phenolic content of S. williamsii var. coreana leaves and stem water extracts were 6.6 and 2.0 mg/mL. The EDA by DPPH free radical scavenging test of S. williamsii var. coreana leaves extracts were 99.5 and 89.7% in water and ethanol extracts contained phenolic 200 ${\mu}g/mL$. The stem extracts were 92.2 and 94.3% in water and ethanol extracts contained phenolic 200 ${\mu}g/mL$. The ABTS radical decolorization activity of water and ethanol extracts from leaves were 79.8 and 99.1% at phenolic 200 ${\mu}g/mL$ and water and ethanol extracts from stem were 90.8 and 97.2% at phenolic 200 ${\mu}g/mL$. The antioxidant protection factor of water and ethanol extracts from leaves were 1.1 PF and 1.1 PF at phenolic 200 ${\mu}g/mL$ and water and ethanol extracts from stem were 1.4 PF and 1.0 PF at phenolic 200 ${\mu}g/mL$. The TBARs of water and ethanol extracts from leaves were 88.7 and 98.1% at phenolic 200 ${\mu}g/mL$ and water and ethanol extracts from stem were 93.6 and 90.6% at phenolic 200 ${\mu}g/mL$. The antioxidative activities of extracts from S. williamsii var. coreana leaves and stem were higher than BHT as positive control. These results suggests that S. williamsii var. coreana extracts have the greatest property as a natural antioxidative source.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.498-503
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• 2012

The aim of this study is to compare the total polyphenol, total flavonoid, and antioxidative activity among 5 cultivars of Korean pears cultivated in Korea. As a result of the analysis for the phenolic substance of 5 cultivars, such as Wonwhang, Sunwhang, Whangkeumbae, Chuwhang, and Shingo, the content of total polyphenol was higher in Shingo and Chuwhang, and the content of total flavonoid showed higher levels in Wonwhang and Sunwhang. In addition, this study found that DPPH radical-scavenging ability was the highest in Shingo and that the part of fruit skin showed more favorable reaction to radical ability than fruit flesh. It was also found that much better antioxidative activity was shown for the methanol solvent extraction than for the ethanol solvent extraction. The nitrite-scavenging ability showed the best for Wonwhang and Chuwhang of the cultivars and much better reaction for the methanol solvent extraction than for the ethanol solvent extraction just like the case of DPPH radical-scavenging ability. Further, nitrite-scavenging ability appeared much better reaction for the fruit skin than for the fruit flesh, and antioxidative activity dropped for the higher the range on the pH scale. From the results of this study, Korean pears are worthy of developing as a natural functional food and substance for beauty treatment through the research on bioactivity.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.31-37
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• 2010

It was investigated that morphological characteristics of leaf and stomata, chlorophyll contents and wood anatomy characteristics in Schisandra chinensis, Schisandra nigra and Kadsura japonica. Leaf morphological characteristics were significant at 5% levels within the species and within the individuals as a male, a female and monoecious. K. japonica was the longest in the leaf length, followed by S. chinensis and S. nigra. For the leaf length among S. nigra individuals, the female was longer than male and monoecious. As for the Petiole length, S. nigra was twice longer than S. chinensis and K. japonica. Stomata length was ranged from $92.5\;{\mu}m$ to $105.9\;{\mu}m$ for S. nigra, $79.9\;{\mu}m$ for S. chinensis, $76.2\;{\mu}m$ for K. japonica. S. nigra was longer than the others in length and width, while its stomata density was lower than the others. The size of vessel elements and xylem fiber showed a similar tendency to stomata, significant at 5% levels within S. nigra individuals (male, female and monoecious). Chlorophyll contents were also variable in inter and intra species and in general K. japonica showed higher levels of chlorophyll contents than Schisandra spp. plants.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.11-21
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• 2014

Atractylodes macrocepala KOIDZ. (AmK) is a herbal medicine and resources of functional food which has been used for the treatment of indigestion, anorexia, diarrhea and digestive dysfunction. Recently AmK is frequently used as resources of functional food and whitening cosmetics. In this study was carried out to evaluate the acute oral toxicity of Amk in Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats. male and female rats were administered orally with Amk extract of 1,000 mg/kg (low dosage group), 2,000 mg/kg (middle dosage group) and 4,000 mg/kg (high dosage group). We daily observed number of deaths, clinical signs and gross findings for 7 days. No dead SD rats and no clinical signs were found during the experiment period. Also other specific changes were not found between control and treated groups in hematology and serum biochemistry. But we found out feeble histopathological changes in liver fat tissues. In addition no significant changes of gross bady and individual organs weight. These results suggest that water soluble extract of AmK has not acute oral toxicity and oral $LD_{50}$ value was over 4,000 mg/kg in SD rats.