• School Mathematics
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.565-580
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• 2002

연구자들은 학생들에게 문제해결 전략을 지도하는 것이 학생들의 문제해결력을 신장시켜 준다는 보고하고 있다. 이와 같은 연구결과를 배경으로 수학 교과서를 통하여 문제해결 전략을 지도하려는 시도들이 미국을 비롯하여 한국에서도 있어 왔다. 본 논문은 문제해결 전략을 교과서에 제시할 수 있는 가능한 세 가지 모델들을 논의하고, 미국과 한국의 수학교과서에서 문제해결 전략을 제시하는 방법을 분석하였다. 한 가지 모델은 문제해결 전략에 한 단원을 할애하는 것이다. 두 번째 모델은 각 수학내용을 지도하는 단원에 문제해결 전략의 지도를 위한 하위단원을 할당하는 것이다. 마지막, 세 번째 모델은 문제해결 전략 지도를 위한 특정 단원이나 하위 단원을 설정하는 것이 아니라 가능한 많은 쪽에 전략을 제시하는 것이다. 위에 언급한 세 가지 가능한 모델을 바탕으로 미국과 한국의 초등학교 수학교과서에서 문제해결 전략을 제시하는 양상을 비교하였다. 이 비교를 위하여 각 학년별로 제시되는 모든 전략들을 교과서와 교사용 지도서를 토대로 추출하였다. 각 교과서에서 전략을 제시한 양식을 비교한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻게 되었다. 한국의 수학교과서는 전형적으로 첫 번째 모델의 양식으로 문제해결전략을 제시하고 있었다. 각 단원마다 별개의 문제해결 전략이 제시되었다. 또한, 학년별 지도 전략을 살펴보면 학년별로 연계성이 있게 전략이 제시 되었다기 보다는 학년별로 다른 다양한 전자의 지도에 중점을 둔 듯하다. 미국의 수학교과서는 두 번째 모델과 세 번째 모델의 중간적인 양식으로 문제해결 전략을 제시하고 있다. 즉, 각 단원마다 문제해결 전략 지도를 위한 하위 단원을 지정하였으며 필요한 경우에는 본 단원의 주 학습요소와 관련된 문제해결 전략은 단원 중에도 제시되고 있었다. 따라서, 차기 수학교과서 개정시기에는 세 번째 모델을 그 모형으로 삼아 문제해결 전략들을 제시하는 방안을 강구해야 할 것으로 기대된다.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.511-521
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to review the perspective on early childhood language education by analyzing language activities specified in the Teacher's guide to Nuri Curriculum for Children between Age 3 to 5. In the pursuit of this purpose, 966 language educational activities suggested in 32 guidebooks(10 for age 3, 11 for age 4, 11 for age 5 - divided by life themes) have been chosen as the analysis object and analyzed based on the following category; subordinate scope, and activity type. This analysis showed that children aged 3~5 start their language activities in the order of talking, listening, reading and writing (under the subordinate scope category), and favors activities in the order of 'fairy tale/poem', 'story telling' and 'verbal section'. In conclusion, it has been proven that each category is concentrating on 1~2 activities and the proportion varies depending on the age. Based on the above result, we intend to examine the current situation of language education and use this study as the preliminary data to provide a proper direction for early childhood language education.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.253-263
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• 2023

This study explored the discrepancy between the text of a teacher's guide about straight and reflective light and the content knowledge of pre-service elementary teachers. A total of 455 questions and 543 answers generated by 279 pre-service elementary teachers after reading a 'Shadow and Mirror' unit in the teacher's guide were analyzed. The questions were classified according to the types of concepts and discrepancies, and the answers were analyzed for accuracy. The results of analyzing the concepts of questions revealed that the pre-service elementary teachers were most curious about the shadow in the straight concept, the mirror image in the reflection concept, and the light source in other concepts. The questions with a low correct answer rate due to incorrect- or non-answers, such as those concerning the superposition principle of light by reflection, the principle of experimental tools, and images by lenses, were only partially or not included in the teacher's guide. When the questions were classified according to the type of discrepancy, the frequency of questions due to knowledge deficit was higher than that due to knowledge clash. This demonstrates that the concepts that teachers need to know must be supplemented with the contents of the teacher's guide. Discrepancies due to knowledge clashes are often caused by conflicts between what is experienced in everyday life and what is presented in textbooks. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the discrepancy between the texts of the teacher's guide and the knowledge of pre-service elementary teachers by including the differences between the actual context of everyday life and the context of the textbook in the teacher's guide.

• Communications of Mathematical Education
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.505-525
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• 2021

In this study, we investigated how multiplication by 2-digit numbers had been taught in elementary mathematics textbooks of Korea, Japan, Singapore, and USA. As a result of analysis, we found as follows. Korean textbooks do not teach the multiplication by 10 and the multiplication by power of 10, but Japanese, Singapore, and US textbooks explicitly teach related content. In the '×tens' teaching, Japanese and American textbooks teach formally the law of association of multiplication applied in the process of calculating the partial product of multiplication. The standard multiplication algorithm generally followed a standard method of recording partial product result according to the law of distribution, but the differences were confirmed in the multiplication model, the teaching method of the law of distribution, and the notation of the last digit '0'. Based upon these results, we suggested some proposals for improving the multiplication teaching.

• School Mathematics
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.485-500
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to investigate how elementary mathematics teachers use and implement a reform-oriented mathematics curriculum material, Everyday Mathematics, and to examine what features the curriculum material has. Eight elementary mathematics teachers in the United States participated in the study. Data sources consist of teacher classroom observation write-ups, interviews, and the curriculum material. The results from the analysis of the curriculum material suggest that 80 percent of the tasks are at the high-level in terms of cognitive demand and 26 percent of tasks are identified as transparent. The results also show that the teachers appeared to adapt the curriculum material and partially take suggestions or activities out of the curriculum material in enacting them in their mathematics classrooms. The analysis of enacted tasks suggests that the levels of cognitive demand were shifted from high-level to low-level; 27 percent of the high-level tasks in the curriculum material were maintained at the high-level as enacted in the mathematics classrooms. The level of cognitive demand shifted in many cases; shifts from high-level to low-level occurred. This contributes to the curriculum material not being transparent to teachers.

• The Mathematical Education
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.506-510
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• 1993

• Journal of Elementary Mathematics Education in Korea
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.283-300
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• 2011

Since elementary students are in the concrete operational stages, they have to learn mathematics using intuitive methods such as visualization, observation, operation, experiment instead of formal approach. For this, we should present the various intuitive methods in curriculum and textbook. It is because that curriculum and textbook are important tools to students when they study mathematics. So, this paper intended to analyze the instructional content by intuitive principle in elementary mathematics curriculum, textbook and curriculum guide. The results are as follows: there is an intuitive principle in only character of mathematics in curriculum. I can't find the intuitive principle in other areas in curriculum. There are 12 intuitive principles in figures area, 1 in measurement area, and 2 in probability and statistics area in curriculum guide. But intuitive principles which are used are inclined to restricted to intuitive principle via representation obtained in the usual experience. Finally, I suggest some implications about teaching via intuitive principles, curriculum, and writing textbook based on the this findings.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.519-526
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to analyze the Korean high-school physics teachers' difficulties in teaching textbook physics inquiries. For this purpose, 63 high school physics teachers completed a questionnaire. We asked teachers to evaluate the degree of difficulty in teaching textbook physics inquiries. Additionally, we asked physics teachers to select the two most difficult inquiries to teach and to express their reasons for these selections. The main results are as follows: First, the degree of difficulty for all the inquiry is 2.79, indicating a little easy level of difficulty. The two most difficult inquiries are 'Meissner effect experiment' and 'Investigation of diode characteristics using $Cu_2O$ plate and ZnO powder.' Second, the difficulty reasons to teach physics inquiry was presented in the order of 'environment domain,' 'textbook domain,' 'student domain,' and 'teacher domain.' In particular, the biggest reasons for difficulty for teachers are 'preparation of experimental apparatus' and 'safety.' There are many opinions related to 'problem of the experiment itself' in 'textbook domain' and 'lack of ability to manipulate' in 'student domain.' Based on the results of this study, we added a discussion to activate the high school physics textbook inquiries.

• School Mathematics
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.69-88
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• 2006

It is well known that the low achievement students are easily affected by the ways how the materials are organized and presented. So the studies on trying to find how those students' responses are differed according to the organization or presentation of the materials are necessary. This paper was based on the results of Korean Elementary 3 Grade Students National Diagnosis Assessment on Basic Scholastic Ability in area of mathematics. We analyzed students responses through combining the percents of correct answers with the assessment items. After that, we identified the properties of low achievement students in mathematics and presented some guides which, we thought, are helpful for improvements of mathematics textbooks and teacher guide books.

• Journal of Elementary Mathematics Education in Korea
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.481-506
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• 2019

Perpendicularity and parallelity are important concepts in Mathematics as well as real-life contexts. However, those concepts are rather reduced in 2015 revised curriculum compared to previous 2009 revised curriculum. This study firstly analyzed teaching method related to perpendicularity and parallelity in a series of mathematics textbooks of Korea, Singapore and Japan. Moreover, the unit of perpendicularity and parallel was redesigned in a way to understand the concepts meaningfully and to give opportunities for students to explore how to make perpendicular and parallel lines. The results showed that noticeable changes has been as the curriculum was revised in Korea. Also, three countries showed some differences in concepts definition and learning activities. This study is expected to suggest implications for how to teach perpendicularity and parallelity in elementary school mathematics.