• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.53 no.1
• /
• pp.44-55
• /
• 1981

Neutral sulfite precooked fir chips were refined in the Asplund Laboratory Defibrator at various temperature ($20^{\circ}C$, $120^{\circ}C$ and $180^{\circ}C$). The effects of refining temperatures on the physical property and morphological structure of the resulting pulps were discussed. Yields of precooked chips (84%, 92% and 100%) and refining temperature affected remarkably the yield of refined pulp, its beatability, sheet strength and morhphological characteristics. Pulp yield and beatability decreased with increasing refining temperature. Fiber surface of unbeaten pulp from precooked chips of 84% yield was to some extent covered by the secondary wall, while that of the pulp form precooked yield of 92% by the compound middle lamella. In the case of uncooked chips, fibers were damaged heavily, and the exposed fiber surface resulted from the equal amount of the secondary wall and the compound middle lamella. In the case of pulps prepared from precooked chips of higher yields (92% and 100%), sheet strength increased linearly as sheet density increased. But at the same sheet density, pulp from lower precooked yield (84%) had better sheet strength after open discharge refining as compared to pressurized refining, because pulp from the former had much amounts of fines fraction of higher water retention value than the latters. And there was observed a little difference in fiber length distribution but nearly similar in its morphology with increasing refining temperature.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.45 no.4
• /
• pp.492-500
• /
• 2016

In this study, the effects of Colpomenia sinuosa (CS) extract on serum lipid level and bone formation in an ovariectomized animal model were investigated. Twenty four nine-week old female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to four groups: sham-operated rats (SHAM), ovariectomized control rats (OVX-CON), and ovariectomized rats supplemented with CS extract at 50 mg/kg bw (OVX-CS50) or 200 mg/kg bw (OVX-CS200). Three OVX groups were surgically ovariectomized while the SHAM group was sham-operated. CS extract was orally administrated at 1 mL per day. Analysis of serum lipid contents found that the total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the OVX-CON group were higher than those in the SHAM group. Notably, upon administration of CS extract after ovariectomy, triglyceride levels tended to significantly decrease. In addition, platelet aggregation ability decreased in groups treated with CS extract compared to the OVX-CON group. Serum alkaline phosphatase activity as an indicator of bone formation was lower in the CS extract group compared to the OVX-CON group. Collagen contents in bone and cartilage were reduced by ovariectomy, whereas the CS extract-supplemented groups exhibited higher concentrations in bone. According to these results, CS extract improved serum lipid parameters and osteogenesis in ovariectomized rats.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.45 no.5
• /
• pp.651-663
• /
• 2016

Corn silk, Job's tears, Lentinus edodes, and apple peel 70% ethanol extracts (CS, JT, LE, and AP) were studied for their antioxidant activities. CS among all extracts showed the highest antioxidant activities based on total polyphenol and flavonoid contents, 2,2-diphenyl-${\beta}$-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) radical scavenging activity, and reducing power. Adipocyte differentiation was investigated by Oil Red O staining assay using CS, JT, LE, AP, and extract of developed bread containing corn silk, Job's tears, Lentinus edodes, and apple peel (DB) treated to 3T3-L1 adipocytes. DB1 and DB2 showed anti-adipogenic and antioxidant effects. Triglyceride (TG) accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells was measured, and among the samples tested (CS, JT, LE, and AP), CS was found to have the highest inhibitory activity against TG accumulation of differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes and regulated factors associated with adipogenesis. CS suppressed lipid droplet formation and adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells in a dose-dependent manner. We examined the effects of CS on the levels of CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein ${\beta}(C/EBP{\beta})$, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor ${\gamma}(PPAR{\gamma})$, and adipocyte-specific lipid binding protein (aP2) mRNA as well as protein levels in 3T3-L1 cells treated with CS at various concentrations (0, 10, 50, and $100{\mu}g/mL$) during adipocyte differentiation and treatment with CS in 3T3-L1 adipocytes down-regulated expression of $PPAR{\gamma}$ and aP2 mRNA. CS also significantly inhibited up-regulation of $C/EBP{\beta}$, $PPAR{\gamma}$, and aP2 proteins during adipocyte differentiation. These data indicate that DBs have anti-adipogenic activity induced by CS in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, and CS exerts anti-adipogenic activity by inhibiting expression of $C/EBP{\beta}$, $PPAR{\gamma}$, and aP2 signaling pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. JT, LE, and AP had no inhibitory effects on differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes but displayed strong antioxidant effects. These results suggest that the developed bread may be a health beneficial food that can prevent or treat obesity and diseases induced by oxidative stress.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.235-250
• /
• 2009

Environmental elements such as B, Br, and Sr in groundwater from Bukahn-myeon, Yeongcheon, Gyeongbuk Province, were investigated in order to know their origin with emphasis on hydrochemistry. pH ranges from 7.37 to 8.39. B content is 0.41${\sim}$4.62 mg/L with an average 1.74 mg/L and Br content is 0${\sim}$3.24 mg/L with an average 2.22 mg/L, and Sr content is 0.93${\sim}$8.64 mg/L with an average 2.76 mg/L. The water types plotted by the Piper diagram are different but mostly $Ca-HCO_3$. Some constituents contributing to EC are Na, $SO_4$, Cl with high determinative coefficients($R^2$) of 0.85, 0.70, 0.90, respectively. The coefficients($R^2$) of Cl to Na, K, $SO_4$ are 0.54, 0.68, 0.53, respectively. It should be noted that there are high cocfficients($R^2$) of B-Sr and $Sr-SO_4$ with 0.65, 0.64, respectively. The Cl/Br ratios are 5.21${\sim}$30.70 due to significant depletion of Cl. The $SO_4/Cl$ ratios are 1.32${\sim}$27.24 with an average of 5.92, ascribed to abundant introduction of $SO_4$ or significant depletion of Cl. Chemical speciation calculated shows that B exists mostly as $H_3BO_3$ with less $H_2BO^-_3$ and Br exists as only $Br^-$. Sr exists mostly as $Sr^2$ with less $SO_4$. Saturation index represents that goundwater is supersaturated with respect to barite, kaolinite, illite, K-mica, and smectite while it is slightly undersaturated with respect to silica, gypsum, anhydrite, talc, chrysotile, feldspar, kaolinite, illite, K-mica, and smectite. The saturation index of celestine is -2.23${\sim}$-0.13 indicating more Sr can be incorporated into groundwater. Groundwater is still much undersaturated to halite. It is likely that the origin of S and Sr was related to the Yucheon volcanic rocks. Br might be originated from the local geological features with introduction of anthropogenic matters.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.24 no.5
• /
• pp.505-514
• /
• 2014

To examine the anti-obese activity of miscellaneous cereal grains, 80% ethanol extracts from eight selected miscellaneous cereal grains were compared for their cytotoxic effects on 3T3-L1 murine preadipocytes. The ethanol extract of proso millet exhibited the highest cytotoxicity. Further fractionation of the ethanol extract with methylene chloride, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol showed that the cytotoxicity of the ethanol extract was mainly partitioned into the butanol fraction. As compared with differentiated mature adipocytes, 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were more susceptible to the cyctotoxicity of the butanol fraction. When each organic solvent fraction (25 ${\mu}g/ml$) was added during the differentiation period for 6 days, the cell viability was not affected significantly except for the butanol fraction, but the intracellular lipid accumulation declined to a level of 81.5%~50.3% of the control. The Oil Red O staining data also demonstrated that the ethanol extract as well as the butanol fraction could inhibit the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes into mature adipocytes. The presence of the butanol extract during the induced adipocytic differentiation also resulted in a significant reduction in the expression levels of critical adipogenesis mediators $(C/EBP{\alpha}$, $PPAR{\gamma}$, aP2, and LPL) to a barely detectable or undetectable level and the cells retained the fibroblast-like morphology of 3T3-L1. In 3T3-L1 cells, the cytotoxicity of the butanol fraction (50-100 ${\mu}g/ml$) was accompanied by mitochondrial membrane potential (${\Delta}{\psi}m$) loss, caspase-3 activation, and PARP degradation. Taken together, these results indicate that proso millet grains possess pro-apoptotic and anti-adipocytic activities toward adipocytes, which can be applicable to prevention of obesity.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.51 no.3
• /
• pp.207-216
• /
• 2009

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of organic acid mixture on growth performance, cecal microflora, blood characteristics and immune response in broiler chicks and to prove the possibility of organic acid mixture as an alternative to antibiotics growth promotor. A total of four hundred eighty, 1-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross$\times$Ross 308) were randomly divided into 4 groups with 4 replicates of 30 birds each. The treatments were NC (free antibiotics), PC (basal diet with virginiamycin 10 ppm and salinomycin 60 ppm), 0.3% organic acid, and 0.5% organic acid. The final body weight and body weight gain were significantly higher in organic acid 0.5% than NC (P<0.05). The feed conversion ratio in all treated groups were significantly improved as compared to that of NC (P<0.05). The carcass rate and relative organs weight were not significantly difference among the groups. The relative weight and length of small intestine in PC were significantly decreased than the other groups. The numbers of cecal coliform bacteria and Salmonella in all treated groups were significantly lower than NC (P<0.05). The number of cecal lactic acid bacteria was not different among the groups. No significant differences among the groups were observed in the contents of total cholesterol, triglyceride, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), albumin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in blood serum. The contents of total protein and globulin in blood serum of PC and organic acid treated groups were significantly increased as compared to those of NC (P<0.05). Therefore, albumin:globulin ratio of PC and organic acid treated groups was significantly lower than NC (P<0.05). The total white blood cell (WBC), heterophil, lymphocyte, and stress indicator (heterophil:lymphocyte ratio) were not significantly different among the groups. No significant difference was observed on the expression rate of splenic cytokines mRNA in organic acid treated groups compared to the control. Consequently, supplemental organic acid mixture improved the growth performance, and influenced positive effects on the intestinal microflora by inhibiting the growth of harmful bacteria without any adverse effects on relative weights of organs and blood biochemical parameters in broiler chicks.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.103-109
• /
• 2006

This study was designed to investigate the influence of Eosungcho (Houttuynia cordata Thunb) mixture on the plasma lipids of pigs. Experimental groups were divided into 3 groups: control group(0%), 5% and 10% Eosungcho feeding groups. Plasma concentration of total cholesterol, atherosclerotic index, free cholesterol and cholesteryl ester were significantly lower in the Eosungcho powder 5% and 10% feeding groups than control group. Plasma contents of HDL-cholesterol, cholesteryl ester ratio, triglyceride and phospholipid were significantly different between 10% Eosungcho feeding group and control group. Plasma concentration of LDL-cholesterol was significantly love in 10% Eosungcho feeding group($76.5{\pm}5.4mg/dL$) than in control group($86.5{\pm}5.6mg/dL$). Plasma concentration of VLDL and chylomicron were showed similar tendency to LDL-cholesterol. Also, blood sugar, GOT and GPT concentration were significantly lower in 10% Eosungcho feeding group than in control group. In control group, the ratio of saturated fatty acid to unsaturated fatty acid was 58.1 : 51.9, but in 5% and 10% Eosungcho feeding groups, those were 42.1 : 57.9 and 41.0 : 59.0, respectively. The component of main fatty acid was different between control group and Eosungcho feeding groups. In Eosungcho feeding groups, main unsaturated fatty acids were oleic acid(18:1) and linoleic acid(18:2). From the results, addition of Eosungcho powder might be effective in improving the plasma lipid components in pigs.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
• /
• v.19 no.3
• /
• pp.103-120
• /
• 2016

This study investigated how video playback styles affect viewers' emotional responses to a video and then suggested emotion assessment tool for playback-edited videos. The study involved two in-lab experiments. In the first experiment, observers were asked to express their feelings while watching videos in both original playback and articulated playback simultaneously. By controlling the speed, direction, and continuity, total of twelve playback styles were created. Each of the twelve playback styles were applied to five kinds of original videos that contains happy, anger, sad, relaxed, and neutral emotion. Thirty college students participated and more than 3,800 words were collected. The collected words were comprised of 899 kinds of emotion terms, and these emotion terms were classified into 52 emotion categories. The second experiment was conducted to develop proper emotion assessment tool for playback-edited video. Total of 38 emotion terms, which were extracted from 899 emotion terms, were employed from the first experiment and used as a scales (given in Korean and scored on a 5-point Likert scale) to assess the affective quality of pre-made video materials. The total of eleven pre-made commercial videos which applied different playback styles were collected. The videos were transformed to initial (un-edited) condition, and participants were evaluated pre-made videos by comparing initial condition videos simultaneously. Thirty college students evaluated playback-edited video in the second study. Based on the judgements, four factors were extracted through the factor analysis, and they were labelled "Happy", "Sad", "Reflective" and "Weird (funny and at the same time weird)." Differently from conventional emotion framework, the positivity and negativity of the valence dimension were independently treated, while the arousal aspect was marginally recognized. With four factors from the second experiment, finally emotion assessment tool for playback-edited video was proposed. The practical value and application of emotion assessment tool were also discussed.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
• /
• v.29 no.1
• /
• pp.1-8
• /
• 2001

To examine the structural properties of the proteoglycan (GMPG, Ganoderma lucidum mycelial proteoglycan) obtained from mycelia in Ganoderma lucidum IY009, we obtained the low and high molecular proteoglycan by ultrafiltration and sepharose CL-4B column chromatography. The physicochemical properties of these fractions were as follows. When the proteoglycan separated by ultrafiltration and sepharose CL-4B column chromatography, its was not fractionated completely. The molecular weight of high molecular proteoglycan by the gel column chromatography (CH) was 250 kD and 2,000 kD, and low molecular proteoglycan was 12kD. The total carbohydrate was consisted of 75.7% (UH) and 96.7% (CH), and the low fraction was 72.7% (UL) and 87.1% (CL), respectively. The sugar of high and low molecular proteoglycan composed of glucose, mannose, fructose, galactose, xylose, ribose and arabinose. Glucose contents of all fraction were ranged from $46.9%{\sim}82.4%$ of the total sugar and the ratio of ${\alpha}$\;and\;{\beta}-glucose$ was $0.84{\sim}1.14$, and its indicated the proteoglycan to be ${\beta}-glucan$. Amino acids pattern showed that the fractions contained a large amount of aspartie acid, glutamic acid, alanine and leucine. These fractions showed the characteristics of IR absorption for ${\beta}-glucan$ at $890\;cm^{-1}\;and\;^{13}C-NMR$ spectroscopy showed the presence of the ${\beta}-1,3-glucan$ and a ${\beta}-1,6-glucan$.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.44 no.4
• /
• pp.275-282
• /
• 2017

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary silicate based complex mineral (SCM) on the performance of broiler chicks. Four hundred fifty one day old Cobb ${\times}$ Cobb broiler chicks were fed with commercial diets at 0%, 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.15% and 0.20% SCM with five replicates for five weeks. Weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion were measured weekly, and blood composition, immunity and meat quality were evaluated at the end of experiment. During overall period weight gain in chicks fed diet containing 0.1% SCM was significantly increased as compared with that of control (p<0.05). Feed intake showed no consistency among the treatments. Feed conversion appeared to increase in the chickens fed with SCM addition diets during prestarter period. Albumin, glucose and other blood parameters related to chicken health tended to improve at the level of 0.05% SCM addition treatments. Drip loss in breast meat was significantly decreased in more than 0.05% SCM addition (p<0.05). The expression of IL-2 (Interleukin-2) in blood increased significantly in the chickens fed with SCM of 0.05% or 0.10% level than other treatments (p<0.05). The optimum SCM concentration for commercial dietary supplementation for improving broiler performance and other health-related parameters was 0.10%.