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http://dx.doi.org/10.5352/JLS.2014.24.5.505

Pro-apoptotic and Anti-adipogenic Effects of Proso Millet (Panicum miliaceum) Grains on 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes  

Jun, Do Youn (School of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University)
Lee, Ji Young (School of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University)
Han, Cho Rong (School of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University)
Kim, Kwan-Pil (Lotte Confectionary Co., LTD.)
Seo, Myung Chul (Crop Environment Division, NICS, RDA.)
Nam, Min Hee (Functional Cereal Crop Research Division, NICS, RDA.)
Kim, Young Ho (School of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University)
Publication Information
Journal of Life Science / v.24, no.5, 2014 , pp. 505-514 More about this Journal
Abstract
To examine the anti-obese activity of miscellaneous cereal grains, 80% ethanol extracts from eight selected miscellaneous cereal grains were compared for their cytotoxic effects on 3T3-L1 murine preadipocytes. The ethanol extract of proso millet exhibited the highest cytotoxicity. Further fractionation of the ethanol extract with methylene chloride, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol showed that the cytotoxicity of the ethanol extract was mainly partitioned into the butanol fraction. As compared with differentiated mature adipocytes, 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were more susceptible to the cyctotoxicity of the butanol fraction. When each organic solvent fraction (25 ${\mu}g/ml$) was added during the differentiation period for 6 days, the cell viability was not affected significantly except for the butanol fraction, but the intracellular lipid accumulation declined to a level of 81.5%~50.3% of the control. The Oil Red O staining data also demonstrated that the ethanol extract as well as the butanol fraction could inhibit the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes into mature adipocytes. The presence of the butanol extract during the induced adipocytic differentiation also resulted in a significant reduction in the expression levels of critical adipogenesis mediators $(C/EBP{\alpha}$, $PPAR{\gamma}$, aP2, and LPL) to a barely detectable or undetectable level and the cells retained the fibroblast-like morphology of 3T3-L1. In 3T3-L1 cells, the cytotoxicity of the butanol fraction (50-100 ${\mu}g/ml$) was accompanied by mitochondrial membrane potential (${\Delta}{\psi}m$) loss, caspase-3 activation, and PARP degradation. Taken together, these results indicate that proso millet grains possess pro-apoptotic and anti-adipocytic activities toward adipocytes, which can be applicable to prevention of obesity.
Keywords
3T3-L1 preadipocyte; anti-adipogenesis; anti-obesity; Panicum miliaceum; proso millet;
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