• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.565-589
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• 2009

The present study explored the major components of adaptive game behavior among adolescents in Korea. Based on relevant research and a pilot testing, an Adaptive Game Use Scale (AGUS) was developed and validated. A stratified sampling procedure was used to draw a representative sample, and a total of 600 male and female students from middle schools and high schools in various regions participated in the study. Factor analyses revealed 7 facets of adaptive game behavior, including experiencing vitality, expanding life experience, making good use of leisure time, experiencing flow, exercising control, experiencing self-esteem, maintaining and expanding social network. Internal consistency and temporal stability(4 weeks) of the scale were both high. A confirmatory factor analysis indicated that a 7-factor hierarchical model fits well with the data. Moreover, additional analyses suggested that AGUS and game addiction are conceptually distinct. Correlational analyses also indicated that AGUS has good discriminant validity and concurrent validity. Implications of the findings and future directions were discussed.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.660-671
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• 2021

This paper analyzed the research trends of juvenile gambling, which is increasing due to recent changes in the internet environment. The number of domestic studies on juvenile gambling has increased, but there are few studies that analyzed both degrees and academic papers in a more comprehensive manner than addiction to the Internet, games, and drugs related to youth. The current state of juvenile gambling can lead to secondary crimes, such as illegal loans and thefts for gambling funds beyond the level of addiction, school violence and money extortion, which have been a major shock to Korean society. Therefore, it is urgent to prepare social measures because the age of adolescents who are exposed to gambling is becoming lower. Accordingly, this study analyzed 52 dissertations, 86 academic papers, and three other research reports published in Korea from 2003 to March 2020. As a result, quantitative research, research subjects, and research topics were concentrated, and there was a limit to generalization. In addition, these results will provide rich information to future studies by confirming the academic characteristics according to the times and interdisciplinary research trends that transcend individual science areas.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.5
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• pp.440-446
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• 2001

폭력의 발생 원인은 다양하고 그 표현 방식도 여러 가지 양상으로 나타나지만 인간의 기저에 갖고 있는 일반적 원인은 욕구불만이다. 욕구불만의 해소가 이루어지지 않은 상태에서의 인간은 항상 폭력성이 잠재되어있는 상태가 된다고 볼 수 있다. 윌리엄 맥두걸은 본능이 인간행동에 동기를 부여하는 가장 중요한 요인이며, 지각과 정서보다 동기의 힘을 강조했다. 사람은 본능이 동기를 부여해 준 것을 지각하고 적절한 대상이 지각되면 그 대상은 행동을 자극하는 감정변화를 일으킨다. 이러한 검정변화를 충동이라 할 수 있는데 지그문트 프로이드는 인간의 많은행동이 불합리한 본능적 충동에 바탕을 둔다고 보고 있다. 충동은 대개 생리적인 긴장, 결핍,또는 불균형상태에 뿌리는 두며 충족되어야 할 절박한기본 욕구로 유기체에 행동을 강요한다. 충동은 선천적이며, 기본적인 생리적 욕구와 직접적으로 관련된 충동과 학습을 통한 모방충동, 약물복용의 반복적으로 인한 양물중독이 있고, 성취, 활동, 친화, 호기심, 배설, 탐구, 조작, 모성애, 고통회피, 성애, 수면 등 인간의 생활에 반영되는 거의 모든 욕구를 포함한다. 따라서 욕구의 해소를 위해 무엇인가를 해야만 하는 인간은 욕구의 억압상태나 좌절상태에서 심한 분노와 폭력의 충동을 느끼게 된다. 현대 심층심리학은 어린이들이 말을 충분히 자유자재로 구사하기 전에 겪고 억누르게 된 무시무시한 분노의 환상을 가지고 있는데,. 공포예술의 무시무시한 영상들이 결부되어있다는 것이 밝혀졌다. 픽카드(P.M. Pickard)에 의하면 어린아이는 그들의 내적 현실을 외적 현실을 적응시키려는 힘겨운 투쟁 속에 근친상간적 갈등, 흡혈귀, 살인, 식인 등 끔찍한 환상을 겪는 것 간다고 한다. 청소년기는 사회적 부적응기로서 현실과 어릴 적 꿈꿔왔던 이상과의 괴리감에서 오는 당혹과 분노가 발생되는데, 이 시기에 많은 청소년들이 극단적인 선정적인 폭력성에 탐닉하게 되는 경향이 있다. 현실은 결코 아름답지 못하고, 행복하게 살 수 없다는 것에 대한 깨달음에서 기인한다. 욕구불만의 강도가 심해질수록 폭력성은 더욱 강하게 나타나는데 개인에게서 뿐만 아니라 가족, 동료, 사회 단체나 종교, 국가간에도 집단적으로도 발생하게 된다. 사회적으로 볼 때 폭력은 용인되는 것이 아니므로 도덕적으로 절제를 하거나 상대방과 적절한 타협과 조정을 필요로 한다. 그러나 절제의 한계를 넘어선다고 생각되거나, 조정의 노력이 불가능하거나, 실패했을 때 폭력적인 행동으로 나타나게 된다. 리차즈(I.A Richards)는 분노와 공포는 일단 겉잡을 수 없는 경향이 있다고 하면서 오늘날 폭력에 대한 요구가 일상의 정서 생활에 있어, 억압을 통한, 빈곤함을 반영하고 있지 않은지 생각해봐야 할 것이라고 충고한다.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1984.09a
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• pp.83-88
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• 1984

It is now well established that the rodenticide Vacor (N-3-pyridyl-mehtyl-N'-p-nitropheny-lurea) causes a hyperglycemia in human and rats. It is also reported that there are some components (DPG-3) in ginseng radix which cause hypoglycemic effect on alloxan diabetic mice. In the present study, attempts were made to demonstrate in Vacor-poisoned rats the hypo-glycemic activity of red ginseng component(RGC), which was extracted by Kimura's DPG-3 extraction procedure and found to be effective for lowering a hyperglycemia in alloxan-diabetic rats. Vacor in a dose of $LD_{50}$ (10mg/kg) produced a glucose intolerance with a paradoxical moderate increase in blood immunoreactive insulin and derangement in glucose metabolism of epididymal adipocytes in rats. Although RGC (20mg/kg, i.p.) did not exert any significant influence on a hyperglycemia induced by large lethal doses (25mg/kg) of Vacor ingestion, it improved the LDso Vacor-induced glucose intolerance and caused a further increase in blood insulin levels in Vacor-poisoned rats. The administration of RGC (20mg/kg, i.p.) normalized Vacor-induced depression of glucose metabolism and lipogenesis in the epididymal adipocytes with an improvement of reduced responses to insulin of adipocytes from Vacor-poisoned rats. These results suggest that some red ginsneng components contained in RGC fraction normalize the depressed peripheral glucose unitlization and insulin response and eventually lead to an improvement of abnormal glucose tolerance developed in rats poisoned with small doses of Vacor.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.29-43
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• 2009

The purposes of this study were to examine effective variables influencing on adolescents' mobile phone addiction. The subjects were the 666 middle or high school students who had their own mobile phone in Gwangju. Data were analyzed with frequency, percentage, cronbach's ${\alpha}$, mean, SD, pearson's correlation and multiple regression using SPSS/PC WIN 14.0 program. The major findings were as follows: 1. The most frequently used function of student mobile phones was text message and they used text message more than 41 times a day. Mostly they were talking to the same sex friends on the phone and the monthly charges ranged from 20,000 to 30,000 won. In general, they called to their friends after school. Their parents' attitudes toward their mobile phone using showed that the most of their parents did not care about their children's mobile phone use. The restriction of using their mobile phone at school was normal. 2. The average scores of mobile phone addiction were lower than median(3.0) and self esteem, self control, family strengths, peer conformity and school life adaptation were higher than median. 3. The adolescence's mobile phone additions were influenced by peer conformity, school life adaptation, school levels, sex and self control. And these variables explained to the adolescence's mobile phone additions about 28%.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.167-174
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• 1996

Alcoholics increased susceptibility to microbial infection that is associated with decreased immunity. but there has been little experimental evidence to support alcoholics-induced increase of microbial infection directly in non-specific immunity. Therefore, we were used the method of phagocytic-plaque including all the stimulating factors for the phagocytosis, subtypes of lymphocytes and T-lymphocyte proliferation. The experimental groups were divided into 3 groups: (1) alcoholics who were hospitalized less than 1 week (newly hospitalized alcoholics), (2) alcoholics who were hospitalized more than 2 weeks (old hospitalized alcoholics), (3) healthy blood donors. We have studied 98 alcoholics and 35 healthy blood donors and control groups. A physician has checked the biological markers and diagnosed the body-condition alcoholics. The immunity and non-specific immunity on the alcoholics were analyzed by using the simultest kit and flow cytometry. Proliferation of the lymphocytes was analyzed by the phytohemmagglutinine mitogen. Phagocytosis and migration properties of leukocytes were identified on the layer formed by Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I strain. Biological markers of alcoholics and control groups, by such as blood glucose, ${\gamma}$-glutamyl transpeptidase and mean corpuscular volumes of red blood cells, were determined by biochemical and hematological methods. Compared with control groups, cluster of differentiation (CD)3+, CD8+ and CD19+ in alcoholic were more decreased except CD4+/CD8+ ratio. Proliferation of the T-lymphocytes, phagocytosis and migration properties of the leukocytes in alcoholics were decreased compared with those of control groups. According to the results observed in our experiment, they can be summerized as follows: 1, Cellular, humoral and non-specific immunities, are markedly decreased in alcoholics than those in control groups. 2. It is inferred that Phagocytic plaque formation is a very useful method to evaluate phagocytosis and migration properties of the alcoholic leukocytes 3. It is thought that the subtypes of lymphocytes, especially CD4+/CD8+ ratio, are essential methods to analyzed the alcoholic immunity. 4. Specific and non-specific immunity on the old hospitalized alcoholics was slightly increased, which depends upon the alcoholic medication.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.147-153
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• 2001

This study was performed to elucidate the effects of lead poisoning on the reproductive organ of rats. After consecutive oral administrations of lead acetate, the weights of testis, the numbers and motilities of sperms and histological changes of organs were compared between control and experimental groups. 1. Testis weights of 1,000, 2,000 or 4,000 ppm/kg of lead acetate-administrated rats decreased compared with control group in dose-dependent manner. 2. The sperm numbers of 1,000, 2,000 or 4,000 ppm/kg of lead acetate-administrated rats were lowered significantly in dose dependent manners than those of control groups. 3. The sperm motilities of 1,000, 2,000 or 4,000 ppm/kg of lead acetate-administrated rats decreased in dose-dependent manners compared with those of control groups. 4. The weights of livers and kidneys of 1,000, 2,000 or 4,000 ppm/kg of lead acetate-administrated rats decreased or increased. The weights of livers increased and the kidney weights decreased and changes were dose-independent manner. 5. Necrosis of hepatocytes around the central veins, infiltrations of neutrophils, accumulations of bile and infiltrations of fine granules-harboring macrophages in psychymal and interstitial tissues were found out in the livers of copper sulfate-administrated rats. The Bowman's capsule, tubular epithelium and includes in nucleus of kidneys were filled with hyaline materials and hematophilic centers appeared in several lymph nodes.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.28 no.1 s.49
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• pp.27-42
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• 1995

The in vivo and in vitro humoral and cell-mediated immune responses of lymphocytes of BALB/c mouse exposed to mercury chloride$(HgCl_2)$ were investigated. In vitro exposure of the splenocytes to mercury chloride produced overt cytotoxicity in 3 hours period. The $IC_{50}$(the concentration required to inhibit a splenocyte viability by 50%) for mercury chloride was >0.1mM for cytotoxicity. In vivo mercury chloride exposed mice were significantly depressed delayed type hypersensitivity(DTH) response to sheep red blood cells(SRBC) in a dose-dependent manner compared with control group. Mercury chloride inhibited the proliferative responses of splenocytes to lipopolysaccharide, pokeweed mitogen, concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin in a dose-dependent manner. Hemagglutinin response to SRBC in mercury chloride exposed mice was significantly depressed in a dose-dependent manner compared with control group. After 7 weeks of mercury chloride exposure in vivo, mercury chloride induced an increase of nonspecific serum $IgG_1$ and IgE levels in BALB/c mice.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.7
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• pp.653-664
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to investigate the actual status of Internet gaming disorder in university students, the relationship between perceived stress, social support, lifestyle and Internet gaming disorder, and the medium effect of social support in the relationship between perceived stress and Internet gaming disorder. The main results of the survey and analysis of 1,154 university students located in Gyeonggi Province are as follows. First, the prevalence of Internet gaming disorder among university students was 14.0 percent, which is very high. Second, the perceived stress had a positive correlation with the Internet gaming disorder. The more negatively perceived stress events occurred by university students, the higher the degree of internet gaming disorder was. Third, social support had a negative correlation with perceived stress and internet gaming disorder. The higher the support of parents, friends, and others, the lower the perceived stress and the lower the internet gaming disorder. Fourth, social support partially mediated the relationship between perceived stress and Internet gaming disorder. Even though stress was negatively perceived, the degree of internet gaming disorder was low when social support was high. Fifth, among the lifestyle habits of students, the rate of alcoholism was higher in the Internet gaming disorder group than in the non-disorder group. Finally, the results of the study and ways to prevent Internet gaming disorder among university students were discussed.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.12 no.8
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• pp.3547-3554
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• 2011

The aim of this study is to take hold of the present situation as well as the perspective of the domestic alcohol specialized hospitals. The structured questionnaire was prepared to understand the type of services, manpower and systematic programs. Among eight hospitals that stand for the alcohol addiction specialized hospitals, six hospitals agreed to participate in the survey, which was made from Jun. 17 to July 15, 2010. The average number of beds of the surveyed hospitals was 208. They were mostly private ones(66.7%), located in urban area(50%), and had experiences of alcohol treatment less than five years(50%). While all of them practiced both the inpatient and outpatient services, only 33% provided the systematic outpatient program that was at least 2 or 3 hours per week. All hospitals practiced the physical and individual psychological evaluations, but only 16.1% had the daytime programs. The beds of protective ward were 72% of all beds, and the beds of night and day occupied 7.6% and 2.6% respectively. It was found that although the average number of mental health social worker and mental health nurse was larger than that required in the regulation of mental health law there are significant deviations between hospitals. However, the manpower of psychiatrists and nurses were comparatively large. The first problem indicated by clinical experts was the patient's refusal of care, which results in an inefficiency in the treatment. The next problem was the lack of local health care institutions that can attend on the discharged patients were important issues. Also the low reimbursement and indifferences to the alcohol abuse were considered as important issues.