• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.6
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• pp.3-10
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• 2005

In the course of preparing for the transfer of the Boshin-gak Bell, which was designated as Treasure No. 2, due to the transfer of the National Museum of Korea, the current internal cracks and defects in the founding of the bell were examined in order to verify its solidity through γ-ray penetration via ⁶⁰Co. The bell's compositions were also examined with x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. The result showed that the bell had 65.2% cracks when viewed from the horizontal direction and 62.5% cracks when viewed from the vertical direction. The cracks had approximately 5cm depth. In addition, the result of examining the composition of the bell revealed that it was made of 89~92% copper and 7.5~10.5% tin as well as traces of impurities including 0.1~0.3% lead and not more than 0.1% iron, manganese, etc.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.511-518
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• 2001

In vitro corrosion resistance of the commercially used 76.5wt.%Pd-17.6%Cu-7.2%Ga and 77.3%Pd-6.0%Ga dental Prostheses high-Palladium system alloys in cast, degassing and porcelain-firing heat treatment conditions were evaluated by the potentiodynamic polarization technique in the de-aerated 0.9%NaCl and a modified Fusayama electrolyte. From the corrosion rate experimental results, we found that there is a small difference in the corrosion resistance depending on the microstructure. However. it was so small that there is no significant problem as a dental material. The 77.3%Pd-6.0%Ga showed better corrosion resistance than the 76.5%Pd-11.6%Cu-7.2%Ga dental Prostheses high-palladium system alloys. These experimental observations in 76.5%Pd-11.6%Cu-7.2%Ga alleys are mainly due to a rapid quenching and Cu in the alloy which accelerate the eutectic reaction with a segregation and Precipitates in the microstructure. On the ocher hand, 77.3%Pd-6.0%Ga alloys, which are solid-solution matrix, show much better col·lesion resistance compared with that of 76.5%Pd-11.6%Cu-7.2%Ga alloys.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.508-525
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• 1992

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of some resistance form designs on the bond strength of resin-retained prosthesis. Six sub-groups are designed in natural teeth group and resin teeth group . The framework designs in natural teeth group: 1) no groove preparation 2) groove at the center of distal surface 3) groove at the distobuccal line angle 4) 45 degree lateral load with no groove 5) 45 degree lateral load with center groove 6) splint two teeth with no groove. The framework designs in resin teeth group: 1) no groove preparation 2) groove at the center of distal surface 3) groove at the distobuccal line angle 4) metal covered the 1/2 of distal surface 5) metal covered the 1/2 of mesial surface 6) metal extended over the 114 of buccal surface. Specimens were treated electrolytic etching by Oxy-Etch and cemented with Panavia EX. Failure load was measured by Instron. Another 30 specimens were carried out fatigue tests by MTS 810 fatigue testing machine for 5000 cycles at different load level. The following results were obtained from this study. 1. The failure load was significantly increased by resistance forms. 2. The failure load was not increased by increase of total surface area bonded with teeth. The distal surface area played an important role in failure load. 3. In 45 degree lateral load group, the failure load was decreased significantly than that of in vertical load group. 4. Bond failure modes between static test and fatigue test exhibited no differences.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.46-52
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• 2009

Statement of problem: Recently, titanium has become popular as superstructure material in implant dentistry because titanium superstructure can be easily milled by means of computer-aided design and manufacture (CAD/CAM) technique. But retention form such as nail head or bead cannot be cut as a result of technical limitation of CAD/CAM milling and bond strength between titanium and porcelain is not as strong as that of conventional gold or metal alloy. Purpose: The objective of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strength of three different materials: heat curing resin, composite resin, porcelain which were bonded to grade II commercially pure Titanium (CP-Ti). Material and methods: Thirty seven CP-Ti discs with 9 mm diameter, 10 mm height were divided into three groups and were bonded with heat curing resin (Lucitone 199), indirect composite resin (Sinfony), and porcelain (Triceram) which were mounted in a former with 7 mm diameter and 1 mm height. Samples were thermocycled for 1000 cycles at between $5-55^{\circ}C$. Shear bond strength (MPa) was measured with Instron Universal Testing Machine with cross head speed of 1 mm/min. The failure pattern was observed at the fractured surface and divided into adhesive, cohesive, and combination failure. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Scheffe's multiple range test (${\alpha}=0.05$). Results: Lucitone 199 ($17.82{\pm}5.13\;MPa$) showed the highest shear bond strength, followed by Triceram ($12.97{\pm}2.11\;MPa$), and Sinfony ($6.00{\pm}1.31\;MPa$). Most of the failure patterns in Lucitone 199 and Sinfony group were adhesive failure, whereas those in Triceram group were combination failure. Conclusion: Heat curing resin formed the strongest bond to titanium which is used as a CAD/CAM milling block. But the bond strength is still low compared with the bond utilizing mechanical interlocking and there are many adhesive failures which suggest that more studies to enhance bond strength are needed.

• Journal of Korea Foundry Society
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.230-240
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• 2023

The pitting corrosion behavior of 329LD cast lean duplex stainless steel and CF3M cast austenitic stainless steel was investigated in chloride environments. The pitting corrosion resistance of the 329LD alloy was superior to that of the CF3M alloy because the pitting potential, passive region, and critical pitting temperature of the low Ni-low Mo 329LD alloy were higher than those of the high Ni-medium Mo commercial CF3M alloy. There are two main reasons for the enhancement of the pitting corrosion resistance of high Cr-low Momedium N 329LD alloy compared to the low Cr-medium Mo CF3M alloy: First, the pitting resistance equivalent number (PREN_δ+γ) value of the 329LD alloy is higher than that of the CF3M alloy. Second, the passive region of the 329LD alloy is larger than that of the CF3M alloy. It indicates that the synergistic effect of the three elements by adding high Cr and low Mo-medium N to the 329LD alloy enhances the passivity of the passive film, thereby increasing the pitting corrosion resistance. It was verified that based on the PREN_γ of austenite (γ) and PREN_δ of ferrite (δ) values calculated using an N-factor of 16, the pitting corrosion of the 329LD alloy was selectively initiated at the γ-phases because PREN_γ value of austenite (γ) was smaller than that of ferrite (δ), and finally propagated from the γ-phase to the δ-phase.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.125-140
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• 2011

The remnant of temporary cement on the intaglio surface of cast restoration may have a negative effect on the retentive strength of permanent cement. This study was to evaluate the effect of temporary cement cleaning methods on the retentive strength of cementation type implant prostheses. Prefabricated implant abutments - height 5.5mm, diameter 4.5mm, 6 degree axial wall taper with chamfer margins were used. Forty copings-abutment specimens were divided into four groups(each n=10) according to the cleaning methods for temporary cement(Temp-$Bond^{(R)}$) as follows : no temporary cementation(the control group), orange solvent, ultrasonic cleaning, air borne-particle abrasion. After the application of temporary cement and the separation, the cleaning procedure was performed according to the protocol of each group. The specimens were cemented with $Premier^{(R)}$ Implant $Cement^{TM}$. After the permanent cementation, the specimens were subjected to thermocycling and pulled out from the specimens with a universal testing machine at a cross-head speed of 0.5mm/min. After the retentive strength test, all the specimens were cleaned using ultrasonic cleaning, abraded with air borne-particles, and steam-cleaned. Likewise, the specimens were temporarily cemented(Temp-$Bond^{(R)}$ NE), cleaned according to the protocol of each group, cemented with $Premier^{(R)}$ Implant $Cement^{TM}$ and subjected to thermocycling and measurement of their retentive strength. The mean of group with orange solvent were significantly lower than those of other groups(p<0.05). There was no significance between group with ultrasonic cleaning and group with air borne-particle abrasion. Group with ultrasonic cleaning and group with air-particle abrasion were no significance at control group. There was no significance between group cemented with Temp-$Bond^{(R)}$ and group cemented with Temp-$Bond^{(R)}$ NE. Within the limitation of this study, it can be concluded that the temporary cement cleaning method with only orange solvent may have a negative effect on the retentive strength of permanent cement. Ultrasonic cleaning and air borne-particle abrasion methods are recommended for the temporary cement cleaning method on cementation type implant prostheses.

• Korean Journal of Dental Materials
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.207-216
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• 2017

The effect of cooling rate on precipitation hardening of a Pd-Cu-Ga-Zn metal-ceramic alloy during porcelain firing simulation was investigated and the following results were obtained. When the cooling rate was fast (Stage 0), the hardness of the alloy increased at each firing step and the high hardness value was maintained. When the cooling rate was slow (Stage 3), the hardness was the highest at the first stage of the firing, but the final hardness of the alloy after complete firing was lower. The increase in hardness of the specimens cooled at the cooling rate of Stage 0 after each firing step was caused by precipitation hardening. The decrease in hardness of the specimens cooled at the cooling rate of Stage 3 after each firing step was attributed to the coarsening of the spot-like precipitates formed in the matrix and plate-like precipitates. The matrix and the plate-like precipitates were composed of the $Pd_2(Cu,Ga,Zn)$ phase of CsCl-type, and the particle-like structure was composed of the Pd-rich ${\alpha}$-phase of face-centered cubic structure. Through the porcelain firing process, Cu, Ga, and Zn, which were dissolved in Pd-rich ${\alpha}$ particles, precipitated with Pd, resulting in the phase separation of the Pd-rich ${\alpha}$ particles into the Pd-rich ${\alpha}^{\prime}$ particles and ${\beta}^{\prime}$ precipitates composed of $Pd_2(Cu,Ga,Zn)$. These results suggested that the durability of the final prosthesis made of the Pd-Cu-Ga-Zn alloy can be improved when the cooling rate is fast during porcelain firing simulation.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.60-69
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• 2016

Purpose: The objective of this study was to compare the accuracy of digital models from 3 dimentional (3D) optical scanner and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: We obtained digital models from 11 pairs of stone casts using a 3D optical scanner and a CBCT, and compared the accuracy of the models. Results: The error range of average positive distance was 0.059 - 0.117 mm and negative distance was 0.066 - 0.146 mm. Statistically (P < 0.05), average positive distance was larger than $70{\mu}m$ and shorter than $100{\mu}m$, and that of negative distance was larger than $100{\mu}m$ and shorter than $120{\mu}m$. Conclusion: We concluded that the accuracy of digital models generated from CBCT is not appropriate to make final prostheses. However, it may be acceptable for provisional restorations and orthodontic diagnoses with respect to the accuracy of the digitalization.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.437-443
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• 2018

Activation of macrophages plays an important role in the host-immune system. In this study, we investigated the functional roles and related signaling mechanism of hot-water extracts of bee pollen (BPW) in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Since BPW did not exert cytotoxicity at concentrations ranging from 62.5 to $250{\mu}g/mL$ in macrophage cells, a concentration of $250{\mu}g/mL$ was used as the maximum dose of BPW throughout subsequent experiments. BPW increased inducible nitric oxide synthase-mediated nitric oxide production in a concentration-dependent manner. Additionally, BPW was found to induce macrophage activation by augmenting the expression of cell surface molecules (cluster of differentiation; CD80/86, and major histocompatibility complex; MHC class I/II) and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$, interleukin-6, and $IL-1{\beta}$) through mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear $factor-{\kappa}B$ signaling pathways in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Taken together, our results indicate that BPW could potentially be used as an immunomodulatory agent.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.12
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• pp.434-439
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• 2020

Selective laser melting (SLM) manufactures an alloy using laser as a heat source, and has recently been introduced in the dental industry. However, there is a lack of analytical research on metal-ceramic restorations achieved by SLM. This study evaluates and compares the metal-ceramic bond strength of Co-Cr alloys produced by selective laser melting and casting methods. Co-Cr samples required for this study were produced through the sintering process of ceramics, by applying the SLM and CAST methods. The metal-ceramic bond strength was measured by applying the shear bond strength test. In order to determine the area fraction of adherent ceramic, Si content of the specimen was measured using scanning electron microscopy SEM/ EDS. Results of the metal-ceramic bond strength and AFAC were analyzed by t-test (α = 0.05). No significant difference was observed comparing the bond strength of SLM and CAST Co-Cr alloys (P> 0.05). However, the SLM group had much better ceramic adherence than the CAST group (P < 0.001). Moreover, oxidation characteristics were similar for both SLM and CAST Co-Cr alloys, but metal structures were different. These results imply that although the bond of ceramic and Co-Cr alloy is not related to the manufacturing method, SLM alloys impart better ceramic adherence. This indicates that alloys made with SLM can be used to fabricate upper implant prostheses in the future. In particular, it is expected to overcome the shortcomings of the CAST method, and save time and cost.