• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 2005

Since human visual system has limited capacity for visual information processing, it should select goal-relevant information for further processing. There have been several studies that emphasized the possible involvement of memory in spatial shift of selective attention (Chun & Jiang, 1998, 1999; Klein, 1988; Klein & MacInnes, 1999). However, other studies suggested the inferiority of human visual memory in change detection(Rensink, O'Regan, & Clark, 1997; Simons & Levin, 1997) and in visual search(Hotowitz & Wolfe, 1998). The present study examined the involvement of memory in visual search; whether memory for the previously searched items guides selective attentional shift or not. We investigated how search works by comparing visual search performances in three different conditions; full exposure condition, partial exposure condition, and partial-to-full exposure condition. Revisiting searched items was allowed only in full exposure condition and not in either partial or partial-to-full exposure condition. The results showed that the efficiencies of attentional shift were nearly identical for all conditions. This finding implies that even in full exposure condition the participants scarcely re-examined the previously searched items. The results suggest that instant memory can be formed and used in visual search process. These results disagree with the earlier studies claiming thar visual search has no memory. We discussed the problems of the previous research paradigms and suggested some alternative accounts.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.895-910
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to explore secondary students' progression in group norms and argumentation competency through collaborative reflection about small group argumentation. The progression is identified as the development of group norms and an epistemic understanding of argumentation with the enhancement of group argumentation competency during collaborative reflection and argumentation lessons. Participants were four first grade middle school students who have different academic achievements and learning approaches. They participated in ten argumentation lessons related to photosynthesis and in seven collaborative reflections. As a result, the students' group norms related to participation were developed, and the students' epistemic understanding of argumentation was enhanced. Furthermore, the students' group argumentation competencies, identified as argumentation product and argumentation process, were advanced. As the collaborative reflection and argumentation lessons progressed, statements related to rebuttal increased and different students suggested a range of evidence with which to justify their claims or to rebut others' arguments. These findings will give a better idea of how to present an apt application of argumentation to science teachers and science education researchers.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.169-197
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• 2012

It is often argued that the parental leave should be extended in order to help employees achieve the balance of work and family life. However, one should be careful in designing the parental leave since there is a tradeoff between the continuity of employment after childbearing and the depreciation of human capital due to the time off the work. The paper investigates whether the parental leave payment introduced in Korea in 2001 helped women's take-up of the leave and employment after giving birth. The results are as follows. First, the increase in the payment indeed raised the female take-up of the leave. Second, women returned to labor market less often after giving birth in the short run, but the size of the effect tends to decrease in the long run. However, the negative effect on returning to the same workplace after the birth remains significant in the long run. Lastly, there is no evidence that the share of women of childbearing age at workplace changed due to the increase in the parental leave payment. Although there is a limitation in that the analysis is based only on the employment covered by the Employment Insurance, these findings imply that the increase in the parental leave payment may not be an effective policy tool for promoting female labor market participation. On the other hand, it should be noted that it is necessary to pay attention to child development as well as female employment as an objective in order to make an overall judgement on the parental leave policy.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.141-169
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• 2011

This study compares the business performances and the socioeconomic and sociopsychological characteristics of franchisees and independent business owners (IBOs). On the basis of extant theoretical arguments and empirical evidences it was expected that franchisees are different from IBOs in these aspects because unlike IBOs they are using franchising as their way of businesses and should satisfy the requirements imposed by franchisors. Analyzed in the current study was a national survey database of 424 franchisees and 5,690 IBOs compiled by the Small Enterprise Development Agency in 2011. As expected, it was found that franchisees were significantly different from IBOs in such traits as financial and managerial capabilities, business experiences, demographic and socio-psychological characteristics, information searching efforts, business performances, and their perceptions of business obstacles. It was also found that the effects of these traits on business performances were quite different between franchisees and IBOs. The findings of the current study provide some meaningful suggestions for government agencies. Given that franchises and IBOs have different traits, their demands for governmental policy should be different, and consequently, it might be argued that government agencies should treat the two groups separately and should increase their efforts to develop appropriate supporting policies for each group. With respect to franchisor's practices for franchisee selection, it is also argued that in order to enhance franchisee performances franchisors need to examine thoroughly the traits of prospect franchisees. This study concludes with discussion of several theoretical and methodological limitations for future research.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.1-30
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• 2007

Using the Korean Labor and Income Panel Study 2001 (KLIPS 2001), this paper examines gender differences in the return to education in Korea. On average, there is little difference in return to education between male and female workers. However, this paper provides evidence that the impact of education on wages is greater for female workers compared to that for male workers using three different estimation strategies. First, a simple cohort analysis shows that the estimated returns to education for male and female workers have different patterns by age cohort and this is the main reason we observe little gap in average returns to education between men and women. Second, we find that college degree has a significant impact on women's labor market outcomes, while there is little gain for men in terms of wage levels by having college degree. Finally, when controlling unobservable individual ability level with test scores, education has no significant impact on male workers' wage levels, while the impact of education on wages is considerably large for female workers. All three findings support that the impact of education on labor market outcomes is greater for female workers compared to that for male workers as many researchers have found in other OECD countries.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.14-15
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• 2003

중의학은 서양의 의료 다원주의의 한 부분이 되었다. 특히 침과 같이 서양의 개념과는 분명히 다른 의료 기법에 있어서는 두드러진다. 그밖에 뜸, 안마, 기공, 중약 및 복합 처방들도 있다. 서양에서 전문직업인화는 보건의료 관련분야에서 중심적인 인력양성 방법이 되었다. 이는 대학이 기반을 다진 중세까지 거슬러 올라가는데, 19세기에는 법인들이 전문직업인 모임으로 바뀌어 가면서 개인적 환경을 변화시키고 직업의 체계를 개발하였다. 변호사, 교사, 사제, 의사가 그 예이다. 의료에 있어서 학교교육을 통해 수련된 의사들이 조산사나 안마사들을 지배하게 되었는데 이런 경향은 1950-60년대에 극에 달한다. 그러다가 이들의 지배는 대중매체, 환자, 다른 주변 의료 보조인력들에 의해 도전을 받는다. 이와 비슷한 양상을 이단적인 의료에서도 관찰할 수 있다. 전문직업인의 우세와 시점이 비슷한 생물의학의 우월적 지배는 많은 다양한 의료에 의해 도전을 받는다. 그러나 생물의학의 우월함의 약세가 시술자들의 전문직업인화 까지를 포함하지는 않았다. 실제로 침술과 같은 치료술들을 전문직업인인 의사나 의사가 아닌 시술자들이 함께 쓰고 있기 때문이다. 이는 직능간의 분쟁을 야기할 가능성이 높다. 이단적 개념을 기존 의료계로 통합하는 것이 전문직업인들인 의사들의 노력으로 이해되었다. 이 견해는 두 가지 문제를 내포하고 있는데, 첫째 의사들을 단일한 속성으로 보고 있다는 것인데, 실제로 현대의학을 배우고 가르치는 나라들 사이에도 매우 다양한 차이가 있음을 간과하고 있다. 둘째로 의료인이 아닌 시술자들도 다양한 분야로 통합되었는데, 통합은 어쩌면 하급의 전문인들의 노력의 결과로 설명되어야 하는 것이 더 알맞을 수 있다. 그러나 이들도 전문직업인의 조직구조를 가져야 만 하고, 그렇지 않으면 파편으로 남을 것이다. 전문직업인주의는 언제나 과학과 연계하고 있는데, 독일 정부와 직업인 조직은 의료과학 집단에게 이단적 시술들의 임상효과를 검증하게 하였다. 이것은 이단 의료계에 우호적인 단체나 적대적인 단체 모두에게 적용되었다. 매우 강한 힘을 가진 냉소적인 조직 가운데 하나는 National Committee of SHI-Physicians and Sickness Funds(Bundesausschuss der Arzte und Krankenkassen).2 인데, 2001년에, 이 단체에서 출판한 자료에는 침의 효용성은 침을 시술하는 사람에 달린 것 일뿐 시술자의 수련이나 침 시술의 배경 개념에 달려있는 것이 아니다. 그러므로 침은 무작위 표본추출 대조군 실험을 통해 효과를 검증받지 못한 다른 치료법들의 범주에 머물러 있다.(cf. Bundesausschuss 2001: 8). 1990년대, 무작위 표본추출 대조군 실험은 생물의학이 아닌 의료의 효과를 검증하는데 알맞지 않고 비윤리적이라고 강한 비판을 받았다. 한편 1995년에 WHO는 침의 유효성 평가를 위해 이 실험기법을 추천하며, 이어 2001년에, the International Council of Medical Acupuncture and Related Techniques(ICMART)는 침연구와 시술을 위한 헌장(Acupuncture Charter Berlin an Evidence Based Medicine (EBM)3 for acupuncture)을 채택 공표한다. 독일 보험 회사들도 침의 효과와 효율성을 검증하기 위해 대규모 실험을 시작했다. 100,000 명이 넘는 환자들이 무작위 표본추출 대조군 실험을 통해 평가되고 있는데 이 실험은 병원이나 일차의료기관의 외래에서 진행되고 있다. 영국에서는 이 분야의 유력한 Edzard Ernst가 위의 개념과 비슷한 구도를 설정 공표하는데 보완의학 분야의 많은 다른 전문가들의 견해를 무릎 쓰고, 그는 증거기반 의학에 대한 그의 신념을 표방한다. "무작위 표본추출 대조군 실험이 보환의학 분야의 시술을 검증하기 위한 알맞은 방법이 아니라고 끝없이 주장하지만 우리는 거의 모든 치료법을 포괄하는 분야에 이들 실험을 발견하였으니, 이는 보완의학도 엄정한 방법으로 검증할 수 있다는 것을 보여준다고 할 수 있다."(Ernst et al. 2001: xiii). 적어도 독일에서 진행중인 효과 검증 연구가 향후 아시아 의학의 기반 마련에 중요한 역할을 하게 될 것이다. 영국에서는 이에 대한 정치적 수렴이 전문 직업인화에 달려 있을 것이다. 여기에서 나는 아시아에서 유래한 의료의 서양에서 어떻게 사회학적 관찰의 대상으로 분류되고 정의되는지 소개하고자 한다.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.309-323
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• 2002

This qualitative study investigated preservice teachers' understandings of the ontology and epistemology underlying constructivist notions of learning through four in-depth interviews. Of the sixteen participants in a larger study, five significantly changed ontological and epistemological beliefs and eleven did not. This study focused on these eleven teachers who have hardly changed their philosophical beliefs throughout the teacher education program. Ten teachers who consistently maintained the scientific realist beliefs were presented as a composite case (Young's case). Among the eleven teachers, there was one outlier who had consistently maintained an idealist and relativist epistemological position from the beginning of the study and was subjected to another case analysis (Ben's case). These cases corroborated the assertion that each individual's deeply entrenched ontological and epistemological beliefs are very hard to change. For researchers, this study offers insights into the reasons that preservice teachers give for non-changes in their thinking about learning to teach. The study also examines preservice teachers' perceived constraints in implementing their ideal pedagogies and the influence of the teacher education program on their pedagogical beliefs changes. The benefits and influences of the M.Ed. program's theoretical coursework and the field experiences on these teachers' learning-to-teach experiences are addressed with rich data. The implications for teacher educators as well as for the instructional practices of preservice teacher education programs are discussed. This research emphasize necessity of the field-based teacher education program and the need of empowering experienced school teachers as teacher educators in teacher preparation and professional development.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.583-592
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of argument-based modeling strategy using scientific writing on student's modeling ability. For this study, 66 students (three classes) from the 7th grade were selected and of these, 43 students (two classes) were assigned to two experimental groups while the other 23 students (one class) were assigned to comparative group. In the experimental groups, one group (22 students) was Argument-based multimodal Representation and Modeling (AbRM), and the other group (21 students) was Argument-based Modeling (AbM). Modeling ability consisted of identifying the problem, structuring of scientific concepts, adequacy of claim and evidence and index of multimodal representation. As for the modeling ability, AbRM group scored significantly higher than the other groups, AbM group was significantly higher than comparative group. The four sub-elements of modeling ability in the AbRM group was significantly higher than the other groups statistically and AbM group scored significantly higher than comparative group. From these results, the argument-based modeling strategy using scientific writing was effective on students' modeling ability. Students organized or expressed the model and evaluated or modified it through the process of argument-based modeling using scientific writing and the exchange of opinions with others by scientific language as argument and writing.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.130
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• pp.135-159
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• 2014

This article has the purpose of clarifying that Rollo May's existential psychotherapy is based on Kierkegaard's concept of anxiety in philosophical aspects. May makes use of Kierkegaard's concept of anxiety to establish his own existential psychotherapy. May points out that Freud's concept of anxiety is too technical in comparison with Kierkegaard's concept of anxiety. Freudian theory accepting anxiety as the cause of repression overlooks the importance of human relationship which brings about repression. May mentions the presence or absence of object to distinguish fear and anxiety. Kierkegaard and Freud also mention that the presence of object is called fear and the absence of object is anxiety. May interprets anxiety ontologically. Succeeding Kierkegaard's comment on nothing/non-being, May insists that anxiety is the experience of Being affirming itself against Nonbeing. May interprets Kierkegaard's concept of freedom as the possibility or potentiality in terms of similar meaning. May argues that Anxiety is the situation when faced with the problem which human being will achieve his potentiality. Kierkegaard's concept of freedom is also associated with sin at the same time as the freedom associated with anxiety. Succeeding this, May discusses the relation of guilt feeling and anxiety is the flipside of the coin. He understands that guilt feeling is not a pathological symptom but an evidence of the human being's possibility. Kierkegaard's The Concept of Anxiety has a sub-title which is 'a simple psychologically orienting deliberation on the dogmatic issue of hereditary sin'. This shows that he understood the relationship between anxiety and guilt as dilemma that can not be separated. Through this study, I want to clarify that May's concept of anxiety which is the most important concept in his existential psychotherapy, is derived from Kierkegaard's concept of anxiety.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.108 no.3
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• pp.372-381
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• 2019

This study was conducted to find proof for the hypothesis that the God tree of Chosun has been misrepresented in Chosun-Gersu-Nosu-Myungmokji (CGNM). The following results were obtained. First, it was established that 64 species and 3170 trees were recorded in CGNM. An old, big tree is classified as a God tree if linked to it there are testimonies and legends about divine elements, and it is classified as a Noble tree if linked to it there are testimonies and legends of historical elements. In total, 2632 trees of eight species were analyzed, from the Zelkova serrata, which has the greatest number of trees, to the eighth most frequent, Abies holophylla. The means of diameter at breast height (DBH), height, and age of the God and the Noble trees were calculated for each of the eight species. In seven out of eight species, the DBH and age of the Noble tree were more than those of the God tree. In addition, the height of the Noble tree was more than that of the God tree in six out of eight species. The fact that the God tree is smaller than the Noble tree, contrary to the common expectation that the Noble tree is a small size tree, was confirmed. This hypothesis was proved by the data gathered. Second, the Japanese Government-General of Korea has pursued a policy to defeat the village ritual based on the God tree being linked with superstition. For such a policy, the God tree should be small and unattractive, and it would have been good for the tree to be superstitious. The CGNM was created as explanatory material or evidence for distorting the sacredness of the God tree of Chosun. Third, CGNM compiled a chronological order of DBH data to make it easy to explain the fabricated facts that the God tree of Chosun is smaller and dwarfed compared to the Noble tree.