• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.444-465
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to extract core situations that can arouse various academic emotions and to analyze the characteristics of intensity-frequency of these academic emotions from Korean elementary students in Science classes. To accomplish this study, authors conducted a survey of 642 sixth grade students. The result of the study are as follows: First, science academic emotions varied depending on each of the science learning situations. On the whole, positive-emotions were aroused in science experiment situations and negative-emotions were aroused in evaluation, personality of individuals and other people, teaching-learning method and science experiment situations. If teachers want to manage a specific emotion, they should control the core situations that can arouse that specific emotion. Second, positive-emotions appeared more than negative-emotions in intensity and frequency. But boredom, annoyance and stuffiness appeared the most among negative-emotions. Teachers have to reduce students' boredom, annoyance and stuffiness that are aroused in their science classes. Based on the results, authors become assured that introduction of the emotions was a very useful method in enhancing Korean elementary students' affective domain achievement in science classes.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.20-25
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• 2000

본 연구는 아동을 대상으로 기녈 정서(기쁨\ulcorner슬픔\ulcorner분노\ulcorner스트레스\ulcorner무료함)를 유발시키는 정서프로토콜을 개발하고 이를 표준화하고자 실시되었다. 음악\ulcorner색깔\ulcorner정서전달도구를 이용하여 각각의 정서를 유발시키는 상황을 구성하였다. 정서평가를 위해서 아동용 정서평가척도를 개발하였다. 아동은 5가지의 정서상황을 경험한 후, 자신의 정서상태를 평가하였다. 정서프로토콜에 대한 평가는 아동의 자기보고와 전문가의 행동관찰분석으로 이루어졌다. 그 결과, 개발된 정서프로토콜은 각각의 기본정서를 효과적으로 유발시킨 것으로 나타났다. 연령별\ulcorner성별 비교에서는, 남아보다는 여아가 무료함을 더 강하게 느꼈으며, 학령이후의 아동은 학령이전의 아동보다 슬픔에 더 민감한 것으로 나타났다.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.381-392
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• 2009

The aim of this study was to develop a research protocol that provides standardized conditioning stimuli in effectively evoking emotion-specific responses in children. The protocol targets five specific emotions(i.e., happiness, sadness, anger, distress, and boredom) by introducing study participants to a combination of music, color, stories, and dolls. This research protocol also includes a self-report emotion assessment scale specially developed for this study to verify the types of emotion induced. Evaluation of the method entailed triangulation of the results from the subjects' self-reported emotional state corresponding to each conditioned stimulus as well as behavioral observations conducted by researchers. Findings suggest that this new protocol effectively evokes five emotions in correspondence to the way it was intended for appropriate emotion induction. Additionally, results showed that female children than male children are more likely to feel boredom; and school-aged children were more likely to react to sadness than pre-school children.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.45-56
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• 2019

The regulation of emotion is known to mediate the relationship between emotion-relevant differences in individuals and their life outcomes. This study attempted to include a situational factor in addition to the mediation model and investigated whether this conditional component changed the patterns of indirect effects. The researchers recruited 180 emotional laborers working in diverse domains and used a questionnaire to ascertain their negative affectivity, cognitive reappraisal, emotional exhaustion, and the intensity of negative comments they usually received from customers. The results of the conditional indirect effect analysis revealed the positive indirect influence of negative affectivity on emotional exhaustion through cognitive reappraisal when emotional labors receive highly negative comments from customers (high intensity of the situation). Similarly, negative indirect effects were found when emotional labors receive slightly negative comments from customers (low intensity of the situation). The outcomes of this study suggest that cognitive reappraisal can mediate to decrease emotional exhaustion in contexts that arouse more intensive negative emotions; it can also mediate to increase emotional exhaustion in contexts that arouse less intensive negative emotions. The implications of this study include the importance of integrating individual differences with situational factors. The study also provides information about the distinctiveness of groups of emotional laborers.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.42 no.11
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• pp.17-30
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to explore the normative expectations of positive emotions such as happiness and pride in Korean culture by analyzing the children's textbooks in the Chosen Dynasty period. The method of this study was document analysis and the materials for analysis were 'Dongmongsensp', 'Gyukmongyogyul', 'Myungimbogam', and 'Sohak', that were the textbooks for children's education and invoked the ethics of individual life based on Confucianism. The analysis was focused on the antecedent events, emotional consequences, and emotional regulation in the emotional process of happiness and pride. According to the analysis, happiness was caused by the accomplishment of cultural tasks such as supporting parents, observing laws, being moderate, improving oneself with reading good books, and modeling good deeds, as well as parents' love, which had desirable consequences. Hence, the emotional regulation was to enhance happiness, but far as immoderate experience of happiness, the regulatory rule was expected to suppress it. Also, the antecedents of pride were those demonstrating to have power or occupying a high social position, and the consequences of pride led to self-destruction, and pride was therefore not allowed to be expressed. Consequently, happiness was enhanced because it motivated individuals to accomplish cultural tasks of interdependence, whereas pride was inhibited because it tended to disengage self from social connectedness.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.391-414
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• 2014

This driving simulation study examined the effect of driver's state driving anger(SDA) on collision avoidance(CA) and situation awareness(SA), as well as the moderating effect of driver's positive and negative affect(PA and NA) on the relationship between the driver's SDA and SA. The results showed the followings. First, high SDA group collided with the leading vehicle more frequently than low SDA group. Second, neither the driver's trait driving anger(TDA) nor PA/NA yielded significant changes in SA after SDA was induced. Third, high SDA tended to lower SA but this tendency was observed only when the driver's NA was high. These results suggested that SDA than TDA is a significant deteriorating factor of the driver's SA, and more importantly, SDA should be considered with other affect-relating variable such as NA in explaining the effect of SDA on driver's SA and CA.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.21-26
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• 2018

Objectives: The current study aims to develop Korean Social Affective Visual Stimuli (K-SAVS) to arouse social affect. Methods: K-SAVS is composed of pictures of social situations among East Asians. Each picture contains a negative, positive, or neutral affect. Positive and negative stimuli were presented to one group of subjects. Negative and neutral stimuli were presented to another group of subjects. All subjects were required to fill out Affective Valence and Arousal Manikin. Results: In the initial test, 18 positive affective stimuli pictures (1 set) and 36 negative affective stimuli pictures (2 sets) were chosen from 95 stimuli pictures. Positive affective stimuli pictures showed higher valence (p < 0.001) and lower arousal (p < 0.001) than negative affective stimuli pictures. In the confirmatory test, 18 neutral stimuli pictures (1 set) were additionally selected out of the total of 79 pictures of neutral stimuli pictures and the pictures used in the former experiment. Neutral stimuli pictures showed higher valence (p < 0.001) and lower arousal (p < 0.001) than negative affective stimuli pictures. Conclusion: K-SAVS can be a valid and useful tool for inducing specific social affects of Koreans.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.42 no.8
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• pp.147-167
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to investigate the nonnative expectations of anger, sadness, fear, and shame in Korean culture by analyzing the textbooks for children's education in the Chosen Dynasty period. The method of this study was document analysis and the materials for analysis were the following four textbooks for children's education that involved individual ethics in everyday life based on Confucianism： 'Dongmongsenspj, 'Gyukmongyogyulj, 'Myungsimbogamj, and 'Sohakj. The analysis was focused on the antecedent events, emotional consequences, and emotional regulations in the emotional processes of anger, sadness, fear, and shame. According to the analysis, anger was caused by ought violations, especially sociomoral violations, and the expression of anger brought about undesirable results, and the inhibition of anger was expected as the regulation rule. Also, many methods of regulating anger were encouraged in the textbooks. For example, one of the regulating methods was to appraise a situation in such a way that anger would not arise. in other hand, sadness was allowed to be expressed only at the death of parents, and the expression of sadness stood for filial piety. Meanwhile, the antecedents of fear were the events to threaten self-esteem, which was mainly focused on keeping moral and social standards. Also the social consequence of fear led to observance of the social norms, and thereby could gain social approval. Therefore, the regulation rule was the enhancement of fear because of anticipated advantageous effects. Finally, the main cause of shame arousal was negative evaluation of self caused by bad performance of ethical or social standards. Accordingly, having shame could prevent wrong behaviors or transgressions which might break interpersonal connectedness, and the regulation rule of shame was to enhance this because of contributing to collective relationship.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.441-467
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• 2016

This fMRI study is aim to investigate effects of competitive environment in cognitive empathic process in human brain. Empathy is known as a crucial factor for human's adaptive behavior in aspects of social cognition and it is almost automatic process, on the other hand competitive situation is psychologically devastated environment to win someone for getting rewards. We hypnotized that reading and understanding of other person's mind are a specific characteristic related to survival evolutionarily, however competition would have an effect on the empathic cognitive process because of mechanisms of competition. To manipulate the competitive atmosphere, one researcher took a role of competitor against participants and they were instructed to get monetary rewards when their performance was better than a competitor. 21 participants(9 males and 12 females) performed to judge the emotional valence of the empathic task consisted of illustrated images with various situation could be experienced in real world as on $1^{st}$ person perspective in both competitive and non-competitive condition, and did same performance with objects stimulus in control condition. In order to examine the competition effects on empathic process,, hemodynamic response were obtained during fMRI session and the imaging data were analyzed to identify brain regions where responses to each condition across the two consecutive runs. Participants' reaction time in competitive condition was faster statistically significant than non-competitive one. Activation for competitive condition increased in the following areas: ACC, mPFC, SMG, thalamus extended caudate and Nacc, parahippocampal gyrus, and for non-competitive condition increased paracingulate gyrus, temporal pole, vmPFC, superior occipital gyrus. As a result of regression analysis using empathic scores as covariance, the rSMG, IFG, fusiform gyrus, thalamus, putamen were correlated with higher empathic levels, and TPJ were correlated with lower empathic scores. We suggest that these observations could mean competitive environment have an effect on neural base of cognitive empathic process.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.575-584
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• 2012

Decades of psychological research have shown that emotion brings users various kinds of physical and psychological advantages and disadvantages. Moreover, this also impacts human decision-making. However, in spite of the weight of emotion, combined with HCI, relevant research is still insufficient. We hypothesized that the user's temporal emotion could influence the product evaluation, especially in terms of product usability. Two studies were carried out to investigate the effect of induced priming on user evaluations. In exp1, we manipulated participants' temporal emotions using positive and negative images from IAPS. In our results, we saw image priming had a statistically significant effect, with the positive condition group giving the product high ratings for usability. In exp2, emotional image manipulation was conducted with valence and arousal. As a result, we found that the variables of valence and arousal had some interaction effects. These studies have demonstrated that temporally induced emotion could affect users' emotion in different ways, in addition to influencing product evaluations.