• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.458-470
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• 2021

In Korea, there are many cases where policy decisions are not made even though it is a big social issue. Usually, the reasons for such delay in policy making are cases where it is delayed to go through an appropriate policy procedure, and there are cases where the consent of stakeholders is not obtained. But, this study intends to suggest that a few policy delay in Korea can be explained by intentional non-decision-making by the government. Non-decision making is being made as a strategic and active strategy of the government. In this study, the case of Lotte Shopping Mall in Sangam was analyzed from the point of view of non-decision making. As a result of analysis based on factors such as the existence of elite, purpose, policy tool, policy process, and result, it can be assumed that the policy delay of the Lotte Shopping Mall was caused by the government's active strategic decision. The government's strategic non-decision-making, which is distinct from passive administration, needs to be reviewed in various ways in the future.

• The Mathematical Education
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• v.60 no.4
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• pp.409-429
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• 2021

This study investigated instructional methods for fractional division emphasizing algebraic thinking with sixth graders. Specifically, instructional elements for fractional division emphasizing algebraic thinking were derived from literature reviews, and the fractional division instruction was reorganized on the basis of key elements. The instructional elements were as follows: (a) exploring the relationship between a dividend and a divisor; (b) generalizing and representing solution methods; and (c) justifying solution methods. The instruction was analyzed in terms of how the key elements were implemented in the classroom. This paper focused on the fractional division instruction with problem contexts to calculate the quantity of a dividend corresponding to the divisor 1. The students in the study could explore the relationship between the two quantities that make the divisor 1 with different problem contexts: partitive division, determination of a unit rate, and inverse of multiplication. They also could generalize, represent, and justify the solution methods of dividing the dividend by the numerator of the divisor and multiplying it by the denominator. However, some students who did not explore the relationship between the two quantities and used only the algorithm of fraction division had difficulties in generalizing, representing, and justifying the solution methods. This study would provide detailed and substantive understandings in implementing the fractional division instruction emphasizing algebraic thinking and help promote the follow-up studies related to the instruction of fractional operations emphasizing algebraic thinking.

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.28
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• pp.7-34
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• 2010

The ethical problems related to climate changes have basically different character from the ethical problems which we have experienced until now. In order to approach ethical problems of climate changes for forseeing, mitigating and adapting many complicated situations which result from climate changes we should breake away from the point of anthropocentrism at first. Secondly, the education of the ethics of climate changes is very important in all levels of schools. It is very important and urgent to decide what and how we should teach. Finally, the sustainability has important role in the justification of why and what we should take actions against climate changes.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.611-623
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• 2018

This study investigated verbal behaviors and interactions in the processes of making written test items using paired think aloud problem solving for pre-service secondary chemistry teachers. The processes of making written test items using paired think-aloud problem solving in four small groups consisting of two pre-service chemistry teachers were recorded and transcribed. The analysis of the results revealed that 'item making' for ten subcategories for solver's verbal behaviors were most frequently exhibited regardless of 'integration' among the components of pedagogical content knowledge (PCK). The solver's 'provide', 'modify', 'require agreement', 'ask', 'agree', and 'justify' were also frequently exhibited although fewer than 'item making'. Especially, the solver's 'ask' was more frequently used in 'non-integration', whereas 'justify' was more frequently used in 'integration'. In listener's verbal behaviors consisted of eight subcategories, 'point out', 'ask', and 'agree' were frequently exhibited regardless of 'integration'. Listener's 'ask' and 'agree' were exhibited more in 'non-integration', whereas 'point out' was exhibited more in 'integration'. Many verbal interactions were analyzed to be in 'symmetrical type' more than 'solver-dominant type' or 'listener-dominant type'. 'Symmetrical type' was also more frequently exhibited in 'integration', whereas 'solver-dominant type' was more frequently exhibited in 'non-integration'. There were little differences between 'integration' and 'non-integration' in 'listener-dominant type'. In 23 subcategories of 'symmetrical type', 'ask-provide' and 'point out-justify' were most frequently found. Especially, 'ask-provide' was more frequently found in 'non-integration', whereas 'point out-justify' was more frequently found in 'integration'. 'Point out-modify' was the most frequent in 4 subcategories of 'listener-dominant type', while 'item making-agree' in three subcategories of 'solver-dominant type' regardless of 'integration'. However, only a little of other subcategories of the three types were found.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.131
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• pp.77-103
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• 2014

It is well known that Nietzsche insists on the affirmation of life, and the subject of 'affirmation of life' is a familiar one in Nietzsche literature. We want to throw an unfamiliar light on this familiar subject, connecting the theme of affirmation with that of redemption, and insisting on the centrality of the theme of redemption in Zarathustra's teaching of ${\ddot{U}}bermensch$. For Nietzsche, the redemption of human life means that its life is endowed with some meaning and its existence is positively justified. With this redemption, an active affirmation of life is possible, which means that we not only endure this life once but also request it for indefinite times. According to Nietzsche, for this kind of redemption and active affirmation we need an ultimate ground of meaning and only the excellence of life, that is, of 'will to power' can serve as this ultimate ground. Accepting the Greek way of identifying virtue with excellence, Nietzsche thought that life can justify itself at the ultimate form of life in ${\ddot{U}}bermensch$. Then, through ${\ddot{U}}bermensch$ the way is opened for man to endow meanings on and justify its life. That is, ${\ddot{U}}bermensch$ is not only the one who affirms its life, but also the very condition in which humanity can justify its life in general. With the goal and ideal of ${\ddot{U}}bermensch$ accepted, the affirmation and redemption of an individual life depends on how it manages to create its own life in relation to this goal and ideal. According to Nietzsche, though we cannot go back to the past, we still can recreate it and change its meanings through working on the future. Only those who try to create a meaningful future and thus recreate the past could redeem and affirm their own lives. That is, for Nietzsche, to affirm and redeem one's life means not just to change one's attitude to life but to create and recreate it with the eye for ${\ddot{U}}bermensch$.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.105-162
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• 2020

In the pandemic of infectious disease, restrictions of individual liberty have been justified in the name of public health and public interest. In March 2020, the National Assembly of the Republic of Korea passed the revised bill of the 「Infectious Disease Control and Prevention Act.」 The revised bill newly established the legal basis for forced testing and disclosure of the information of confirmed cases, and also raised the penalties for violation of self-isolation and treatment refusal. This paper examines whether and how these individual liberty limiting clauses be justified, and if so on what ethical and philosophical grounds. The authors propose the theories of the philosophy of law related to the justifiability of liberty-limiting measures by the state and conceptualized the dual-aspect of applying the liberty-limiting principle to the infected patient. In COVID-19 pandemic crisis, the infected person became the 'Patient as Victim and Vector (PVV)' that posits itself on the overlapping area of 'harm to self' and 'harm to others.' In order to apply the liberty-limiting principle proposed by Joel Feinberg to a pandemic with uncertainties, it is necessary to extend the harm principle from 'harm' to 'risk'. Under the crisis with many uncertainties like COVID-19 pandemic, this shift from 'harm' to 'risk' justifies the state's preemptive limitation on individual liberty based on the precautionary principle. This, at the same time, raises concerns of overcriminalization, i.e., too much limitation of individual liberty without sufficient grounds. In this article, we aim to propose principles regarding how to balance between the precautionary principle for preemptive restrictions of liberty and the concerns of overcriminalization. Public health crisis such as the COVID-19 pandemic requires a population approach where the 'population' rather than an 'individual' works as a unit of analysis. We propose the second expansion of the harm principle to be applied to 'population' in order to deal with the public interest and public health. The new concept 'risk to population,' derived from the two arguments stated above, should be introduced to explain the public health crisis like COVID-19 pandemic. We theorize 'the extended harm principle' to include the 'risk to population' as a third liberty-limiting principle following 'harm to others' and 'harm to self.' Lastly, we examine whether the restriction of liberty of the revised 「Infectious Disease Control and Prevention Act」 can be justified under the extended harm principle. First, we conclude that forced isolation of the infected patient could be justified in a pandemic situation by satisfying the 'risk to the population.' Secondly, the forced examination of COVID-19 does not violate the extended harm principle either, based on the high infectivity of asymptomatic infected people to others. Thirdly, however, the provision of forced treatment can not be justified, not only under the traditional harm principle but also under the extended harm principle. Therefore it is necessary to include additional clauses in the provision in order to justify the punishment of treatment refusal even in a pandemic.

• Journal of the Korean School Mathematics Society
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.89-100
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• 2005

This study is to compare contents of mathematics textbooks of Korea and Russia laying stress on topic 'congruence of triangles'. We analyze and compare contents description system, relation between congruent conditions of triangles and construction problem, and jestification methods of congruent conditions of triangles in Korean and Russian mathematics textbooks.

• Journal of Educational Research in Mathematics
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-22
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• 2016

This study aims to design an exemplification task to facilitate the students' creative thinking, and to investigate mathematical creativity which emerges from exemplification. In particular, we aim to identify the ways to design exemplification tasks which encourage creative thinking, and characterize mathematical creativity fostered by exemplification. The findings showed that the students' creative thinking related to fluency, flexibility, elaboration, and originality emerged through exemplification.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.113-131
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• 2008

This study examined mothers' ratings of everyday rules for their young children. Participants were 294 mothers of 2- to 5-year-old children attending kindergartens and nursery schools in Korea. Data were collected by questionnaire and were analyzed by $x^2$. Results indicated that the majority of mothers' rules for their children pertained to safety, interpersonal issues, and as children got older, social conventions. Mothers endorsed prudential justifications for safety and self-care, moral justifications for interpersonal rules, practical and moral justifications for safeguarding property, and conventional justifications for obedience/order and food/mealtime routines. Analyses of mothers' judgments of rule independence indicated that rules on interpersonal and safety issues were to be kept without exception.

• The Mathematical Education
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.291-318
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• 2002

We investigated on the primary school children's abilities of formal reasoning. Seventy students in grade 5 participated in the study. They responsed their best reactions on the problems constituted of three parts requiring the informal or formal reasoning and generalization. Their reactions are classified by some criteria depending the level of reasoning. About 10 students showed that they constructed a kind of scheme for solving the problems, similar to formal reasoning and beyond naive informal reasoning. And about 30 students did so partially. We concluded that the teaching and learning of reasoning by the progressive increasing the degree of rigor from grade 5 is possible.