• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.456-464
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• 2016

Korea established an inventory of 1,916 sites of inland wetlands during a nationwide investigation from 2000 to 2010. If inland wetlands is included in or near various protected areas designated by the government, it can be selected as a wetland to be managed with priority. This study evaluated the aspect of management of inland wetlands by analyzing the correlation between locations of national protected areas and inland wetlands. As a result, it was shown that a considerable percentage of current inland wetland was located in areas that were designated and managed as protected areas by the government, as they had a high value of natural environment protection (527 sites, 31.61 %). When the range was widened to a radius of 1 km for protected areas, 959 sites were included and 57.53 % of sites were located in or nearby the protected areas. Among them, 46.79 % of sites were distributed up to or within a 1 km radius of waterside areas and rivers; it accounted for 81.33 % of wetlands located in protected areas. Therefore, it was found that locations of current inland wetlands were mostly in contact with rivers. The results of overlay analysis were classified into high, medium and low; the correlation of location with inland wetlands was analyzed through the analysis of separation distance of various protected areas. The number of wetlands located in areas of a 'high' value of protection was 998 (59.87 %); 289 sites (17.34 %) were distributed in areas of a 'low' value of protection. This implies that these wetlands are located in artificial areas and are more exposed to environmental pressures. Thus, these wetlands could be determined as inland wetlands, which we considered for the establishment of measures to prevent damage.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.357-366
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• 2014

On December of 2003, IMO's $23^{rd}$ Assembly discussed 'Guidelines on places of refuge for ships in need of assistance' At the discussion, Res. A.949(23) has been selected to appoint recommended place of refuge for countries signatory to the IMO Convention. IMO defines "Places of Refuge" as a places where a ship in need of assistance can take action to enable it to stabilize its condition and reduce the hazards to navigation, and to protect human life and the environment. Appointing and managing a Place of refuge can be a delicate problem because of its close connection to each country's coastal and environmental protection policies. However, in case of marine accident, the appointment or management of the place of refuge has a potential to avoid further damage and reduce to the minimum any environmental and estate losses. Currently a number of foreign countries, designated and operated a place of refuge. But, place of refuge selected method criteria were different by country and also does not have any standardized designating place of refuge model. Therefor, this study suggested the model of assigned places of refuge according to objective indication in order to assign reasonable and efficient places of refuge in domestic waters in the future by investigating and analyzing imported facts in considering the assignment of places of refuge in foreign countries and describing these imported data into quantitative value. In designating the model place of refuge, the final place of refuge location was presented by evaluating the probability of marine accidents, analyzing the location, and evaluating the supporting establishment.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.203-225
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• 2004

The purpose of this paper analyzes the characteristics of economic space in Gyeonggi border regions. Especially, this study focuses on understanding the environment enveloped the enterprises because today, largely influenced factor for regional economic development is enterprises. Since 1990's the change of the spacial organization in Korean Capital region has been inducing the functional transformation in Gyeonggi border regions so that new function -beyond military functions- is developed in these regions. By the disindustrialization in core region contributed to the industrialization in periphery, border regions are developed as a concentrated space of traditional industries and small size manufactural firms. The most important pull factor is facility for obtain a factory site and favorable condition of land price. Globally, the reasons to locate enterprise in these regions are found not in positive and progressive strategies but in passive and defensive strategies. Therefore few enterprise carried about influences of economic cooperation between North and South Korea at the moment of decision of their site. The survey reveal that enterprises didn't highly estimate the environment in border regions as their business activities. The first dissatisfied condition is insufficiency of labour and difficulty of access for administrative and high level services, due to geographical separation. Considering the recent tendency of spacial reorganization in Capital region is not always good for border regions, border regions have to employ a policy with the object of ameliorating regional business environments and growing up a potentiality of endogenous development.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.190-211
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• 2010

The purpose of this paper is to provide the preliminary data for maintenance of old trees of natural monuments and establishing protection projects. Accordingly, growth conditions, location circumstances, environment and protection management were analyzed for old trees at 34 sites in Gyeongsangbuk-do. Tree forms, crown, trunk and trees' health, leaves volume were analyzed in survey sites. As the results, the growth of Picrasma quassioides in Songsadong, Andong-si and Catalpa ovata in Hongwon-ri, Cheongsong-gun were not in good condition, along with other old trees of 6 cities (Quercus variabilis in Susan-ri, Uljin-gun, Juniperus chinensis in Hujeong-ri, Uljin-gun, Pyrus ussuriensis in Ssangjeon-ri, Uljin-gun, Salix glandulosa var. pilosa in Deokchon-ri, Cheongdo-gun, Pinus densiflora for. multicaulis in Hwasan-ri, Mungyeong-si, Pinus densiflora in Daeha-ri, Mungyeong-si). Accoding to these results, protection project and consistent monitoring are necessary. The analysis results of growth conditions per location circumstances showed that the old trees in the small spaces with large traffic of people were in bad condition. Therefore, it is necessary to secure sufficient space and soil improvement for such trees. The analysis results of growth conditions per species showed that Zelkova serrata, Quercus spp., Pinus densiflora are in good condition while Salix koreensis and others, i.e. a singular tree, are in poor condition. Thus, relatively smaller individuals and separately situated trees need careful management in their protection. The analysis results of trunk's growth ratio showed that Pinus densiflora, Ginkgo biloba, Zelkova serrata are in good condition whereas Juniperus chinensis, Quercus variabilis, Salix koreensis are not. It is a recent trend that tree surgeries are gradually decreasing; there are a number of damaged trees with no maintenance/management, and several sites requiring mend trunks management and cabling, bracing in protection and management projects. Hence, in the future, local government and management organizations should plan for systematic management and establish a protection plan for the natural monument trees. Also, 12 sites were found to be in need to purchase lands in order to secure the growth spaces, and since most of these areas are available for purchase, it is needed to promote a budget and purchase those areas through persuasion of the owner. These areas seems crucial in order to maximize the effect of conservation efforts and budgets for the preservation and restoration of the old trees.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2022.05a
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• pp.75-75
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• 2022

우리나라는 깨끗한 상수원수를 확보하고 각종 오염과 유해물질의 유입을 원천적으로 차단하여 상수원의 수질보전을 위해 필요하다고 인정되는 지역을 상수원보호구역으로 관리하고 있다. 상수원 수질관리를 위해 상수원보호구역 내에서는 명백한 오염유발행위 일체를 금지하고 있으며 건축물 신축 등 개발행위에 대해서는 공익시설 및 보호구역에 거주하는 주민의 소득기반 및 생활환경 개선을 위한 최소한의 행위만을 허가하는 등 강한 규제를 시행하고 있다. 상수원보호구역제도의 상수원 관리효과와 비례하여 상하류 지역의 사회적 갈등에 대한 개선요구도 증가하고 있다. 상수원보호구역 내 강한 규제로 인해 상류주민들은 재산권의 제약으로 사유재산에 대한 형평성문제 및 수처리 기술개발이 향상되어 과거와 같은 강한 입지규제에 대한 합리적 규제기준 조정을 요구하고 있으며 하류 지역에서는 상수원보호구역의 완화로 인해 발생할 수 있는 수질악화를 고려하여 강한 규제의 유지를 요구하고 있다. 이와같이 상수원보호구역제도로 인한 상류와 하류의 이해관계가 달라 이에 대한 합의가 이루어지지 않고 있다. 본 연구는 상류주민들의 재산권제약에 대한 피해정도와 하류주민들의 수질보호로 인한 편익을 정량적으로 비교해 봄으로써 상수원보호구역으로 인한 사회적 갈등 조정에 대한 정책적 시사점을 도출하고자 한다.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.125-134
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• 2012

This study is determined by tree vigor of analyzing of each object's growth condition in Locational Characteristics and compare the result with impediment extent rate in crown area to provide the management Study about the influence of man-made structures in numbers of protected trees. 68 places where are in the list of Kimpo protected trees were researched in Natural environments, vital degree of trees, number of trees. Crown area was calculated surveying it around the directions of North, East, South and West branching out. Impediment in the area was analyzed after classified into artificial impediment like paved surface(ascon, concrete, block, etc.), a building and a breast wall and natural impediment like soil, stonework and gravel and conclusions are as follow. In analyzing of natural environments, he ground where protected trees have located is consist of 72.05 of manmade structure and artificial in all. There are many protected trees which have less space than crown area for growth suggested by Woo-kyung Sim and Se-kyun Shin in 1992. And it was analyzed that making growth space for protected trees and management of impediment are urgently needed because of that the proportion of impediment covering the crown area has increased as cities are becoming more urbanized results in transforming of trees and weakness of tree vigor. This research shows that under 20% of in crown area is tree vigor determination 1-2 grade 21-50% under is 2-3 grade, higher than 50% is 3-5 grade. More impediment have more difficulty for growing, with the management of root system of protected trees need to be under 20% of rate of land is necessary was improved. As follows are suggested about the standard of management in artificial impediment which influence the number of trees. Firstly, impediment in crown area must be restricted under 20%, but in case outside of the area is not artificial the rate could be higher considerable. Secondly, protected trees growth space secured as much as crown area and impediment must be installed outside the crown area. Thirdly, to move the protected trees, condition of growth space secure must be considered. Fourthly, to develope land, the area around protected trees should be utilized in a park, the area of impediment installation in crown area should be limited as well. Fifthly, As many shown in previous research, for the improvement of old big trees and protected trees, need the tax favor of landowner and purchase of around land, to manage, it needs the budget of local government and advice of expert. Also the study on how various kind of impediment nearby protected trees influence on them has to be continued.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.46-56
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• 2022

This study aimed to analyze the locational characteristics of heritage sites in Seoul in order to identify flood susceptibility by type. As for the location factors related to flood susceptibility, elevation, slope, distance to streams, and topographic location were analyzed. Literature review was supplemented for the historical and humanistic environments of heritage sites. The results of the study are as follows. First, heritage sites in Seoul are distributed throughout the city, and are especially highly dense in the Hanyangdoseong fortress. It was also confirmed that heritage sites were concentrated around Jung-gu, Jongno-gu, Jingwan-dong, and Ui-dong in the quantitative spatial analyses. Second, types of heritage sites at the circumstance susceptible to flood damage were related to commerce and distribution, traffic, modern traffic and communication, geological monument, residence, government office, and palace. Third, heritage types with locational characteristics that showed low flood susceptibility were found to be natural scenic spots, telecommunication, ceramics, Buddhism, tombs, and tomb sculptural heritage assets. In a time when risk factors that can damage the value of heritage are gradually increasing due to anthropogenic influences along with changes in the natural environment, this study provides basic data for vulnerability analysis that reflects the unique characteristics of heritage assets. The results can contribute to more comprehensive and comprehensive insights for the management and protection of heritage by including the humanities and social science data together with natural factors in the analysis.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.332-340
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• 2001

본 연구는 계룡산국립공원 내의 군산보호구역의 산림식생을 대상으로 식물사회확적 방법으로 산림군락을 분류하고, 각 군락과 입지환경과의 상관관계를 분석하여 계룡산국립공원에 필요한 기초자료를 제공하고자 조사하였다. 계룡산 군산보호구역 내 총 94개 조사구를 분석한 결과, 식물군락은 졸참나무군락(Quercus serra-ta community)과 신갈나무군락(Quercus mongolica community)으로 구분되었다. 졸참나무군락은 해발고가 낮고 경사가 완만한 지역에, 신갈나무군락은 해발고가 높고 경사가 급한 지역에 분포하였다. 졸참나무군락은 하위군락인 때죽나무아군락(Styrax japonica subcommunity)과 소나무아군락(Pinus densiflora subcom-munity)으로 구분되었으며, 신갈나무군락은 하위군락으로 전형아군락(typical subcommunity)과 철쭉꽃아군락(Rhodoendron schlippenbachii scbcommunity)으로 구분되었다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
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• 2013.11a
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• pp.210-210
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• 2013

본 연구는 산림 내 시설물의 산림환경 특성 분석을 위하여 2013년 3월 9일부터 10일 이틀 동안 280ha의 산림 피해면적과 57동의 시설물 피해를 준 울주산불에 대하여 현장조사를 실시하였다. 조사 대상물은 주택 15개소, 비닐하우스 1개소, 축사3개소 등 총 19개소에 대하여 2013년 3월부터 5월까지 현지조사를 실시하였다. 조사항목은 시설물의 입지여건, 임상분포, 주변 산불인자, 시설물 외벽구조제, 산불 등 화재진화를 위한 소방시설 여부, 기타 산불 등 화재방지를 위한 시설, 보호시설과 산림과의 거리 등 총 7개 항목을 작성하여 피해시설물 및 미피해시설물의 특성을 분석한 결과 입지여건의 경우 피해시설물과 미피해시설물은 1~2개의 진 출입로를 갖고 있었고, 도로 폭은 7m 내외로 비슷한 여건이었다. 주변 임상은 침엽수, 임분 밀도는 중, 밀임분이었다. 비가연성 외벽구조제는 피해시설물 보다 미피해시설물에 많았고, 피해시설물과 미피해시설물의 시설물 주변 가연물질 관리상태는 모두 양호하였다. 반면, 급수시설 및 스프링클러, 방화선, 방화벽 등 소방시설 및 화재방지 시설은 미피해시설물이 피해시설물보다 더 많이 구축되어 있었고, 산림과의 이격거리는 피해시설물 평균 20m, 미피해시설물 평균 25m로 조사되었다.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2003.07a
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• pp.464-466
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• 2003

우리나라는 1980년대 이후 급격한 경제성장에 따라 년 10%대의 급격한 전력수요 증가를 보이고 있으며, 1인당 전력소비량 또한 매년 큰 폭의 증가세를 보이고 있다. 특히, 주요한 전력 수요 증가지대가 경인 지역에 집중되어 있으나, 이 지역은 인구 밀집지역으로 환경과 입지적인 관점에서 새로운 발전원을 개발하기가 곤란하다. 이에 따라 대용량 발전단이 있는 중서부권이나 영동권으로부터 수요지인 경인지역으로의 대규모 전력전송로가 필요하게 되었다. 이에 따라 1979년부터 765kV로의 전압격상을 준비하였으며, 1983년부터 765kV 연구개발을 시작하여 1997년 10월에 1차로 765kV 송전선로에 345kV 가압을 시작하여 2002년 5월 8일에 역사적인 765kV 송전을 개시하였다. 전력계통운용에서 765kV 송전선로의 중요도가 매우 커지게 됨으로써 국내 최초로 적용되는 765kV송전선로 보호시스템의 정동작 유무를 정확히 판단하여 전력계통의 보호 신뢰도를 향상시키는 문제가 중요하게 대두 되었다. 본 논문에서는 시각동기장치가 부착된 보호계전기 시험장치를 이용하여 양단 변전소에서 동시에 EMTP와 RTDS 둥으로 검토된 송전선로 고장상태를 인가하여 보호시스템의 정동작 여부를 종합적으로 판정하는 시험 기술을 개발하여 실적용한 사례와 향후 사용 계획에 대해서 기술하였다.