• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.457-463
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• 2009

식생만으로 제방을 보호하는 식생호안이 충분한 수리적 안정성을 확보할 수 있으면 생태적 건전성을 확보할 수 있음은 물론 호안을 건설하는 비용을 절감할 수 있을 것이다. 본 연구는 이러한 필요성에 따라 식생의 뿌리가 호안의 수리적 안정에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 이를 위해 하천의 수변부에 서식하는 초본식생에 대하여 식생이 외력에 저항하는 저항특성을 파악하고자 인발시험을 실시하였다. 식생의 뿌리는 외력으로 작용하는 하천수의 흐름에 대해 저항하고, 하천사면의 토양을 조정시켜 사면을 안정화시키는 역할을 하고 있다. 현장인발시험은 광주광역시 황룡강 및 광주천 일대의 4개 지역에서 총 6종 27개 개체에 대해 수행하였으며, 휴대용 Pushpull-Gauge를 이용하여 식생의 뿌리가 뽑힐 때까지의 최대인발력을 측정하였다. 측정된 최대인발력에서 토양의 무게를 제거한 뿌리만의 순수인발력을 산출하였으며, 이를 이용하여 인발강도를 계산하였다. 인발강도에 영향을 미치는 요소로서 식생뿌리체적을 선정하여 체적과 인발강도의 관계를 분석하였다. 분석결과 뿌리의 체적이 증가할수록 인발강도가 비례적으로 증가하는 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.17-24
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• 2018

The pullout test, a nondestructive testing(NDT), for pre-installed inserts is perhaps the most widely used technique to estimate the in-situ compressive strength of concrete. It measures the force needed to pullout a standardized metal insert embedded into concrete members. The pullout test was certified by the American Society for Testing and Materials(ASTM) and Canadian Standards Association(CSA) as a reliable method for determining the strength of concrete in concrete structures under construction. To easily estimate the strength of ultra-high-strength concrete, a simplified pullout tester, primarily composed of a standard 12mm bolt with a groove on the shaft as a break-off bolt, an insert nut, and a hydraulic oil pump without a load cell, was proposed. Four wall and two slab specimens were tested for two levels of concrete strength, 80MPa and 100MPa, using a simplified pullout tester with a load cell to verify the advantages of the pullout test and simplified pullout test. The compressive strength of concrete, pullout load, and the rupture of the break-off bolt were measured 11 times, day 1 to 7, 14, 21, 28, and 90. The correlation of the pullout load and the compressive strength of each specimen show a higher degree of reliability. Therefore, a simplified pullout test can be used to evaluate the in-place strength of ultra-high-strength concrete in structures. The prediction equation for the groove diameter of the break-off bolt(y) with the concrete strength(x) was proposed as y=0.0184x+5.4. The results described in this research confirm the simplified pullout's utility and potential for low cost, simplicity, and convenience.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.49-55
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• 2017

In the seventies, a number of researchers carried out experiments on pullout tests with prototype equipment, and the pullout test was certified as a reliable nondestructive testing(NDT) method for determining the strength of concrete. To estimate the strength of high-strength concrete, we propose a simplified pullout test that uses as a break-off bolt a standard 10mm bolt with a groove on the shaft, an insert nut, and a pullout instrument that includes a hydraulic oil pump without a load cell. To verify the advantages of the simplified pullout test(low cost, simplicity, and convenience), four wall specimens were tested with two levels of concrete strength, 30 MPa and 50 MPa, using a simplified pullout tester with a load cell. The pullout load and concrete compressive strength were measured every day until day 7, day 14, day 21 and day 28. It was found that the pullout load was very similar to the compressive strength. Therefore, we have verified that a simplified pullout test can be used to evaluate the in-place strength of high-strength concrete in structures. The prediction equation of the groove diameter of the break-off bolt(y) with the concrete strength(x) was derived as y=0.05x+3.79, with a coefficient of determination of 0.88 found through regression analysis.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.547-554
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• 2013

This study was intended to estimate the bond strength of steel fiber in UHPFRC through pullout test. The pullout test was carried out with the double-sided pullout specimens with multiple fibers. First, the effect of fiber density on the bond strength was investigated, and the experimental result presented that the density range considered in this study was proved not to produce fiber-to-fiber interaction. The bond strength was estimated from several methods, which are based on the pullout load or energy at peak load, and the total energy absorbed until fibers are pulled out completely. the estimated bond strength obtained from the total energy was shown to be under the influence of the embedded length of fiber. the bond strengths obtained from peak load condition was 6.64 MPa in average, which had little difference compared to 6.46 MPa calculated by peak load only. Considering simplicity of test and analysis, it may be no matter to estimate the bond strength from peak load in pullout test.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.313-321
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• 2017

In order to investigate the basic performance of the high strength anchor for asphalt road subjected to tensile load, the static pullout test was carried out and the pullout strength of the asphalt anchor was analyzed. In the pullout test, the depth of anchor, depth of pavement, diameter of anchor, type of anchor, experimental temperature, epoxy type and amount of anchor were used as test variables. As a result, the steel strength of asphalt anchor was 1.08 times higher than that of conventional concrete anchor, therefore it is considered appropriate to use the steel strength formula of concrete anchor for asphalt anchor. Compared with the proposed formula, the pullout load obtained from the test of the asphalt anchor was within ${\pm}10%$. The ratio of the projected area of the asphalt anchor is similar as that of the concrete anchor.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.148-156
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• 2020

The paper is a summary of the results of the basic pullout test which is conducted to evaluate the anchorage capacity of high strength headed bars that is mechanical anchored vertically on steel fiber reinforced concrete members. The main experimental parameters are volume fraction of steel fiber, concrete strength, anchorage length, yield strength of headed bars, and shear reinforcement bar. Both sides of covering depth of the specimen are planned to double the diameter of the headed bars. The hinged point is placed at the position of each 1.5𝑙_dt and 0.7𝑙_dt around the headed bars, and the headed bars are drawn directly. As a result of pullout test experiment, concrete fracture and steel tensile rupture appear by experimental parameters. The compressive strength of concrete is 2.7~5.4% higher than that of steel fiber with the same parameters, while the pullout strength is 20.9~63.1% higher than that of steel fiber without the same parameters, which is evaluated to contribute greatly to the improvement of the anchorage capacity. The reinforcements of shear reinforcements parallel to the headed bars increased 1.7~7.7% pullout strength for steel fiber reinforced concrete, but the effect on the improvement of the anchorage capacity was not significant considering the increase in concrete strength. As with the details of this experiment, it is believed that the design formula for the anchorage length of KCI2017and KCI2012 are suitable for the mechanical development design of SD600 head bar that is perpendicular to the steel fiber reinforced concrete members.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.149-160
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• 2022

In this study, a pull-out test considering the adhesive type, embedded length, and direction of re-bar was conducted to evaluate the pull-out performance of glued-in rod joints using timber and adhesive produced in Korea. In the test, the specimens using liquid adhesive showed better pull-out performance, and the longer the embedded length of the re-bar, the higher the maximum tensile load by inducing the yield of the re-bar first. Through the test results, a glued-in rod joints design, which is advantageous to design the adhesive strength stronger than the yield strength of re-bar, was proposed, and a correction factor of 0.75 for the adhesive strength considering construction error was also suggested.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.13-22
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• 2023

In this paper, through experimental research, the period when rock bolts exert support effects is presented as grout strength and through numerical analysis, the rock bolt pull-out behavior according to ground conditions and strength reduction factors is analyzed. As a result, it is determined that rock bolts exhibit their reinforcing effect at a grout strength of 5 MPa (cured for 18 hours). The influence of the boundary interface strength reduction factor was found to be significant for rock bolt displacement in weak ground conditions, for shear stress between grout and ground in highly elastic ground conditions, and for grout stress in all ground conditions. These findings are expected to contribute to the establishment of specific standards for rock bolt testing and numerical analysis, and to facilitate improved design and implementation of rock bolt reinforcement.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.47-57
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• 2023

In this study, pull-out tests were performed to investigate the effects of stirrup spacing, rebar diameter, and corrosion rate on bond strength of deformed bars in reinforced concrete. Twelve pull-out specimens with different stirrup spacing, rebar diameter, and corrosion rate were prepared following the RILEM RC6 guidelines. The test results showed that the bond strength of specimens with stirrups increased when the corrosion rate was less than 3%, whereas it decreased when the corrosion rate was more than 3%. On the other hand, the bond strength of specimens without stirrups decreased as the corrosion rate increased. The effect of rebar diameter was less significant compared to those of stirrup spacing and corrosion rate. A bond strength model for pull-out specimens was proposed considering stirrup ratio and corrosion rate, and the model showed the lowest error among the previous models.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.40-48
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• 2014

A number of attempts has been made to reinforce ballasted track substructure to meet the requirement of high-speed operation and effective rehabilitation of existing railroads. For the purpose of this, the use of geogrid has been applied, and the benefit of its use has been recognized via previous studies. In this study, an experimental pullout test was carried out to investigate the influence of normal stress on pullout strength of geogrid using different types of soil and geogrid. The results revealed that the pullout resistance generally tends to increase proportional to normal stress while the pullout coefficient interaction decreases, which is a function of material interface properties, such as the friction angle of soil, and interlocking condition between soil and geogrid. In addition, a methodology based on work-energy concept was proposed to evaluate effectiveness of geogrid and limitedly verified using test results.