• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.56-64
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• 2021

Pavilion is an important landscape installation in the traditional landscaping and a representative facility that organizes space. To interpret and succeed the traditional landscape space, researches on the shape and structure of the traditional pavilion are also needed. However, researches on the style and structure of the traditional pavilion are difficult to be found. Accordingly this study aimed to identify the structural characteristics of roof part that occupied the largest portion in determining the shape of pavilion. Our research findings are as follows. As a result of analyzing 15 traditional Single-room square pavilions whose structure could be identified, it was found that the main building elements that distinguished the type of roof part in the Single-room square were crossbeam, ridge pole, and baluster. Depending on the presence of roofing members, pavilion was classified into five types: crossbeam, crossbeam+ridge pole, crossbeam+baluster, ridge pole, and baluster. In addition, as a result of analyzing the load and joint that worked on crossbeam based on the shape classification of roof part, it was found that in the traditional Single-room square pavilion, crossbeam was designed to play a balancing role between pillar and load. This study is significant in that it attempted to make a close interpretation of the shape of roof part in the pavilion and the role and function of building elements in terms of size, ratio, and load.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.263-272
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• 2019

This study demonstrates the applicability of the FLO-2D for the influence analysis of the debris flow on expressway. To do this, the behavior of debris flow on the expressway was reproduced by applying the FLO-2D to actual generated debris flow. The study area is a part of the Deokyusan Service Area on the Daejon-Jinju Expressway, where traffic was blocked for 24 hours due to the debris flow in August 2005. Geographical analysis with GIS, hydrological analysis with HEC-HMS, and estimation of the amount of debris flow were carried out using field survey and soil property test data. Then, the optimum parameter combination of FLO-2D was selected through the parameter sensitivity analysis, and the behavior analysis of debris flow on expressway was applied. The comparison of the predictions with the observations shows the availability of FLO-2D for the behavior analysis of debris flow on the expressway.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.172-187
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• 2019

Knowledge of intangible cultural heritage is usually disseminated through word-of-mouth and actions rather than written records. Thus, people assemble to teach others about it and form communities. Accordingly, to understand and spread information about intangible cultural heritage properly, it is necessary to understand not only their attributes but also a community's relational characteristics. Community members include specialized transmitters who work under the auspices of institutions, and general transmitters who enjoy intangible cultural heritage in their daily lives. They converse about intangible cultural heritage in close relationships. However, to date, research has focused only on professionals. Thus, this study focused on the roles of general transmitters of intangible cultural heritage information by investigating intangible cultural heritage communities centering around Jeongseon Arirang; a social network analysis was performed. Regarding the research objectives presented in the introduction, the main findings of the study are summarized as follows. First, there were 197 links between 74 members of the Jeongseon Arirang Transmission Community. One individual had connections with 2.7 persons on average, and all were connected through two steps in the community. However, the density and the clustering coefficient were low, 0.036 and 0.32, respectively; therefore, the cohesiveness of this community was low, and the relationships between the members were not strong. Second, 'Young-ran Yu', 'Nam-gi Kim' and 'Gil-ja Kim' were found to be the prominent figures of the Jeongseon Arirang Transmission Community, and the central structure of the network was concentrated around these three individuals. Being located in the central structure of the network indicates that a person is popular and ranked high. Also, it means that a person has an advantage in terms of the speed and quantity of the acquisition of information and resources, and is in a relatively superior position in terms of bargaining power. Third, to understand the replaceability of the roles of Young-ran Yu, Nam-gi Kim, and Gil-ja Kim, who were found to be the major figures through an analysis of the central structure, structural equivalence was profiled. The results of the analysis showed that the positions and roles of Young-ran Yu, Nam-gi Kim, and Gil-ja Kim were unrivaled and irreplaceable in the Jeongseon Arirang Transmission Community. However, considering that these three members were in their 60s and 70s, it seemed that it would be necessary to prepare measures for the smooth maintenance and operation of the community. Fourth, to examine the subgroup hidden in the network of the Jeongseon Arirang Transmission Community, an analysis of communities was conducted. A community refers to a subgroup clearly differentiated based on modularity. The results of the analysis identified the existence of four communities. Furthermore, the results of an analysis of the central structure showed that the communities were formed and centered around Young-ran Yu, Hyung-jo Kim, Nam-gi Kim, and Gil-ja Kim. Most of the transmission TAs recommended by those members, students who completed a course, transmission scholarship holders, and the general members taught in the transmission classes of the Jeongseon Arirang Preservation Society were included as members of the communities. Through these findings, it was discovered that it is possible to maintain the transmission genealogy, making an exchange with the general members by employing the present method for the transmission of Jeongseon Arirang, the joint transmission method. It is worth paying attention to the joint transmission method as it overcomes the demerits of the existing closed one-on-one apprentice method and provides members with an opportunity to learn their masters' various singing styles. This study is significant for the following reasons: First, by collecting and examining data using a social network analysis method, this study analyzed phenomena that had been difficult to investigate using existing statistical analyses. Second, by adopting a different approach to the previous method in which the genealogy was understood, looking at oral data, this study analyzed the structures of the transmitters' relationships with objective and quantitative data. Third, this study visualized and presented the abstract structures of the relationships among the transmitters of intangible cultural heritage information on a 2D spring map. The results of this study can be utilized as a baseline for the development of community-centered policies for the protection of intangible cultural heritage specified in the UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage. To achieve this, it would be necessary to supplement this study through case studies and follow-up studies on more aspects in the future.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.187-210
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• 2009

Space law(or outer space law) and the law of the sea are branches of international law dealing with activities in geographical ares which do not or do only in part come under national sovereignty. Legal rules pertaining to the outer space and sea began to develop once activities emerged in those areas: amongst others, activities dealing with transportation, research, exploration, defense and exploitation. Naturally the law of the sea developed first, followed, early in the twentieth century, by air law, and later in the century by space law. Obviously the law of the sea, of the air and of outer space influence each other. Ideas have been borrowed from one field and applied to another. This article examines some analogies and differences between the outer space law and the law of the sea, especially from the perspective of the legal status, the exploration and exploitation of the natural resources and environment. As far as the comparisons of the legal status between the outer space and high seas are concerned the two areas are res extra commercium. The latter is res extra commercium based on both the customary international law and treaty, however, the former is different respectively according to the customary law and treaty. Under international customary law, whilst outer space constitutes res extra commercium, celestial bodies are res nullius. However as among contracting States of the 1967 Outer Space Treaty, both outer space and celestial bodies are declared res extra commercium. As for the comparisons of the exploration and exploitation of natural resources between the Moon including other celestial bodies in 1979 Moon Agreement and the deep sea bed in the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the both areas are the common heritage of mankind. The latter gives us very systematic models such as International Sea-bed Authority, however, the international regime for the former will be established as the exploitation of the natural resources of the celestial bodies other than the Earth is about to become feasible. Thus Moon Agreement could not impose a moratorium, but would merely permit orderly attempts to establish that such exploitation was in fact feasible and practicable, by allowing experimental beginnings and thereafter pilot operations. As Professor Carl Christol said until the parties of the Moon Agreement were able to put into operation the legal regime for the equitable sharing of benefits, they would remain free to disregard the Common Heritage of Mankind principle. Parties to one or both of the agreements would retain jurisdiction over national space activities. In so far as the comparisons of the protection of the environment between the outer space and sea is concerned the legal instruments for the latter are more systematically developed than the former. In the case of the former there are growing tendencies of concerning the environmental threats arising from space activities these days. There is no separate legal instrument to deal with those problems.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.101-109
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• 2012

Traditional village forests in Jeju Island represent unique cultural landscape with a history of more than several hundred years as a national cultural asset in Korea. In this paper, the characteristics and meaning of traditional village forests in Jeju Island was compared with the Dangsan and Bibo forests at inland. There are 368 Oreums, parasitic volcano, and 391 shrines of Dang(Divine place) in Jeju. Life, culture and tradition of rural villages are all connected with the Dang and Oreum in Jeju. It has been found from this study that the village in Jeju were established as a cultural landscape on the surface of natural landscape. The features of traditional villages focused on the Dang and Oreum in Jeju Island were similar to the Dangsan and Bibo forestsat inland villages. The Oreum represents mountain and the Pojedan forest is newly found in Sangmyung-ri. The seashore areas are covered by vaocanic rocks in Jeju and large scale windbreaks are hardly found. The stone tower at Sinheung-ri built for blocking sand movement represents Bibo forest. The special attribute of the Dang in Jeju is that it is close to real life and believers are still remain. In 2009, the Jeju Chilmeoridang Yeongdeunggut ritual was nominated as an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO. The shrine of Dang, however, has been degraded fast by construction of seashore road and Jeju Olle trail path. As for the world cultural heritage discussed at international conferences, it is important that there is sustainability on the right to enjoy cultural heritage. Integrated efforts from local residents, local governments and national government are needed to set up a management scheme for the Dang culture. Rural villages in Jeju with the Dang and Oreum are expected to get an international attention as to have traditional cultural landscapes of Korea.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.76 no.2
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• pp.169-177
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• 1987

The concept of multiple-use forestry can be considered as a simple application of the economic theory which commands the efficient utilization of resources. This paper reviews two important branches of the economic theory-theory of the firm and the capital theory-and discusses various methodologies of measuring the non-timber benefits from the forest. In addition, an empirical analysis with an example of the Deogyu National Park is presented. For this purpose, the Clawson's Travel Cost Method was employed.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.429-435
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• 2020

History is bound to change according to the interpretation of modern people, and based on this, we must find the will to practice for our future. In order to examine the ideology of a country, we can know the cultural aspect of that country through its religious ideology and its cultural heritage. This paper focuses on the stone pagoda of the Baekje period. In order to collect data on the 5-story stone pagoda of Jeongnimsaji, I would like to study the formative features of the 5-story pagoda of Jeongnimsaji by visiting the Jeongnimsaji Museum and familiarizing myself with domestic and foreign professional books, preceding papers, and references based on prior research.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.312-316
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• 2018

BACKGROUND: Yeast biotechnology finds applications in various industries. Hence, we sought to explore the yeasts associated with the flower of Aster spathulifolius Maxim. This study aimed to isolate yeasts from the flower of the plant and screen for biosurfactant-producing yeasts. METHODS AND RESULTS: We collected flowers of Aster spathulifolius Maxim. and performed pure isolation using four types of media. In total, 117 strains belonging to 4 genera, namely, Cryptococcus (75 strains), Aureobasidium pullulans (30 strains), Candida (11 strains), and Rhodotorula (1 strain), were isolated and identified by ITS sequencing. Upon in-depth analysis, Cryptococcus, the most dominant genus (75 strains) was categorized into the 'Unknown group'. Upon in-depth analysis of A. pullulans, we discovered the 'Unknown group I' (27 strains) and the 'Unknown group II' (2 strains), which have not been reported previously. Two A. pullulans isolates with potent surfactant activity were selected via the screening procedure. CONCLUSION: In this study, a total of 117 strains were isolated from the flower of Aster spathulifolius Maxim. In addition, two biosurfactant-producing yeasts were identified from among the isolated yeasts.

• Journal of Korea Game Society
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.63-76
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to identify how game players experience games artistically. We organized indicator categories related to artistic experiences in games through play report produced in participatory player workshop. Based on this indicator, we embodied the artistic meaning of game experience by performing semantic network analysis. As a result, we verified that games can offer opportunities for players to reflect on themselves and their lives.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.10-18
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• 2014

This paper interprets the hidden structure, layers and figures into cultural landscape, invisible landscape, by using landscape adjectives based on Place Memory of locals. Methods for obtaining local landscape information are through semi-standardized interview and autobiographical questionnaires. As a research site, Janghang in Korea which have experienced not only colonized and autonomous industrialization but also de-industrialization is a typical modern industrial landscape even in Asia. Thus, the landscape is interpreted as layered images like a stratum and as a dynamic landscape that changes over time. People only remember selected memories such as regional and national images affected from industrial developing paradigm in Korea. Some images of the landscape are distorted by powers and influenced by places of memory. This study brings us some discussions that 'What do we look at and remember about the landscape?'