• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.61-65
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• 1991

For the production of mycelia of mushroom by submerged culture, the experiment was carried out. mushroom. The optimum culture broth for Ganoderma lucidum NG-L were compo­sed of CMC 0.8%(w/v) and $(NH_4)_2SO_4$ 0.2%, with 10%(v/v) of inoculum size and pH 5.5 when the milk whey was used as basal medium. In case of Grifola frondosa ATCC48688, the optimum broth were composed of soluble starch 2%(w/v) and $KNO_3$ 0.l%(w/v), with 8%(v/v) of inoculum size and pH 5.2. Among several plant growth hormones,indole-3-acetic acid and gibberellin $A_3-3-acetate$ stimulated the mycelial growth of Ganoderma lucidum NG-L and Grifola frondosa ATCC 48688 respectively. The culture broth of these mushrooms inhibited the growth of B. subtilis and P. aeruginosa.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.79-84
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• 1991

Fruit bodies of Ganoderma lucidum have been used for most pharmacological studies, but pharmacological effects are likely variable because the habitats and strains of Ganoderma lucidum are different. Therefore, their fermentation is required to produce constant and reliable pharmacolo­gical constituents from Ganoderma lucidum. During the studies of medium for industrial application. it was found that ginseng root residues, remaining after being extracted with ethanol, were a good carbon source for a fermentation of Genoderma lucidum and a corn steep liquor was also economical for the nitrogen source. Yield of the mycelial cultured in ginseng root residues and corn steep liquor was 2.5 times higher than that in glucose and peptone, known as a conventional medium of Ganoderma lucidum. The polysaccharide content of the extracts from the cultured mycelia was higher than that from fruit bodies, but protein content was vice versa. Extracts of the cultured mycelia were more effective and lasting than extracts of the fruit bodies in decreased hypertention of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR).

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.49-59
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• 2004

To establish a genetic relationships of collected Ganoderma strains, mycelium growth according to media and temperature, colony morphology, chlamydospore formation and fruitbody morphology were investigated. For the identification of optimal growth conditions of the strains, five different growth media and four different temperature were tested. GCM (Ganoderma complete medium) at $30^{\circ}C$ was the most effective for mycelial growth of 68 strains with more or less variation. The strains were divided into 28 groups based on their colony shapes, and most of them belong to CM3 or CM8 group. Chlamydospores were observed in the mycelia of 16 strains including ASI 7022 on microscope, but not in most G. lucidum domestic strains, which showed relatively lagging growth on $35^{\circ}C$ in mycelial growth experiment. These results were not similar to those of G. lucidum but those of G. tsugae imported from USA. The strains were cultivated on oak sawdust media to see their fruit body formation. Ninety-seven among 115 strains formed fruitbodies in sawdust cultivation. They showed two forms of fruitbodies, 89.7% of flat type or 10.3% of antler type, although these shapes can be affected by $CO_2$ concentrations. These results suggest that the native strains formerly considered to belong to G. lucidum have to be re-classified with further study.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.633-640
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• 2011

After Ganoderma lucidum was cultured in mushroom complete medium (MCM) supplemented with ginseng extract (GE), crude polysaccharide (GL-GE-CP) was fractionated from mycelium. Among GL-GE-CP from mycelium in MCM supplemented with 5, 10, and 15% GE (v/v ratio of MCM to GE), GL-GE-15-CP (15% GE) most significantly enhanced macrophage stimulation and intestinal immune system modulating activity compared with GL-CP in MCM without GE. When GL-GE-15-CP was further fractionated on DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B, GL-GE-15-CP-II displayed more potent activity than subfractions from GL-CP on macrophage stimulation, interleukin-12 production, and intestinal immune system modulation (1.75-, 5.68-, and 1.76-fold, respectively). Anti-metastasis effect against colon 26-M3.1 carcinoma cells was also enhanced by GL-GE-15-CP-II (72.8% inhibition). In addition, GL-GE-15-CP-II contained neutral sugar (83.00%) and uronic acid (9.11%), and consisted of Ara, Man, Gal and Glc (molar ratio of 0.39:0.50:0.75:1.00). Furthermore, GE supplementation helped to enhance the immunomodulation in G. lucidum, and it is assumed that neutral polysaccharides play an important role.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.323-329
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• 2005

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of mycelia extracts of mushroom-cultured ginseng by-product on electron donating ability and proliferation of hepatic cancer cell (Hep3B) lines and sarcoma 180(S-180). The ginseng by-product was obtained from ginseng residues generated in processing of ginseng water extract. Mushroom strains used for preparation of mushroom mycelia cultured with ginseng residue were Phellinus linteus, Ganoderma lucidum, Coriolus versicolor and Lentinus edodes. The electron donating abilities of the test samples were increased in a dose-dependent manner in the range of 500ppm to 10,000ppm, and Coriolus versicolor extract showed the most potent activity among four mycelia extracts. In an anti-cancer test using Hep3B cells, ethanol extract showed higher antiproliferating effect than water extract. Ethanol extract of Lentinus edodes showed growth-inhibitory effect of 99.1% at 5,000ppm. All of mycelia extracts of mushroom showed the tumor suppressive effect in mice injected with S-180 cells. The growth­inhibitoy rates against tumor cells were 59% for Phellinus linteus, 61% for Ganoderma lucidum, 65% for Coriolus versicolor, 56% for Lentinus edodes. In conclusion, these results suggest that mycelia extracts of mushroom cultured with ginseng by-product have an antiproliferating effect against Hep3B cell and S-180 tumor cells.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.8
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• pp.1084-1089
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• 2009

This study investigated the changes of saponin and $\beta$-glucan content on the cultured ginseng with mushroom mycelia of Phellinus linteus (PL), Ganoderma lucidum (GL), and Hericium erinaceum (HE). Cultured ginsengs with mushroom mycelia were extracted with 80% ethanol, fractionated with n-buthanol, and analysed for ginsenosides by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Crude saponin content of raw ginseng was 4.11% (d.b) but cultured ginseng with mushroom mycelia of PL, GL, and HE were increased to 6.74, 6.77 and 6.23% (d.b), respectively. Ginsenoside-Rd, among the 12 ginsenosides which were available for analysis, was remarkably increased to 13.61, 24.26, and 32.69 mg/g, respectively (raw ginseng: 0.80 mg/g). The $\beta$-glucan content of cultured ginseng with mushroom mycelia of PL, GL, and HE were decreased to 8.85, 5.51 and 5.46% rather than mushroom mycelia of 29.14, 19.44, and 23.39% (d.b), respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.137-144
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• 1990

To examine effects on complement and reticuloendothelial system, alkali extract was isolated from cultured mycelium of Ganoderma lucidum IY107. It was shown to strongly activate both classical and alternative pathways of complement as compared with krestin. Activated complement C3, 3rd peak, was observed by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. It was also shown to activate reticuloendotherial system of ICR mice in the carbon clearance test and to increase hemolytic plaque forming cells of the spleen. Carbohydrate and protein contents of the alkali extract were 10% and 49%, respectively. The carbohydrate consisted of four monosaccharides and the protein contained 16 amino acids.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.91-98
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• 2001

The mycelial morphology during submerged cultivation of Ganoderma ludium using by air-lift fermenter system were analyzed by image processing system and the characterization of mycelial morphology were investigated. In submerged culture using medium with different ammonium phosphate concentrations, the various morphological forms of G. lucidum mycelium were observed. The filamentous forms such as non-branched long filamentous mycelium, non-branched short mycelium, branched long filamentous mycelium, branched short mycelium, entangled mycelium and clump were observed, and also, and also, the pelleted forms such as smooth pellet, rough pellet and hollow rough pellet were observed. The mycelial morphology was changed from the filamentous to the pelleted forms by addition of ammonium phosphate. The fractal dimensions of pelleted and filamentous forms were 1.05 and 1.3, respectively, while the fractal dimension of mixtures of pelleted and filamentous forms was 1.16. Therefore, the fractal dimension was found to be more effective index for the detection of the mycelial morphology and morphological change during batch cultivation. The circularity was also found to be useful for evaluating the surface growth of pelleted mycelium.

• Proceedings of the Korean Journal of Food and Nutrition Conference
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• 1997.06b
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• pp.13-14
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• 1997

영지의 약리효과는 triterpenoid계의 저분자와 polysaccharide인 고분자로 대별할 수 있다. 저분자 물질은 항염증작용, 항알러지작용, 간암세포 성장 억제작용, 혈압 강하작용, 혈소판 응집저해작용 등이 있으며, 고분자 물질은 혈압강하작용, 정혈작용, 고지혈증 개선작용, 혈당 강하작용, 면역 증강작용 및 항종양작용 등이 있는 것으로 알려졌다. 현재까지의 영지에 관한 연구는 주로 자실체에 대한 연구가 주류를 이루고 있으며 이들의 산지, 환경조건, 채집시기 및 실험자들에 따라 약리 효과 등에 많은 차이가 있다. 이들에 대한 효과가 영지의 대표적 약리효과라고 언급하기엔 부족한 점이 많으므로 약리효과가 우수하고 일관성이 있는 영지 유래 다당류를 얻기 위한 방법으로서는 균사체의 대량배양법 및 분리방법이 확립 되어야만 한다. 본 연구에서는 새로운 항암활성 다당류의 개발을 위해 국내 자생 영지를 채집하여 검색 및 계통적 분류를 행하였으며 분리된 균주의 최적 액체배양 조건, 다당류 분리 조건, 다당류의 물리화학적 특성 및 약리활성 등에 관한 연구를 실시하였다. 그 중 약리활성이 우수한 G- lucidum IY009 균주를 선발 하였다. 구조적 특징과 종양 면역 활성과의 관계 규명을 위해, G- lucidum IY009 배양균사체로부터 다당류를 T-AS, U-AS, M-AS, S 및 H로 분획 하였다. 추출조건에 따른 다당류 GLG의 수율은 열수 추출 분획이 2.98g/l로 가장 높았으며, U-AS및 T-AS에서 각각 2.32g/l, 2.07g/l이었다. GLG의 특성을 조사하기 위하여 수용성과 비수용성으로 분리한 결과 수용성 분획은 비수용성 분획보다 높은 당 함량을 나타냈으며, T-AS는 70.3%의 당과 7.8%의 단백질로 구성 되었다. GLG 대부분의 분획들은 60~93%의 glucose로 구성된 다당류 이었으며, 주로 $\beta$-glucose로 구성된 다당류 이었다. 아미노산은 Asp 및 Glu의 산성 아미노산과 Ala, Leu 등의 함량이 높게 나타났으며, 비알칼리 추출물에서 Ser과 Thr의 함량이 높게 나타났다. 다당류 T-AS는 평균 분자량이 2,000 kD와 12kD에서 주 peak를 나타냈으며, 수용성 분획의 평균 분자량은 12kD이고 비수용성 분획은 36~2,000 kD의 평균 분자량 분포를 갖는 것으로 나타났다. IR과 NMR 분석 결과 890 cm-1에서 흡수 peak를 나타내어 $\beta$-(1,3)0glucan과 $\beta$-(1,6)-glucan의 구조를 갖는 다당류로 확인 되었다. T-AS 분획은 C:H:O:N의 함량비가 38.9:5.7:49.6:1.84%이며, 이 물질의 융점은 163 $^{\circ}C$로 연한 갈색을 나타낸다. 분리된 GLG의 항암활성 기전 규명을 위해, in vivo 항암실험, 항보체 활성능, 항체 생성능, serum protein 분비능, 대식세포의 탐식능과 활성능 및 세포간 물질 분비 등의 상관관계를 조사하였다. 다당류 GLG 분획물들 가운데 항보체의 활성이 높았던 분획은 sarcome 180에 대한 항암 활성이 높게 나타났다. 다당류 T-AS의 보체 활성화 기작은 classical과 alternative complement pathway의 양 경로를 통해 활성화 되었다. T-AS 분획은 mouse내의 특정 혈청단백을 증가시켰으며, 항체 생성능의 증가가 관찰되어 effect T 세포의 활성화가 나타나고 있음을 알 수 있었다. T-AS는 생체내 투여시에 대식세포의 탐식능이 증진되었으며, 대식세포 기능 저해제에 의한 대식세포의 기능 저해 현상이 회복되었다. 이와 같은 결과들로부터, T-AS의 항암 활성은 활성화된 보체 성분 및 당 수용체들이 존재하는 대식세포의 개입을 시사한다.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.23 no.3 s.74
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• pp.209-225
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• 1995

Ganoderan, antitumor ${\beta}-glucan$ from Ganoderma lucidum was extracted from the mycelium of G.lucidum IY009 which was cultured in various carbon sources. The mycelium was shown to be capable of utilizing various carbon sources, e.g., soluble starch, fructose and glucose, and differs in morphology on carbon sources. In radioisotope assay, about $5.2{\sim}16%$ of glucose was to be incorporated in ganoderan of the mycelium. The monosugars of these ganoderan were mainly consisted of glucose, mannose, galactose. The galactose was not good carbon source for growing the mycelium but the best carbon source for producing the potentialized-ganoderan on the antitumor and anticomplementary activity. The tumor inhibition ratio of ganoderan-GAL, obtained from galactose medium, was 83.6% at the dose of 20 mg/kg/day. This crude polysaccaride was composed of five monosaccharide and the protein contained 16 amino acids. Also, ganoderan-GAL increased the anticomplementary activity than that obtained from any other media. This fact suggests that the structural differences of ganoderan influence the antitumor and anticomplementary activity.