• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.135-152
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• 2014

The main purpose of this study was to examine the mediating effects of maternal control strategies on the relationship between preschoolers' temperament and compliance/noncompliance. A total of 125 mothers with preschoolers aged 3 and 4 years participated in this study. Preschoolers' temperament was reported by mothers. Maternal control strategies and preschoolers' compliance/noncompliance were observed in the laboratory using a clean-up task. There were four major findings. First, preschoolers with higher levels of activity exhibited less compliance, and preschoolers with higher levels of adaptability and activity displayed more noncompliance. Second, preschoolers whose mothers used fewer commands and more compliments displayed more compliance and less noncompliance. Third, mothers who rated their children higher in activity level used more commands with their children. Finally, the use of maternal commands mediated the association between preschoolers' activity level and compliance/noncompliance. When preschoolers' activity level and maternal control strategies were considered together to predict preschoolers' compliance/noncompliance, the relationship between activity level and compliance/noncompliance became nonsignificant. These findings suggest that the effects of temperament on compliance/noncompliance are indirect through maternal control strategies.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.165-176
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether children's temperament and maternal control strategies were related to the self-control behaviors of 3-year-old children. The sample was comprised of 50 young children, ranging from 37 to 50 months of age, and their mothers. Mothers were asked to complete a questionnaire on children's temperament. Situational observation was conducted for obtaining data on maternal control strategies and for children's self-control behaviors in a resistance to temptation situation. All the subjects' activities were videotaped for 20 minutes. Differences were found in maternal control strategies and children's self-control behaviors by gender of child and by age and education of mothers. Relationships were found between children's temperament and maternal control strategies. However, children's temperament had an indirect effect on their self-control behaviors through maternal control strategies. The findings indicated that the self-control development of children in this sample were in a transitional stage.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.41-50
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between mother's warmth, control and toddler's attachment security. Subjects were 83 three-year old children and their mothers in Jeonju city. The intruments of this study were the Parenting Style Scale(Cho et at.,1999) and Attachment Q-set(AQS; Waters,1987). Mothers rated the questionnaire and observed a child through AQS at home. The results showed that the mean of the child attachment security was .39 and the range of attachment score was from -0.07 to 0.79. The scores of mothers' warmth and control were above the mean. The child's attachment security was predicted by mother's warmth. Mother's warmth appeared to be meaningful for child to develop the secure attachment. The result of this study suggested that authoritative parenting characterized with warmth and control was significantly associated with the child's attachment security.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.205-223
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• 2004

This study examined the relationships between children's perceptions of mothers' psychological control, and children's behavior problems(depression, anxiety, withdrawal, and aggression). In order to expand the study on the relationships, special attention was given to the possible moderator effects of children's sex and peer acceptance on the relationships. The subjects were 272 6th graders residing in Seoul. It was found that children's perceptions of mothers' psychological control was significantly related with the levels of children's depression, anxiety, withdrawal, and aggression. The results indicated that mothers' higher psychological control was related to higher levels of children's depression, anxiety, withdrawal, and aggression. No significant sex difference was found in the relationship between children's perceptions of mothers' psychological control and children's behavior problems although all of the correlations between mothers' psychological control and each of the behavior problem variables were somewhat higher among boys than among girls. Children's perceptions of peer acceptance were found to be a significant moderator of the relationship between mothers' psychological control and children's depression, and of the relationship between mothers' psychological control and children's aggression. These findings indicated that peer acceptance could function as a protecting factor for children who perceive their mothers to be psychologically controlling.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.77-97
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to examine 1) the relations among parent-reported, teacher-reported, and task-observed effortful control, and 2) the differences of preschoolers' effortful control based on preschoolers' gender and parenting behaviors (affectionate, controlled). In this study, the subjects were 221 preschoolers (104 boys, 117 girls) and their parents. The preschoolers' effortful controls was measured by Effortful Control Battery (Snack Delay, Turtle and Rabbit, and Red-Green Sign) and the Children's Behavior Questionnaire-Short Form. Parenting behavior was measured by the Parenting Style scale. The major results of this study were as follows. First, there were positive correlations between parent-reported effortful control and both teacher-reported and task-observed effortful control. Second, there were significant differences in preschoolers' effortful control by gender and level of affectionate parenting behavior. And there was an interaction effect between gender and level of affectionate parenting behavior on preschoolers' effortful control. The implications of this study were as follows. It is needed to evaluate effortful control in various circumstances and by multiple raters, and affectionate parenting behavior had an important role upon boys' effortful control rather than that of girls.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.833-845
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• 2004

This study examines different individual and environmental factors that affect children's self-control. For an analysis, locus of control, perceived competence, and achievement motivation were all included in individual variables. For family variables, mothers' parenting and patents' marriage conflict were examined. For classroom psycho-social environment, teacher support, peer relationship, class involvement, and teachers' supervision were used. The sample consisted of 548 fifth and sixth grade children. Statistics and methods used for the data analysis were Cronbach's alpha, frequency, percentage, Pearson's correlation, and Hierarchical Regression. Several major results were found from the analysis: First, locus of control, perceived competence, and achievement motivation had a positive correlation with children's self-control. Second, mothers' affective parenting had a positive correlation with children's self-control. However, mothers' controlling parenting and parents' marriage conflict had a negative correlation with it. Third, teacher support, peer relationship, and class involvement had a positive correlation with children's self-control. In addition, teacher supervision had a positive correlation with girls' self-control. Fourth, class involvement, locus of control, and academic competence were important variables predicting boys' self-control. On the other hand, Class involvement, achievement motivation, academic competence, teacher's supervision, and mothers' controlling parenting were important variables predicting girl's self-control.

• Journal of Music and Human Behavior
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.1-20
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• 2007

Mothers of Children with Disabilities have many difficulties in parenting because of their children's disabilities. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a Group music psychotherapy programs on parenting stress and self efficacy, and to explore the experiences of the mothers who participated in the program. Twenty mothers of children with disabilities participated in this study. These twenty mothers were divided into 10 mothers of each group. The Experimental group participated in the Group music psychotherapy programs, while the control group did not. The Group music psychotherapy program was implemented for 8 weeks. To prove the effects of the program, pretest-posttest control group design was applied. The differences between pre-test and post-test of two groups were analyzed using independent t-test. The quantitative results of the study were as follows: First, a significant differences was found between the experimental group and control group in parenting stress level. Second, a significant differences was found between the experimental group and control group in self-efficacy level. From the qualitative analyses, four themes emerged from the decrement of parenting stress; Positive change of recognition about their children, Getting rid of stress, Keeping their composure, and Sharing of their emotions. And three themes emerged from the increment of self-efficacy; Discovery of oneself, New stimulus, and Mental support. All the result described above shows that group music psychotherapy program gives positive effect to decrease in parenting stress and also to increase in self-efficacy. And new possibility and effectiveness can be proposed in the music therapeutic approach to the parents of children with disabilities.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.99-117
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• 2020

Objective: Studies have revealed that parenting is a crucial factor for children's effortful control and externalizing behaviors, however, less is known about the underlying mechanism that may be moderated by maternal depression. Therefore, the present study is aimed to testify the mediating effect of children's effortful control and moderating effect of maternal depression in the association between parenting(i.e. limit setting, overprotective/permissive parenting) and children's externalizing behaviors. Methods: Three hundred and one mothers with 4 to 6 years old children reported their parenting behaviors, depression, their children's effortful control and externalizing behaviors. Data were analyzed using SPSS and Process Macro. Results: Results showed that children's effortful control mediated the association between parenting and children's externalizing behaviors and maternal depression moderated the association between parenting behaviors and children's effortful control as well as between parenting behaviors and children's externalizing behaviors. The moderated mediation effects were stronger among mothers with lower levels of depression. Conclusion/Implications: These findings could contribute to a better understanding of how and when maternal limit setting and overprotective/permissive parenting impact children's externalizing behaviors. It is suggested that future efforts to provide the parenting intervention take a target specific approach (e.g. considering mother's depression symptom), on order to maximize the effectiveness of program to ultimately facilitate children's positive adjustment.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.431-444
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• 2019

This study explored the longitudinal developmental paths of preschooler's external problem behaviors from infancy. Subjects consisted of 205 preschoolers (106 boys, 99 girls aged 4) and their mothers recruited for the 2009 in-depth Panel Study on Korean Children. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, correlations, and structural equation modeling using SPSS 18.0 (SPSS Co., Chicago, IL, USA), Amos 18.0 (SPSS Co., Chicago, IL, USA). The results were as follows: Maternal depression at preschooler's age 0 had a direct effect on maternal social parenting style at preschooler's age 0. Maternal social parenting style at preschooler's age 0 had a direct effect on preschooler's effortful control at age 1. Preschooler's effortful control at age 1 had a direct effect on preschooler's external problem behaviors at age 4. Marital conflict at preschooler's age 0 did not have a direct effect on preschooler's effortful control at age 1. The direct effects of maternal depression at preschooler's age 0 on preschooler's effortful control at age 1, and on preschooler's external problem behaviors at age 4 were not significant. In addition, direct effect of maternal social parenting style at preschooler's age 0 on preschooler's external problem behaviors at age 4 was not significant. This study showed that maternal psychological characteristics, marital conflict, maternal social parenting style and preschooler's effortful control in infancy should be considered simultaneously to explain the effect on preschooler's external problem behaviors.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.27-36
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between percieved parenting by high school students and drinking, smoking and substance use of adolescents. The subject were 257 adolescents of 2nd grade from high school in Taejon (male 126, female 131). The questionnaires consist of 37 items. It was used for adolescents. The respondents were asked complete the self reported questionnaire and the data were analyzed with reliability, frequencies, percentage, means, standard deviation, Pearson correlation coefficient and t-test. The major findings are as follows. 1. Forty-six percent of the boys and 19 percent of the girls have been drinking, 15.8 percent of boys 1.5 percent of girls have been smoking, substance use were 1.6 percent of all. 2. Boys did more drinking, smoking and substance use than girls did. 3. Adolescent's drinking, smoking and substance use behavior were associated with controlled and rejected parenting perceived by adolescents. 4. Parent's socio economic status was not associated with adolescent's problem behavior.