• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.320-326
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• 2013

In a previous study, we investigated the antioxidative and cellular protective effects of Parthenocissus tricuspidata stem extracts. In this study, we prepared nano-emulsion containing P. tricuspidata stem extract to improve skin permeation. The particle size of the nano-emulsion using the microfluidizer was 302 nm. Its loading efficiency was over 86%. The size distribution of the nano-emulsion took a monodispersed form and the nano-emulsion was more stable than typical emulsion without using microfluidizer during a 2 week period. In vitro skin permeation study of nano-emulsion containing P. tricuspidata stem extracts was carried out using Franz diffusion cell. The 1,3-butylene glycol used as a control group had 32.59% skin permeation efficiency. The skin permeation efficiency of the nano-emulsion was 42.47%. Also, we observed the antibacterial activity of the ethyl acetate fraction on skin flora for prospective applications as a natural antimicrobial. The ethyl acetate fraction had antibacterial activities higher than methyl paraben on Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis. These results indicate that nano-emulsion containing P. tricuspidata stem extracts could possess valued applications in cosmetic formulations for improving skin permeation. Also, based on the antibacterial activities on skin flora, antioxidative and cellular protective effects shown in our previous study, we suggest that P. tricuspidata stem extracts could be used as functional cosmetic materials.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.357-363
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• 2012

Ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) is an economically important crop in Korea. While the consumption of the crop is gradually increasing, the yield is decreasing due to the injury of continuous cultivation or infection of soil-borne fungal pathogens such as Cylindrocarpon destructans, Fusarium solani, Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotinia nivalis. In order to find promising biocontrol agents, we have isolated 439 soil bacteria from ginseng cultivated soil and tested their antifungal activities against ginseng rot pathogens. Among them, 3 strains were finally selected and tested for the elucidation of their genetic and biochemical properties. They were identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens using phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. Moreover, all selected strains showed positive reaction for PCR detection targeting biosynthetic gene sequences of iturin A and surfactin. The results provided promising evidences that the bacterial strains isolated from ginseng cultivated soil can be novel biocontrol agents for ginseng cultivaion.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.13-19
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• 2011

In January 2010, high mortalities of ducklings occurred in two adjacent farms. Ducklings in farm A showed neurologic signs including paddling, opisthotonus and lameness, but ducklings from farm B had no specific clinical signs. At post mortem, diffused hemorrhagic spots in the liver and hemorrhages in the small intestine were observed in ducklings from farm A, and ducklings from farm B had only proventricular ulceration. Microscopically, multiple necrosis of hepatocytes, hyperplasia of the bile ducts, hemorrhages, infiltration of lymphocytes and bacterial colonies were commonly observed in the liver of ducklings from both farms. Also, type A and C duck hepatitis virus (DHV) were isolated from farm A and farm B, respectively and Salmonella typhimurium was commonly isolated and identified serologically and biochemically. To our knowledge, this is the first report about the co-infection of DHV and Salmonella typhimurium in ducklings, and co-circulation of type A and C duck hepatitis viruses in Korea.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.60
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• pp.253-282
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• 2019

College students majoring in bodyguards learn and acquire bodyguard martial arts to protect the life and property of the subjects. Also, the bodyguard martial arts are helping to improve and maintain the body and spirit of the bodyguards. However, more and more students majoring in security at universities are becoming obese due to lack of time to participate in bodyguard training and excessive food intake, which could have a negative impact on their future security work as well as their health condition. In this study, the effect of 10 weeks of Judo training on body composition, blood lipid and immune function on Security Majoring obese male college students was determined to be as follows. 1. Weight(p<.05), ; body fat ratio(p<.05), BMI(p<.01) etc. of body composition after Judo training were significantly reduced, and in the case of BMI(F=4.488, p<05), there were significant differences in interaction between groups and timing. 2. After judo training, TC (p<.05) and LDL-C(p<.01) of the blood lipid showed a significant decrease. 3. After judo training, lymphocytes of leukocytes were shown to increase significantly(p<.05), lymphocytes(F=11.772, p<.01) showed significant differences among groups. 4. After judo training, IgA and IgG of immunoglobulin were shown to increase significantly (p<.05), IgA(F=7.646, p<.05) and IgG (F=14.267, p<.01) showed significant differences among groups. Considering the above results, it is thought that judo training can prevent obesity due to reduced body fat and reduce neutral fat and cholesterol, thus preventing arteriosclerotic diseases. In addition, it is expected to play a positive role in defense against human bacterial infections, inflammatory reactions, and external antigen in immune function. It is thought that this will not only prevent the bodyguards' obesity but also maintain a healthy life and improve the security work efficiency. However, some studies have shown results that are somewhat different from the results of this study, so studies on blood lipids, immune function, and exercise will require more detailed research on various methods of exercise, such as exercise time and intensity.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.90-94
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• 2011

Bacterial leaf blight (BLB) caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) is a very serious disease in rice growing regions of the world. There are no effective ways of protecting rice from the disease. In this study, the bacteriophage (phage) mixtures infecting Xoo were investigated as biological control agent on BLB. The effects of pH, heat and ultraviolet on the stability of phages were investigated to check and increase the possibility of practical use in the field. Phages were rather stable between pH 5 and pH 10. The infectivity dropped sharply when the phages were incubated at $50^{\circ}C$ and more than 90% of the phages were inactivated after two minutes of ultraviolet treatment. The phages were stable for 7 days at the rice plant leaves, and the phages survived 10 times more than other treatments when mixed with skim milk. Although the skim milk increased the stability of the phages, the control efficacy was not effective. However, the phage mixtures reduced the occurrence of BLB when they were treated with Tecloftalam WP or Acibenzolar-S-methyl simultaneously. The results indicated that the Xoo phages could be used as an alternative control method to increase the control efficacy and reduce the use of agrochemicals.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.318-326
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• 1992

Ga-67 citrate scan has been requested for detection or follow-up of inflammatory or neoplastic disease. Visualization of Ga-67 citrate in the kidneys at 48 and 72 hr post injection is usually interpreted as evidence of renal pathology. But precise mechanisms of abnormal Ga-67 uptake in kidneys were unknown. We undertook a study to determine the clinical value of Ga-67 citrate imaging of the kidneys in 68 patients with primary or secondary nephropathy confirmed by renal biopsy and 66 control patients without renal disease. Renal uptake in 48 to 72 hr images was graded as follows: Grade 0=back-ground activity:1=faint uptake greater than background;2=definite uptake, but less than lumbar vertebrae; 3=same uptake as lumbar vertebrae, but less than liver; 4=same or higher uptake than liver. The results were as follows. 1) 42 of 65 (62%) patients with noninfectious nephritis showed grade 2 or higher Ga-67 renal uptake but only 10 percent of control patients showed similar uptake. 2) In 14 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, 8 of 9 (89%) patients with lupus nephritis exhibited marked renal uptake 3) 36 of 41 patients (88%) with combined nephrotic syndrome showed Grade 2 or higher renal uptake. 4) Renal Ga-67 uptake was correlated with clinical severity of nephrotic syndrome determined by serum albumin level, 24 hr urine protein excretion and serum lipid levels. 5) After complete remission of nephrotic syndrome, renal uptake in all 8 patients who were initially Grade 3 or 4, decreased to Grade 1 or 0. In conclusion, we think that the mechanism of renal Ga-67 uptake in nephrotic syndrome might be related to the pathogenesis of nephrotic syndrome. In systemic lupus erythematosus, Ga-67 citrate scan is useful in predicting renal involvement.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.12
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• pp.1339-1346
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• 2015

The aim of this study is to increase production of carotenoids in recombinant Escherichia coli by Archaea chaperonin. The carotenoids are a widely distributed class of structurally and functionally diverse yellow, orange, and red natural pigments. These pigments are synthesized in bacteria, algae, fungi, and plants, and have been widely used as a feed supplement from poultry rearing to aquaculture. Carotenoids also exhibit diverse biological properties, such as strong antioxidant and antitumor activities, and enhancement of immune responses. In the microbial world, carotenoids are present in both anoxygenic and oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria and algae and in many fungi. We have previously reported cloning and functional analysis of the carotenoid biosynthesis genes from Paracoccus haeundaensis. The carotenogenic gene cluster involved in astaxanthin production contained seven carotenogenic genes (crtE, crtB, crtI, crtY, crtZ, crtW and crtX genes) and recombinant Escherichia coli harboring seven carotenogenic genes from Paracoccus haeundaensis produced 400 μg/g dry cell weight (DCW) of astaxanthin. In order to increase production of astaxanthin, we have co-expressed chaperone genes (ApCpnA and ApCpnB) in recombinant Escherichia coli harboring the astaxanthin biosynthesis genes. This engineered Escherichia coli strain containing both chaperone gene and astaxanthin biosynthesis gene cluster produced 890 μg/g DCW of astaxanthin, resulting 2-fold increased production of astaxanthin.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.751-755
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• 2009

This study was attempted to provide basic data for effective sanitization of sprouts. Sanitization treatments were performed by dipping four sprouts (alfalfa, broccoli, clover and red radish) into chlorine water. Microbial analyses were composed of the total plate count (TPC), coliform count, and E. coli count. All examined sprouts exhibited high levels of TPC ($10^{7}$ CFU/g) and coliform ($10^{6}$ CFU/g). E. coli was detected in broccoli and red radish sprouts in the range of $10^3{\sim}10^4$ CFU/g. Among chlorine water sanitization, the microbial reduction was largest in 100 ppm chlorine water, and its TPC and coliform counts decreased to $8.0{\times}10^5{\sim}2.7{\times}10^6$ CFU/g and $4.3{\times}10^5{\sim}4.6{\times}10^5$ CFU/g, respectively. E. coli was not detected in all sprouts that were given 100 ppm chlorine water treatment. The effective dipping time in 100 ppm chlorine water treatment was 30 min and 60 min, in which TPC were below the microbiological safety limits of ${\times}10^{6}$ CFU/g. Coliform counts were decreased to $9.1{\times}10^4{\sim}2.4{\times}10^5$ CFU/g when the sprouts were dipped for 30min, and kept the similar level after that time. These levels exceeded the microbiological safety limits of $10^{3}$ CFU/g. E. coli was not detected in samples by 100 ppm chlorine water treatment.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.409-418
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• 2013

Global warming due to climate change is a problem facing the entire world. Several factors, such as $CO_2O$ concentration, level of warming, soil temperature, precipitation, water content of soil and denitrification by denitrifying bacteria influence the emission of nitrous oxide ($N_2O$) from soil. In this study, we investigated nitrous oxide emissions from the soil of two wetlands, Jilmoineup in Mt. Odae and Moojechineup in Mt. Jungjok, according to temperature change. Soil collected in Jilmoineup in July showed increasing $N_2O$ emissions as temperature increases, but did not show any significant differences at $10^{\circ}C$ (p<0.05). Soil of $15^{\circ}C$ and $20^{\circ}C$ showed increasing pattern of $N_2O$ emissions until 24 h. After that, however, there was no difference in temperature. Overall, $N_2O$ emissions showed significant differences according to temperature (p<0.05). Soil collected from Moojechineup in July showed increasing $N_2O$ emissions according to temperature increase, but did not show any significant differences at $10^{\circ}C$ (p<0.05) as was the case for Jilmoineup soil. On the other hand, two wetland soils showed a slight increase of $N_2O$ emissions by additional nitrogen supply, but did not show any significant differences in the presence of nitrogen or between nitrogen sources. In conclusion, increasing temperature the wetland soil increased the emission of $N_2O$, which is a known greenhouse gas. In order to more clearly identify $N_2O$ emissions, various subsequent studies such as the influence and correlation of several factors are required.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.249-254
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• 1986

An experiment was performed to investigate the combined effect of preservatives and the synergistic effect of sodium chloride to them on the inhibition of bacterial growth. Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium were cultured with or without shaking in liquid media (pH 6) of tryptone-glucose-yeast extract or tryptic soy broth which contained 0.1% potassium sorbate and/or 0.03% sodium benzoate, equivalent to half of the maximum permissible levels, respectively. The growth of E. coli was more inhibited with one or both of the two preservatives by shaking culture than by non-shaking culture. For S. typhimurium the single treatment of the preservatives did not show inhibitory effect whereas the combined treatment of them showed bacteriostatic effect in shaking culture and a prolongation of lag phase in non-shaking culture. Addition of 2% sodium chloride to either potassium sorbate or potassium sorbate plus sodium benzoate remarkably increased the growth inhibition of E. coli for non-shaking cultivation but no effect observed for shaking cultivation. S. typhimurium was more sensitive to the addition of sodium chloride than E. coli in both shaking and non-shaking culture to show lower viable cell counts than initial numbers.