• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.27-35
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• 1988

Size characteristics of three widely used landscape trees were analized to establish a methodology of size prediction as time Passes. Tree height, tree width, stem diameter(breast or surface), canopy length and tree age were measured directly and indirectly(by using photograph), and the data were analized by using regression analysis through PC-SAS. The results are summarized as follows : 1. Zelkova serrata MAKINO showed relatively slow growth rate and the tree form was changed as aged. Size predictions were available by using the regression equations listed below : Surface diameter = 0.8293 x AGE Tree height = 0.4109(0.8293 x AGE) - 0.0039(0.7273 x AGE)$^2$Tree width = 0.3240(0.8293 x AGE) - 0.0024(0.1293 x AGE)$^2$Canopy length = 0.1337(0.8293 x AGE) - 0.0020(0.7293 x AGE)$^2$2. Pinus strobus L. showed relatively fast growth rate and the tree form did not change much as aged. Size predictions were available by using the regression equations listed below. Breast diameter = 0.756 x AGE Tree height = 0.7695(0.756 x AGE) - 0.0164(0.75\ulcorner x AGE)$^2$Tree width = 0.4331(0.756 x AGE) - 0.0079(0.75\ulcorner x AGE)$^2$Canopy length = 0.1365(0.756 x AGE) - 0.0032(0.75f x AGE)$^2$ 3. In case of Magnolia denudata DESROUX, tree form was determined relatively earlier than the other two species. Si2e predictions were available by using the regression equations listed below : Surface diameter = 0.88 x AGE Tree height = 0.5412(0.88 x AGE) - 0.0110(0.88 x AGE)$^2$ Tree width = 0.3752(0.88 x AGE) - 7.0061(0.88 x AGE)$^2$Canopy length = 0.1110(0.88 x AGE) - 0.0022(0.88 x AGE)$^2$ This study aimed to find a way to predict size change of landscaping plants. This methodology will be applied to a wide range of landscape plants to provide practical data to landscape designers.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.1-11
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• 2004

This study was conducted to investigate the plants status of the landscape plant species of 10 elementary schools in the Chungju city, and to obtain the fundamental informations for proper use of planting system in the elementary school landscape. The results are summarized as follows : 1. 199 species were planted in the 10 elementary schools, It was constituted 89 of woody plants, 108 of herbaceous plants and 2 of others. The average number of plants per school was about 60 species. The rate of plants species of Evergreen Trees to the Deciduous was 23 : 60 and the rate the trees to the shrubs was 59 : 24. 2. Almost the same species were planted in school landscaping zone. Juniperus chinensis var. kaizuka, Ginkgo biloba, Zelkova serrata were mainly planted in the species of trees. To improve the present conditions of school landscape should be considered for the purpose of function and the aspect of ecology. 3. To see the selected school trees and flowers, Zelcova serrata was selected to the school tree in the 4 of schools. Ginkgo biloba was selected 3 of schools, the others were Juniperus chinensis Pinus densiflora, etc. Rhododendron lateritium was appointed to the school flower in the 6 of schools, the others were Rosa spp., Forsythia koreana etc. To set the school tree and flower consider the preserved trees of the community.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.1-7
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• 1988

Predicting treeform should be very important, eventhough it is difficult, step for landscape designers. This study was carried out to develop a method to classify the treeforms of landscape plants by numerical data. Twenty five treeforms are selected to be compared with 41 Zelkova serrata MAKINO, 26 Pinus strobus L., and 44 Magnolia denudata DESROUX. Statistical judgement was made by using X$^2$-Test. The results are summerized as follows. 1. Zelkova serrata was classified as B3 or C3. This species showed a tendency of changing from A type to B or C type, and the CL/CH ratio(canopy length/canopy height) is thought to be increased as aged. 2. pinus strobus was classified as D4-D5 and the CL/CH ratio tends to be increased as aged. 3. Magnolia denudata was classified as D4 and the change by aging was not observed clearly.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.1-9
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• 1983

The observation of branching pattern on Magnolia denudata Desr. was performed from July 1982 to September 1983 and then computer simulation was carried out. Tree crown pattern depends on not genetic factors but also environmental factors and the determination of branchin pattern which characterized it appears to properly explain the relationships such as branching pattern and allocation of materials through the analysis of influence branches under several assumptions. Now that computer simulated simulated pattern was considered as the accumulation of two factors which controled the growth, it was represented as the stimulated tree which differs in branching rate that described allocation of material necessary for the growth of each branch. There was a tendency of allocation ratio of nutrients, i.e. subbranch to main branch to decrease by the passage of year. Under assumption that branch was branched when accumulated material reached 1, it was possible to represent the allocation of nutrients are residual $nutrient{\times}\frac{1}{1+F};in main; branch, ; residual; nutrient{\times}\frac{F}{1+F}$ in subbranch, A(iA, iC)+$F^(iA-1)$ in current twig. Like this, the basic minute difference of the allocation of nutrients according to the branch resulted in complicated patterns in the tree crown.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.357-362
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• 2009

Compounds of isolated from roots extract of Pueraria thunbergiana were tested their inhibitory effects on $\alpha$-glucosidase and $\alpha$-amylase. Inhibitory activity of methylene chloride (MC) fraction and ethyl acetate (EA) fraction against $\alpha$-glucosidase showed more than 60% at a concentration of $500{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. Among the nine compounds tested on $\alpha$-glucosidase, biochanin A, (-)-tuberosin and calycosin from MC fraction and daidzein from EA fraction were stronger inhibitors than acarbose ($IC_{50}=530{\mu}g/m{\ell}$), and their $IC_{50}$ were 9, 144, 328 and $20{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, respectively. Biochanin A and (-)-tuberosin also inhibited $\alpha$-amylase activity as like as acarbose $IC_{50}=20.5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$), and their $IC_{50}$ were 22 and $348{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, respectively. Although daidzein was already known $\alpha$-glucosidase inhibitory effects, it was newly evaluated that biochanin A and (-)-tuberosin inhibited $\alpha$-glucosidase as well as $\alpha$-amylase, and that calycosin did $\alpha$-glucosidase.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.46-50
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• 2009

The antitumor activity of the roots extract of Pueraria thunbergiana was investigated on the basis of cytotoxicity upon the cultured human tumor cell lines, in vitro. The purification of methylene chloride (MC) soluble part and ethylacetate (EA) soluble part of extract by column chromatography furnished seven isoflavonoids, two triterpenoids, one but-2-enolide. The structures of them were established by chemical and spectroscopic means to be lupeol (1), $\beta$-sitosterol (2), biochanin A (3), (-)-tuberosin (4), calycosin (5), daidzein (6), puerarin (7), daidzin (8), (+)-puerol-B 2-O-$\beta$-glucopyranoside (9), formononetin-7-O-$\beta$-glucopyranoside (10). Each isolates ($1{\sim}10$) were evaluated for inhibitory activities on the proliferation of cultured human tumor cell lines such as A549, SK-OV-3, HCT-15 and SK-MEL-2, respectively.

• Journal of KIISE
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.497-508
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• 2016

With a cloud storage service, data owners can easily access their outsourced data in cloud storage on different devices and at different locations, and can share their data with others. However, as the users no longer physically have possession of their outsourced data and the cloud still facing the existence of internal/external threats, the task of checking the data integrity is formidable. Over recent years, numerous schemes have been proposed to ensure data integrity in an untrusted cloud. However, the existing public auditing schemes use a third-party auditor(TPA) to execute high computation to check data integrity and may still face many security threats. In this paper, we first demonstrate that the scheme proposed by Zhang et al. is not secure against our two threat models, and then we propose a self-certified public auditing scheme to eliminate the security threats and guarantee a constant communication cost. Moreover, we prove the securities of our public auditing scheme under three security models.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2020.08a
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• pp.104-104
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• 2020

꼭두서니과 커피속 식물의주요 2차대사산물인 카페인은 커피나무, 카카오, 차나무 등에서 관찰되는 알칼로이드 화합물로 다른 식물의 발아 억제, 살충 기능이 알려져 있다. 인체에 있어 카페인은 각성효과가 있어 수면 장애나 불안을 유발할 수 있으며 섭취를 중단 시 졸음, 두통 등 금단 증상을 나타나기도 한다. 최근 다양한 식물 종과 부위를 이용한 차 문화가 확산되고 있는 바, 본 연구는 시중에서 판매되고 있는 커피 2종류과 녹차 2종류를 비롯하여 꽃차 37종류, 잎차 15종류, 씨앗차 2종류, 열매차 1종류 및 뿌리차 2종류를 대상으로 메탄올 추출 후 gas chromatography-mass spectrometry를 이용하여 카페인 함량에 대한 정성, 정량 분석을 수행하였다. 대조로 사용된 시판 커피 2개사 제품은 각각 1.18 mg/g, 35.94 mg/g의 caffeine 함량을 나타냈으며 시판 녹차 티백 제품 2종은 1.3 mg/g, 3.42 mg/g의 함량을 나타내었다. 조사된 37종의 꽃차 중에는 차나무 꽃차에서만 1.50 mg/g 수준의 caffeine이 검출되었을 뿐 국내 소비가 확대되고 있는 구절초, 국화, 금계국, 금목서, 금어초, 금잔화, 노랑코스모스, 당아욱, 도라지, 동백나무, 뚱딴지, 라벤다, 마리골드(노랑), 마리골드(주황), 매화, 맨드라미, 무궁화, 백목련, 벚나무, 복사나무, 비단향꽃무, 생강나무, 수레국화, 아까시나무, 연꽃, 유채, 작약, 장미, 진달래, 천일홍, 캐모마일, 패랭이꽃, 팬지, 해당화, 홍화, 히비스커스 등 36종에서는 카페인이 검출되지 않았다. 잎차의 경우 레몬그라스, 레몬밤, 로즈마리, 뽕나무, 세인트존스워트, 스테비아, 쑥, 애플민트, 연잎, 적양배추, 조릿대, 차수국, 티트리, 파인애플민트, 페퍼민트 등 평가된 15종류 모두에서 카페인이 검출되지 않았으며, 씨앗차인 펜넬 및 작두콩, 열매차인 진피차, 뿌리차인 자색당근과 비트차에서 역시 카페인이 검출되지 않았다. 이상의 결과에 기초할 때, 시판되는 다양한 식물 종과 부위를 이용한 차의 경우 대부분 caffeine을 함유하지 않음을 알 수 있었다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.95-98
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• 1998

Methanol extracts of 54 plant species in 32 families were tested for their antignawing activities against mice by wire-dipping method. The activity varied with plant species. Potent antignawing activity was observed in extracts from roots of Aucklandia lappa (Compositae), barks of Cinnamomum cassia (Lauraceae), fruits of Illicium verum (Magnoliaeceae), fruits of Piper nigrum (Piperaceae), rhizomes of Rheum officinale (Polygonaceae), and leaves of Pinus densiflora (Pinaceae). As naturally occurring rodent repellents, these plant-derived materials could be useful as a preventive agent against various kinds of damage caused by rodents.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.1-19
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• 2013

This study was carried out to analyze distribution situation of alien plants and to propose management plan in the 3 Folk village in Gyeongsangbuk-do which is Cultural property designated by the State; Hahoe, Yangdong and Hangae. This research is for improve of sincerity of historical site and provide basic information which use about administration of preservation. The results are as follows. 1. Overall flora and alien plants appearance The total flora in the 3 folk villages were listed total 752 taxa including 127 families, 430 genera, 614 species, 5 subspecies, 100 varieties and 33 forms. Among them, woody plants take 263 taxa(35.0%) and herbaceous plants take 489 taxa (65.0%). Flora in the Hahoe, Yangdong and Hangae village were total 534, 479 taxa and 408 taxa and exotic plant index was 30.1%, 38.2% and 37.0% respectively. In types of exotic plants, ornamental exotic plants were 135 taxa, deciduous exotic plants were 21 taxa, cultivating exotic plants were 64 taxa, and naturalized exotic plants were 80 taxa and those result lead that the ornamental exotic plants is the highest ratio. According to the villages, Hahoe village had 161 taxa(30.1%), Yangdong Village had 183 taxa(38.2%), and Hangae village had 151 taxa(37.0%) that Yangdong village showed the most number of exotic plants. 2. Planting of landscape exotic plants in the unit cultural assets Meanwhile, Ornamental exotic plants in old house's gardens in Andong Hahoe village which is designated as a unit assets, those are total 30 taxa; followed by the Okyeon house(8 taxa) is highest and the Yangjindang(7), the Hadong house(6) and the Chunghyodang(5). Magnolia denudata appears the most as for 4 times and Campsis grandiflora etc. each took 2 times. Based on the Yangdong village, Gyeongju, that are found total 51 taxa; followed by the Dugok house(16 taxa) the Sujoldang(14), the Mucheondang(13), and the Sangchunheon (12). High appearance rate of ornamental exotic plants were Viburnum opulus for. hydrangeoides, Lycoris squamigera, Caragagna sinica and Magnolia denudata etc. Based on the Hangae village, Seongju, that are designated total 62 taxa; followed by the Jinsa house(35 taxa), the Gyori house(25), the Hanju head family house(20), and the Hahoe house(16). Taxa with high appearance rates were Caragana sinica, Juniperus chinensis var. horizontalis, Magnolia denudata, Viburnum opulus for. hydrangeoides, Chaenomeles speciosa etc. 3. Problems of exotic plant landscapes in the outer spaces of the folk villages Problems of exotic plant landscapes in the outer spaces of the Hahoe village are as follows. In lower of the Mansongjeong forest, Ambrosia artemisifolia, which are ecosystem disturbance plants designated by the Ministry of Environment, live with high dominance value. This should be have a remove with Sicyos angulatus immediately. In the Nakdong river bed around the Mansongjeong forest is covered with a riparian vegetation forest belt of Robinia pseudoacacia L. forest, Populus nigra var. italic community, and Populus x tomentiglandulosa community colony. Based on the Yangdong village, the planted or naturally distributed Ailanthus altissima colony, sporadically distributed Robinia pseudoacacia as well as Amorpha fruticosa are detected all over the village and ecotones. Based on the Hangae village, Ailanthus altissima and Robinia pseudoacacia are sporadically distributed around the village and there is a sign of spreading. similarity of exotic plantsis 47.0% to 48.6% and a reason why this happened is all of research site in Gyeongsanbuk-do and that is why growth norm of plant is similar, exotic plant which is sales for ornamental and it infer to require related countermeasure of each villages and joint related countermeasure.