• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.161-170
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• 2005

This study was performed to examine immuno-regulatory activities of Ehpedrae Sinica STAPF, Rubus Coreanus Miq. and Angelica gigas Nakai extracts in conbination with ultrasonification. The extract yields of plants were the highest in the extraction system of $60^{\circ}C$ and 40 kHz of ultrasonification. The immune cell growth ratio of human immune B and T cells was increased compared to other fractions by the water fraction of the plants at $60^{\circ}C$ and 40 kHz. The water fractions of the plants at $60^{\circ}C$ and 40 kHz increased the specific secretion of IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ of human immune B and T cells compared to other fractions of the plants. The water fraction of Ehpedrae Sinica STAPF among the plants was observed to show the highest specific secretion of IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$. Also, NK-92 MI cells growth was increased in adding the water fractions of the plants at $60^{\circ}C$ and 40 kHz. The water fraction of Ehpedrae Sinica STAPF among the plants showed the highest in NK-92 MI cell growth ratio. The differentiation activity of the HL-60 cells significantly increased in adding the water fraction of Ehpedrae Sinica STAPF compared to other fractions of the plants. These results suggest that the water fractions of the plants in extraction system of temperature $60^{\circ}C$ and ultrasonification 40 kHz have marked useful immuno-stimulatory activities.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.163-169
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• 2012

We have conducted three experiments to develop a fertilizer-dissolving apparatus used in fertigation or hydroponics cultivation in order to decrease the fertilizer dissolving time and labor input via automation. All of the experiments were conducted twice. In the first experiment, four selected treatments were tested to dissolve fertilizers rapidly. The first treatment was to dissolve fertilizer by spraying water with a submerged water pump, placed in the nutrient solution tank. The water was sprayed onto fertilizer, which is dissolved and filtered through the hemp cloth mounted on the upper part of the nutrient solution tank (Spray). The second treatment was to install a propeller on the bottom of the nutrient solution tank (Propeller). The third treatment was to produce a water stream with a submerged water pump, located at the bottom of the tank (Submerged). Finally, the fourth treatment was to produce an air stream through air pipes with an air compressor located at the bottom of the tank (Airflow). The Spray treatment was found to take the shortest time to dissolve fertilizer, yet it was inconvenient to implement and manage after installation. The Airflow treatment was thought to be the best method in terms of the time to dissolve, labor input, and automation. In the second experiment, Airflow treatment was investigated in more detail. In order to determine the optimal number of air pipe arms and their specification, different versions of 6- and 8-arm air pipe systems were evaluated. The apparatus with 6 arms (Arm-6) that was made of light density polyethylene was determined to be the best system, evaluated on its time to dissolve fertilizer, easiness to use regardless of the lid size of the tank, and easiness to produce and install. In the third experiment, the Submerged and Arm-6 treatments were compared for their dissolving time and economics. Arm-6 treatment decreased the dissolving time by 8 times and proved to be very economic. In addition, dissolving characteristics were investigated for $KNO_3$, $Ca(NO_3)_2{\cdot}4H_2O$, and Fe-EDTA.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 1983

This study was conducted to obtain basic information on the rice anther culture. Materials used were (Inabawase X YR 2404-14-2-1) $F_1$ hybrid. Callus growth rate on various media, induction frequency of callus in spikelet and panicle, and the effect of treatment on anther and callus were evaluated. The results obtained were summarized as follows ; The growth rate of callus on N-6, M-S, P.E.agar media was 19.8, 13.1, 4.1 times respectively after 30 days inoculated, and on liquid media was 3.8, 5.1, 1.4 times, respectively. Organ differentiation on N-6, M-S, P.E.agar media was 37.5%, 12.5%, 17.5% respectively. The difference of induction frequency of callus per panicle was 0.14%-6.25% and per spikelet was 0-19.05%. Almost callus was induced 30-35 days after inoculation. Organ differentiation of induced callus was decreased by culture. Callus cultured for 13 days after induction did not make shoot. Anthers cold shocked at $8^{\circ}C$ for 5 days obtained 3.32% efficiencys of callus induction per number of anthers plated, and compared with 2.41% of no treated anthers. But anther treated at $8^{\circ}C$ for 7 days decreased 2.24%. Callus induction periods were shortened by cold treatment for about 5 days. Callus cultured on medium containing 2 mg/l of 2, 4-D showed 5% on root formation but medium containing 5 mg/l of 2, 4-D showed 30% of root formation after transfered on the medium without 2, 4-D. Callus cold shocked at $15-18^{\circ}C$ revealed poor efficiency for root formation, but 5 days treatment was good for shoot formation.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.201-208
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• 2008

To produce bioactivity-strengthen medicinal herbs, the 36 medicinal herbs which have antioxidation or blood circulation activity, were solid fermented using Phellinus baumii mycelium. Most of medicinal herbs, except Chrysanthemum indicum (flower), Zizyphus jujuba Miller (fructus), Aconitum koreanum R. Raymond (root), Magnolia denu-data (flower), and Polygonatum sibiricum Redt (root bark), showed good fermentation at $25^{\circ}C$ for 20 days under 90% of relative humidity. The poor fermentations of the herbs could be explained by lack of nutrient, structural rigidity, and the content of antifungal substance. After fermentation, the average water content of herbs were increased to $67.21{\pm}11.43%$ from $30.84{\pm}15.67%$, but the average pH and average methanol extraction ratio were slightly decreased to $11.16{\pm}7.06%$ and $4.83{\pm}0.73$ from $13.91{\pm}12.22%$ and $5.06{\pm}0.87$, respectively. The analysis of thrombin inhibition and DPPH scavenging activity of the methanol extracts of herbs showed that thrombin inhibition activities of the fermented Drynaria fortunei Kunze, Melia azedarach var. japonica, Prunus persica and Orostachys japonicus, and DPPH scavenging activities of the fermented Polygala tenuifolia, Scrophularia buergeriana, Angelica dahurica, Drynariafortunei Kunze, Cyperus rotundus, and Boschniakia rossica were increased as compared with those activities of non-fermented its cognate herbs. Our results suggest that the production of bioactivity-strengthen medicinal herbs is possible by solid fermentation of Phellinus baumii mycelium, as fermented Drynaria fortunei Kunze showed increased antioxidant and thrombin inhibitory activities than those of non-fermented herbs.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.975-991
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• 1997

Background : Many patients with isoniazid and rifampin-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis have organisms that are also resistant to other first-line drugs. Despite of aggressive retreatment chemotherapy, the results are often unsuccessful, with a failure rate approaching 40%. Recently, there has been a revival of resectional surgery for the treatment of multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis. Methods : A retrospective analyses of the case records and radiographic findings were done. Between January 1991 and December 1995, 14 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seronegative patients with multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis were selected for resection to supplement chemotherapy. All patients had organisms resistant to many of the first-line drugs, including both isoniazid and rifampin. Results : Despite of aggressive therapy for median duration of 9.5 months, 12 of the 14 patients (86%) were still sputum smear and/or culture positive at the time of surgery. The disease was generally extensive. Although main lesions of the disease including thick-walled cavities were localized in one lung, lesser amounts of contralateral disease were demonstrated in 10 of 14 (71%). Types of surgery performed were pneumonectomy including extrapleural pneumonectomy in six patients, lobectomy or lobectomy plus in six patients, and segmentectomy in two patients. The resected lung appeared to have poor function ; preoperative perfusion lung scan showed only 4.8% of the total perfusion to the resected portion of the lung. There were no operative deaths. Two patients had major postoperative complications including empyema with bronchopleural fistula and prolonged air leak, respectively. Of the 14 patients, 13 (93%) remained sputum-culture-negative for M. tuberculosis for a median duration of 23 months and one remained continuously sputum smear and culture positive for M. tuberculosis. Conclusion : On the basis of comparison with historical controls, adjunctive resectional surgery appears to play a significant beneficial role in the management of patients with multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis if the disease is localized and there are adequate reserve in pulmonary function.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.51 no.spc1
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• pp.125-132
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• 2006

The below is the results of physicochemical analysis of 40 breeding lines of colored barley (CB) whose systems are different Water content of CB No. 24 showed the lowest value of 7.4% while CB No. 9 showed the highest value of 10.8%. Crude protein of CB $9.7{\sim}12.9%$ range was found. Crude fat content of CB No. 6 showed the highest value of 4.35% while CB No. 34 showed the lowest of 1.35%. Crude ash content of CB No. 31 showed the lowest value of 1.20%. Ca content of CB No. 10 showed the highest value of 717.50 mg% while general barley showed the lowest value of 442.82 mg%. Mg content of CB No. 10 showed the highest value of 1320.00 mg%. Cu content of CB No. 20 showed the lowest value of 2.20 mg% while CB No. 33 showed the highest value of 6.25 mg%. K content of CB No. 20 showed the lowest value of 723.24 mg% while CB No. 1 showed the highest value of 1002.50 mg%. Mn content of CB No. 28 showed the lowest value of 31.72 mg% while general barley showed the highest value of 94.56 mg%. ${\beta}-Glucan$ content of CB No. 25 showed the lowest value of 5.20 mg% while CB No. 28 showed the highest value of 4.46 mg%.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.57-66
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• 2017

Traditional Korean fermented herbal plants are potential sources of new food that promote health, but they are still produced by yeast, fungi or bacteria fermentation. In the present work, mushroom (Paecilomyces tenuipes and Cordyceps militaris) fungal dongchunghacho were used to fermented Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fischer (licorice) or mixed with pupa. The pupa were tested as solid substrates for the production of corcycepin, liquiritin, and liquiritigenin. The fermented substrates were analyzed the content of cordycepin, liquiritin, liquiritigenin, and glycirrhizin productivity and inhibitory activity of NO. The cordycepin content of 70% EtOH extract from the fermented mixture of licorice and 50% pupa with C. militaris increased maximum at 33 times. Pupa was very excellent for the production of cordycepin. The liquiritin content was decreased in all the assays inoculated with P. tenuipes and C. militaris dongchunghachos. The liquiritigenin content was higher when fermented with P. tenuipes than C. militaris. The addition of pupa significantly reduced the liquiritin content and glycyrrhizin production. As a result, the liquiritigenin content increased in fermented P. tenuipes and C. militaris, and liquiritin and glycyrrhizin decreased. The inhibition of NO production in the different ethanolic extracts fermented with licorice and pupa was also significantly increased and higher than that of a nonfermented extract in higher polar solvent extracts. The contents of cordycepin and biological active compounds were altered in accordance with the concentration of pupa and fungi. This study provides basic data for use in developing dongchunghacho fungi as a functional food resource.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.281-291
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• 1999

The objective of this study was to optimize the freezing/thawing method of in vitro produced Hanwoo blastocysts. Day 7 blastocysts after IVF were vitrified using EFS40 (40% ethylene glycol, 18% ficoll, 0.3 M sucrose and 10% FBS added m-DPBS) as a freezing solution and electron microscope (EM) grid (V-G) or straw (V-S) as an embryo container. In both method, freezing/thawing were treated by 2-step, treatment time was required in V-G method and V-S method, for 2 min / 3 min and 3.5 min / 10 min, respectively. Embryo survival was assessed as re-expanded and hatched rates at 24 h and 48 h after warming, respectively. The results obtained in these experiments were summarized as follows: when the effect of exposure in vitrification solution and chilling injury from freezing procedure on in vitro produced expanded blastocysts were examined, at 24 h after warming, embryo survival in exposure group (100.0%) was not different compared to that in control group (100.0%), although those results were significantly different with two vitrified groups (V-G: 87.8, V-S: 77.8%) (P＜0.001). However, at 48 h after warming, hatched rates of V-G group (67.8%) were significantly higher than those of V-S group (53.3%) (P＜0.05). In addition, this hatched rate in V-G group was not different with that in exposure group (73.3%). When the effects of embryo developmental stage (early, expanded and early hatching blastocysts) and embryo container (EM grid and straw) to the in vitro survival of vitrified-warmed day 7 Hanwoo blastocysts were simultaneously examined, fast developed embryos were indicated the better resistance to freezing than delayed developed one, irrespective of embryo containers (early; 57.1 ＆ 24.4%, expanded; 84.7 ＆ 60.6%, early hatching; 91.7 ＆ 80.0%) (P＜0.001). Especially, in expanded and early hatching blastocysts, embryo survival of V-G group (67.8, 95.0%) was significantly higher than those of V-S group (53.0, 65.0%) at 48 h post warming, respectively (P＜0.05, P＜0.001). Therefore, this study indicates that Hanwoo blastocysts can be cryopreserved more simple, efficient and successful by vitrification method using EM grid.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.57-62
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• 2006

Several methods for determining the response of corn to glyphosate were investigated to provide a fast and reliable method for identifying glyphosate-resistant corn in vivo. Two bioassays were developed. One assay is named 'whole plant / leaf growth assay', in which the herbicide glyphosate is applied on the upper part of 3rd leaf and the growth of herbicide-untreated 4th leaf is measured at 3 day after treatment. in this assay, the leaf growth of conventional corn was inhibited in a dose dependent from 50 to $1600{\mu}g/mL$ of glyphosate and growth inhibition at $1600{\mu}g/mL$ was 55% of untreated control. The assay has the potential to be used especially in the case that the primary cause of glyphosate resistance is related with a reduction of the herbicide translocation. Another assay is named 'leaf segment / shikimate accumulation assay', in which the four excised leaf segments ($4{\times}4mm$) are placed in each well of a 48-well microtiter plate containing $200{\mu}L$ test solution and the amount of shikimate is determined after incubation for 24 h in continuous light at $25^{\circ}C$. In this assay, 0.33% sucrose added to basic test solution enhanced a shikimate accumulation by 3 to 4 times and the shikimate accumulation was linearly occurred from 2 to $8{\mu}g/mL$ of glyphosate, showing an improved response to the method described by Shaner et al. (2005). The leaf segment / shikimate accumulation assay is simple and robust and has the potential to be used as a high throughput assay in the case that the primary cause of glyphosate resistance is related with EPSPS, target site of the herbicide. Taken together, these two assays would be highly useful to initially select the lines obtained after transformation, to investigate the migration of glyphosate-resistant gene into other weeds and to detect a weedy glyphosate-resistant corn in field.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.221-226
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• 1985

This investigation was undertaken to clarify the effects of consecutive application of insecticide (Hexachlorocyclohexane: HCH, 10 ppm each year) and fungicide (Tetrachloroisophthalonitrile: TPN, 40 ppm each year) on changes of the composition of soil bacterial flora in the experimental plots treated with each pesticide for two years. For these purposes, the isolating of bacterial cells growing on albumin agar plate was carried out with non-treated, HCH-treated and TPN-treated soil. And these isolated strains were grouping in accordance with the first diagnostic table of Cowan & Steel based on the morphological and physiological characteristics of bacterial cells. The mortality rate of bacteria was 30% in control, 44% in HCH and 51% in TPN plot respectively, in the process of obtaining pure culture. This suggests that the application of HCH or TPN enriched the fastidious bacteria in soil. The proportion of Gram-negative strains to the total isolates was 37% in control, 37% in HCH and 75% in TPN plot respectively. This means that the application of TPN enriched Gram-negative strains in soil. And the application of TPN increased the number of Gram-negative, nonspore-forming strains, and meanwhile decreased the number of spore-forming strains. In the results, the application of HCH or TPN changed considerably the composition of soil bacterial flora. And the influences of HCH and TPH on changes of the composition of soil bacterial flora were not equal each to each.