• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.237-254
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• 2011

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the displacement patterns shown by finite element analysis when the maxillary anterior segment was retracted from different orthodontic miniscrew positions and different lengths of lever arms in lingual continuous and segmented arch techniques. Methods: A three dimensional model was produced, the translation of teeth in both models was measured and individual displacement was calculated. Results: When traction was carried out from miniscrews in the palatal slope, lingual tipping of crowns and extrusion of the maxillary anterior segment were found in both continuous and segmented arches as the lever arms were made shorter. With miniscrews in the midpalatal suture area, the displacement patterns were similar to the palatal slope, but bodily movement of the upper incisors was observed in both continuous and segmented arches with the lever arm at 20 mm. When lever arms were longer, there was less extrusion of the incisors and more buccal displacement of the canines. Such displacement was shown less in the continuous arch than the segmented arch. The second premolar showed crown mesial tipping and intrusion, and the molars showed distal tipping in the continuous arch. The posterior segment was displaced three dimensionally in the segmented arch, but the amount of displacement was less than the continuous arch. Conclusions: It is recommended that lever arms of 20 mm in length be used for bodily movement of the anterior segment. Use of continuous or segmented arches affect the displacement patterns and induce differences in the amount of displacement.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.291-305
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• 2015

Microbialites are defined as rocks formed by microbial organisms. After their first appearance around 3.5 billion years ago, microbialites occur in various depositional environments throughout geological periods. Microbial organisms form microbialites by trapping and binding detrital sediments and/or precipitating carbonate cements, resulting in formation of various microstructures and mesostructures. Four major types of microbialites are distinguished based on their mesostructures: stromatolite, thrombolite, dendrolite, and leiolite. In the geological records, occurrences of microbialites are influenced by calcium carbonate saturation of seawater and interaction of microbialites with metazoans. Stromatolites mainly flourished during the Precambrian, and diminished as level of atmospheric carbon dioxide declined. On the other hand, thrombolites, mainly formed by calcified microbes, began to flourish from the Neoproterozoic. As metazoans diversified in the Phanerozoic, proportion of the microbialites within sedimentary record declined. Since then, microbialites only occasionally flourished during the Phanerozoic, such as shortly after mass-extinction events. In the Korean Peninsula, microbialites occur in the Neoproterozoic Sangwon System, the Early Paleozoic Joseon Supergroup, and the Cretaceous Gyeongsang Supergroup, which form different shapes according to their age and depositional environments. By performing detailed studies on these Korean microbialites, it is possible to understand how microbes affected geological records and sedimentary environments, as well as their interaction with other organisms.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.42-50
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• 2008

Purpose: Undertreatment of canter pain, especially due to the differences in the perception of pain between the patients and caregivers, is a well recognized problem. The purpose of this study were to determine if there exist differences in communication about pain intensity scores between patients and their family caregivers in Korea. Methods: A total of 127 patient-family caregiver dyads who have experienced canter pain participated in this study at a hospital in Seoul for six months. The data were obtained by fare to face interview with a structured questionnaire based on Brief Pain Inventory-Korean version and other previous researches. The clinical information for all patients was compiled by reviewing their medical records. Results: Patients' 'worst-pain for 24-hour' and 'right-now-pain' scores estimated by family caregivers were significantly higher than those by patient themselves. The degree of agreement between patients and family caregivers in the estimate of patients' 'worst-pain for 24-hour' intensity categories was 78.7% for 'severe pain', 40% for 'no pain', 27.5% for 'mild pain' and 22.9% for 'moderate pain'. In case of 'right-now-pain' intensity categories, the agreement was 50% for 'severe pain', 47.2% for mild pain, 46.3% for 'no pain', and 26.3% for 'moderate pain'. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that the degree of agreement between patients and family caregivers in the estimate of patients 'pain intensity categories was less than 50% except for 'severe pain'. The results indicate that Korean family caregivers tend to overestimate the canter pain intensity of their caring patients, especially, when a lancer patient has 'moderate' or 'mild pain'. Health Providers are advised to educate patient-family caregiver dyads to use a pain measurement scale to promote their agreement in pain Intensity stores. Further analyses and studies are needed to identify the factors and differences that influence their communication about pain intensity scores between patients and their family caregivers.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.347-353
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• 2002

Dominant rock types of stones used presently for cooking utensils in Korea are pyroxenite, breccia and biotite diorite. Pyroxenite and biotite diorite relatively abundant in mafic minerals have higher specific gravities of 3.0 than breccia of 2.5. Breccia shows the highest absorption (2.9%) among three stones used as cooking utensils and pH value of three stone types shows the alkaline range of 9.7 to 9.9. Among the studied stones used for cooking utensils, biotite diorite is the most durable against abrasion and has the highest strength and therefore, it is expected to be used effectively for the longest time except for other specific causes. Heavy metals such as Cu, Pb, Co, Cr and Ni were leached lower than their detection limit (0.1 ppm) regardless of reaction time and initial pH value of solution. But the leached contents of Fe are various with rock types and leaching conditions and those by acidic solution are generally 1.8 to 31 times higher than those by neutral solution. Breccia and biotite diorite show the highest leached content of Fe in cases of neutral and acidic solutions, respectively. Standard criteria of leached heavy metals and macrominerals should be studied thoroughly to utilize stones for cooking utensils of high quality which are harmless to the human body. Also it is required to examine mon detailed abiochemical properties of various stone types used for cooking utensils.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.529-533
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• 2011

Metallothioneins (MT) are a group of low-molecular weight, cysteine-rich, intracellular proteins that are encoded by a family of genes containing at least 10 functional isoforms in human. The expression and induction of these proteins is associated with protection against DNA damage, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Many studies have shown increased expression of MT in various human tumors, whereas MT is down-regulated in certain tumors such as hepatocellular carcinoma and liver adenocarcinoma. Hence, the expression of MT is not universal to all human tumors but may depend on the differentiation status and proliferative index of tumors, along with other tissue factors and gene mutations. Using Northern blot analysis, we found that laminin induced expression of MT-1 in HSG and PC12 cells, which can be differentiated by laminin, but had no effect on MB-231, MDA-435, and PC-3 cells, which cannot be differentiated by laminin. In addition, we analyzed the expression level of the MT-1 gene in five prostate cancer cell lines possessing different metastatic potential. The expression of MT-1 in normal and less malignant cells (RWPE-1 and WPE1-NA22) was high and up-regulated by laminin, whereas the expression of MT-1 in WPE1-NB14, WPE1-NB11, and WPE1-NB26 cells (malignant) was extremely low and not elevated by laminin. These results suggest that the MT-1 gene is involved in laminin-mediated differentiation and affects the metastatic potential of tumor cells.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.94 no.1 s.158
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• pp.39-44
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• 2005

An effective micropropagation system for Liriodendron tulipifera L via somatic embryogenesis was established using immature seeds. Immature seeds from five individual trees were bisected longitudinally and cultured on two basal media (MS and B5) containing different combinations of 2,4-D and TDZ to induce callus and embryogenic tissue under light ($40{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$, 16 hr/day) or complete darkness at $25{\pm}2^{\circ}C$. There was no distinctive difference on callus and embryogenic tissue induction between the two basal media with PGRs. Optimum culture medium appeared to be MS medium supplemented with 1.0mg/L 2,4-D and 0.01mg/L TDZ plus 3% sucrose. Nonembryogenic callus induction rate was not significantly different among the genotypes. However, However, the embryogenic callus induction frequency differed greatly by the genotypes ranging from 55% to 72% when cultured in the dark. Generally, the cultures maintained in the dark tended to show normal somatic embryo development as well as embryogenic tissue formation and this was confirmed by histological examination. Above results suggest that a proper selection of mother tree and dark culture condition are necessary to optimize somatic embryogenesis system of Liriodendron tulipifera.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.111-118
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• 2015

In summary, the rutin metabolite DHT significantly reduced EGF-induced neoplastic transformation in JB6 P+ cells. This inhibition was mediated mainly by blocking the Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway and subsequent suppression of AP-1 activities. DHT attenuated Raf-1 kinase activity by directly binding to Raf-1 in vitro and ex vivo. Taken together, these results suggest that Raf-1 may be a critical molecular target to suppress DHT-induced neoplastic transformation, which is mainly attributable to the chemopreventive potential of several foods containing rutin.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.305-310
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• 2001

The effect of low dose ${\gamma}$-radiation on the callus growth of Lithospermum erythrorhizon S. cultured on different medium and lighting condition was investigated. The 8 Gy irradiation stimulated callus growth on LS medium supplemented with BA 2 mg/L and NAA 2 mg/L, however, the growth of callus was more effective on LS medium supplemented with BA 1 mg/L and NAA 1 mg/L under 16 hrs day light. And on the LS medium containing IAA 0.2 mg/L, 16 Gy irradiation increased the callus growth by supplement with kinetin 2 mg/1 and the effect of kinetin was higher than BA at same concentration. The growth of callus was more vigorous on LS medium than MS medium in general. On M-9 medium, the growth of callus was poor regardless lighting conditions, however, by ${\gamma}$-ray irradiation of 16 Gy or 30 Gy, callus growth rates were increased by 30% or more than 30%, especially, under 16 hrs day light condition.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.357-367
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• 2017

The study investigated information about the effects of message framing on colorectal cancer(CRC) screening related health beliefs and compliance with the CRC screening test within the theoretical framework of the prospect theory and the Health belief model (HBM). This study was using a non-randomized controlled quasi-experimental design. One hundred and sixty-four in the industrial workers who were currently nonadherent to guidelines for receiving screening were assigned to one of three experimental conditions: (a) gain-framed message, (b) loss-framed message, and (c) general-framed message. CRC screening-related health beliefs was self-reported after the intervention. And the immunoassay Fecal Occult Blood Test (iFOBT) kit was collected at 1 week. The research finding were analyzed by $x^2$ test and one-way ANOVA using SPSS 21.0. The loss-framed message group had higher perceived susceptibility, severity and benefit than the gain-framed message and general message. The participation rate for the immunoassay Fecal Occult Blood Test(iFOBT) was highest in the loss-framed message group. The loss framed messages more effective to enhance screening behavior. The present results provide a theoretical basis for developing educational guidelines for CRC testing and could be used for performing comprehensive approach by predicting and suggesting the practical effects according to message type in advance.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.615-623
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• 2010

Seismic refraction survey is a geophysical method that delineates subsurface velocity structure using direct wave and critically refracted wave. The generalized reciprocal method(GRM) is an inversion technique which uses travel-time data from several forward and reverse shots and which can provide the geometry of irregular inclined refractors and structures underlain by hidden layer such as low velocity zone and thin layer. In this study, a simple Excel-GRM routine was tested for fast mapping of the interface between weathering layer and bedrock during the survey, with employing a pair of forward and reverse shots. This routine was proved to control the maximum dip of approximately $30^{\circ}C$ and maximum velocity contrast of 0.6, based on the panel tests in terms of dipping angle and velocity contrast for the two-layer inclined models. In contrast with conventional operation of five to seven shots with sufficient offset distance and indoor data analysis thereafter, this routine was performed in the field shortly after data acquisition. Depth to the bedrock provided by Excel-GRM, during the field survey for Cheongju granite area, correlates well with the elevation of the surface of soft rock from the drill core and SPS logging data. This cost-effective routine developed for quickly delineating the bedrock surface in the field survey will be readily applicable to mapping of weathering zone in narrow zone with small variation of elevation of bedrock.