• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.11
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• pp.1173-1178
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to isolate an agar-degrading marine bacterium and characterize its agarase. Bacterium BK-1, from Gwanganri Beach at Busan, Korea, was isolated on Marine 2216 agar medium and identified as Agarivorans sp. BK-1 by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The extracellular agarase, characterized after dialysis of culture broth, showed maximum activity at pH 6.0 and $50^{\circ}C$ in 20 mM Tris-HCl buffer. Relative activities at 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and $70^{\circ}C$ were 67, 93, 97, 100, 58, and 52%, respectively. Relative activities at pH 5, 6, 7, and 8 were 59, 100, 95, and 91%, respectively. More than 90% of the activity remained after a 2 hr exposure to 20, 30, or $40^{\circ}C$; about 60% of the activity remained after a 2 hr exposure to $50^{\circ}C$. Almost all activity was lost after exposure to 60 or $70^{\circ}C$ for 30 min. Zymography revealed three agarases with molecular weights of 110, 90, and 55 kDa. Agarose was degraded to neoagarobiose (46.8%), neoagarotetraose (39.7%), and neoagarohexaose (13.5%), confirming the agarase of Agarivorans sp. BK-1 as a ${\beta}$-agarase. The neoagarooligosaccharides generated by this agarase could be used for moisturizing, bacterial growth inhibition, skin whitening, food treatments, cosmetics, and delaying starch degradation.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.357-362
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• 2023

This report looks at an agar-degrading marine bacterium and characterization of its agarase. Agar-degrading marine bacterium JS-1 was isolated with Marine agar 2216 media from seawater from the seashore of Sojuk-do, Changwon in Gyeongnam Province, Korea. The agar-degrading bacterium was named as Agarivorans sp. JS-1 by phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The extracellular agarase was prepared from the culture media of Agarivorans sp. JS-1 and used for characterization. Relative activities at 20℃, 30℃, 35℃, 40℃, 45℃, 50℃, 55℃, and 60℃ were 70%, 74%, 78%, 83%, 87%, 100%, 74%, and 66%, respectively. Relative activities at pH 5, 6, 7, and 8 were 91%, 100%, 90%, and 89%, respectively. Its extracellular agarase showed maximum activity (207 units/l) at pH 6.0 and 50℃ in 20 mM Tris-HCl buffer. The residual activity after heat treatment at 20℃, 30℃, and 50℃ for 30 minutes was 90%, 70%, and 50% or more, respectively. After a 2-hour heat treatment at 20℃, 30℃, 35℃, 40℃, and 45℃, the residual activity was 80%, 68%, 65%, 63%, and 57%, respectively. At 50℃ and above, after heat treatment for 30 minutes, the residual activity was below 60%. Thin layer chromatography analysis suggested that Agarivorans sp. JS-1 produces extracellular β-agarases as they hydrolyze agarose to produce neoagarooligosaccharides such as neoagarohexaose (20.6%), neoagarotetraose (58.5%), and neoagarobiose (20.9%). Agarivorans sp. JS-1 and its thermotolerant β-agarase would be useful in the production of neoagarooligosaccharides, showing functional activity such as inhibition of bacterial growth and delay of starch degradation.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.5 no.4 s.20
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• pp.288-294
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• 2005

Purpose: Superficially spreading (SS) early gastric cancer (EGC) is characterized by wide horizontal extension without deep vertical invasion. It is a relatively rare form of EGC, and it's clinicopathological (C-P) characteristics are not evident. This study aimed to clarify their C-P characteristics. Materials and Methods: We defined SS EGC as invading less than the submucosal layer that measured more than 60 mm in diameter or wider than $5{\times}5cm \;(25cm^2)$ in width. The C-P characteristics and prognosis were compared between 69 patients with SS EGC and 319 patients with the common type EGC (EGC except SS type). Results: For SS EGC lymph node metastases, Lauren's diffuse type, lymphatic invasion were significantly higher than in common type EGC. In patients with SS EGC, all of the metastatic lymph nodes were anatomically distributed within the paragastric region, with fewer along the left gastric artery and common hepatic artery. In 6 cases of SS EGC with resection marqins less than 10 mm, there was no death during the follow-up period (4 to 13 years after operation) if margins were not involved. Age (>58 yrs), tumor site (upper 1/3), lymph node metastasis, submucosal invasion were statistically significant poor prognostic factor in univariate survival analysis. In multivariate survival analysis, age and lymph node metastasis were independent prognostic factors. However, tumor diameter or width was not a significant prognostic factor. Conclusion: Although SS EGC has histologically distinct properties, gastrectomy with free surgical margins and appropriate lymph node dissection $(D1+{\beta})$ could be a suitable treatment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.572-580
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• 2017

The contents of phenolic compounds in water and 40% ethanol extracts from Okkwang (Castanea crenata) chestnut bur solid (OCS) were $11.24{\mu}g/50{\mu}g$ solid and $10.28{\mu}g/50{\mu}g$ solid, respectively. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline- 6-sulfonic acid) radical decolorization activities of water and ethanol extracts were 85% and 100% as well as 87% and 86% at a solid content of $50{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. The anti-oxidant protection factors (PFs) of water and ethanol extracts at a solid content of $200{\mu}g/mL$ were 1.22 PF and 1.45 PF, respectively. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance were 83% in water extract and 73% in ethanol extract at a solid content of $200{\mu}g/mL$. The inhibitory activities against xanthine oxidase in water and ethanol extracts were 54% and 43% at a solid content of $200{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. The inhibitory activities against ${\alpha}$-glucosidase were 95% in water extract and 96% in ethanol extract at a solid content of $50{\mu}g/mL$. Tyrosinase inhibitory activity was 27% in ethanol extract at a solid content of $200{\mu}g/mL$. The collagenase and elastase inhibitory activities as anti-wrinkle effect were 93% and 11% in water extract as well as 94% and 56% in ethanol extract at a solid content of $200{\mu}g/mL$. Hyaluronidase inhibitory activity as anti-inflammatory effect of water and ethanol extracts were 96% and 52% at a solid content of $200{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. The results show that extracts from OCS can be used as a functional resource with antioxidant, anti-gout, carbohydrate degradation inhibitory, whitening, anti-wrinkle, and anti-inflammatory activities.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2017

Cimicifuge dahurica (C. dahurica), Coptis chinensis (C. chinensis) and Phellodendri amurense (P. amurense) extracts has an detoxification effect and Magnol obovata bark (M. obovata) extracts has an antibacterial effect in oriental medicine. This study investigated the possibility of the extract mixture as a functional cosmetic ingredient by mixing C. dahurica, C. chinensis, P. amurense and M. obovata extracts. MTT assay was carried out for toxicity test and DPPH/ABTS experiments for antioxidant effects of the extract mixture. Results show that the extract mixture was safer and antioxidant effects in a dose-dependent manner than single extract of the mixture. The mixture effectively inhibited NO (nitric oxide) production, which indicate good efficacy for anti-inflammation. The mixture also protected UVB-induced cell damage and increased type 1 pro-collagen synthesis in fibroblast. In addition, it's treatment inhibited the melanin synthesis and tyrosinase activity by lowering expression of MITF, tyrosinase and TRPs in B16F10 melanoma cell. These results suggest that medicinal herbal extract mixture may be useful as a functional ingredient for anti-aging and skin whitening cosmetic formula.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.318-324
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• 2017

This study was performed to improve the antioxidant and skin-whitening activities of 70% ethanol extract from Sesamum indicum L. (SIL). The electron-donating ability of the SIL extract was 71.7% at a concentration of $1,000{\mu}g/ml$. The whitening effects that was measured by tyrosinase inhibition assay. As a result, SIL extract was shown 42% at $1,000{\mu}g/ml$ concentration. The cell toxicity on B16F10 melanoma cells of SIL of 70% ethanol extract showed 84.3% at $1,000{\mu}g/ml$ concentration. The microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase relate protein-1 (TRP-1), tyrosinase relate protein-2 (TRP-2) and Tyrosinase protein and mRNA expression inhibitory effect of SIL extract were measured by western blot and reverse transcription- polymerase chain reaction (PCR) at 50, 250, $500{\mu}g/ml$ concentration. Consequently, the MITF, TRP-1, TRP-2, Tyrosinase protein expression inhibitory effect of SIL extract was decreased by 68.3%, 39.2%, 89.7%, 22.3%, respectively, at $500{\mu}g/ml$ concentration. Moreover, MITF, TRP-1, TRP-2, Tyrosinase mRNA expression inhibitory effect by reverse-transcription-PCR of SIL extract was decreased by 81.8%, 66.5%, 84.2%, 68.1%, respectively, at $500{\mu}g/ml$ concentration. Therefore, we excellently identified the antioxidant activities and whitening effect of SIL extract, and this finding suggested that SIL extract has great potential as a cosmetic ingredients.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.29-32
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• 2004

Inhibition of the early N-glycosylation process in the endoplasmic reticulum prevents the activation of tyrosinase, a key enzyme for melanin biosynthesis. This work aims at evaluating the increased activity of N-glycosylation inhibitors in vitro b, employing a nano-sized pH-sensitive liposome as a delivery carrier. Melexsome, a pH-sensitive nano carrier loaded with glycosylation inhibitos, was prepared by the hydration method with phospholipids and cholresterol-based amphiphiles. Inhibitory effects of Melexsome on the N-glycosylation process were evaluated by EndoH ＆ PNGaseF digestion and the western blotting. Melanin synthesis was also monitored after treatment with Melexsome Interestingly, Melexsome effectively increased the efficacy of N-glycosylation inhibitors. Melexsome was also much more efficiently translocated into the cytoplasm as observed in CLSM. These results demonstrated that the amphiphilic lipid-based pH-sensitive nano-carriers could be, used as an efficient delivery system for N-glycosylation inhibitor to enhance the effects of skin whitening cosmetics.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.696-700
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• 2008

The objective of this study was to investigate the genotoxicological safety and biological functions of octadeca-9,12-dienyl-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate (GA-LA) in cream-based emulsion for future application as a functional cosmetic material as well as food. GA-LA was synthesized chemically from gallic acid and linoleic acid. The Ames test showed that GA-LA did not have mutagenical toxicity. The control cream-based emulsion containing GA-LA was prepared by commercial method and tested for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and inhibition effect against tyrosinase of the emulsions were tested for the evaluation of antioxidative and skin-whitening activities. The results showed that DPPH radical scavenging activity in the cream-based emulsion containing GA-LA was higher (52.65%) than that of the control (4.30%). The FRAP value of the sample was 12.85%, however, no activity was found in control. The inhibition effect of tyrosinase showed also a higher value (26.29%) when compared to the control. The results indicate that GA-LA, which showed superior antioxidative and skin-whitening activities in cream-based emulsion, is a useful functional material applicable in cosmetic products as well as food.

• Proceedings of the KGS Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.49-53
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• 2002

국토의 효율적 이용과 여가공간의 개발에 있어서 산악지형의 개발 잠재력은 무궁무진하다고 볼 수 있다. 그간에 산악지형의 개발은 관광자원으로서의 활용이라는 견지에서 무분별한 개발과 자연환경 훼손을 방치해왔던 것이 사실이다. 산악지형의 관광자원 활용은 그 범위에 있어서나 방법에 있어서 매우 다양한 방식을 채택할 수 있다. 한국의 산이 보유하고 있는 자연경관과 문화유적이 접목된 명산사찰을 활용한 문화관광, 자연자원의 보존과 경제 개발, 도시민의 위락 여가공간 제공이라는 세 가지 목적을 동시에 충족시킬 수 있는 산악형 자연공원, 동계스포츠 활동을 위한 스키리조트의 개발과 이용, 마지막으로 산악지형의 경제 발전을 위한 대체산업 육성이라는 취지 하에 등장한 산지 카지노리조트 등 사회, 문화, 경제, 보건, 오락 등 산지는 그 효용성을 날로 더해가고 있다. 산은 더 이상 인간과 격리된 공간이 아니라, 인간의 생활 공간이자 휴식공간이며, 다양한 여가행위를 위한 공간이다. 유럽 등 구미 관광 선진국에서는 이미 산악지형 고유의 경제적, 사회적 중요성에 입각하여 공간의 효율적인 정비를 통해 합목적적이고 친환경적인 산악형 리조트 건설을 통해 지속적인 개발을 추진하고 있으며, 개발에 일부제약이 뒤따르기는 하지만, 관광개발을 위해서 환경보존을 필수적인 조건으로 인식하고 있다. 다시 말하면 관광개발과 환경보존은 불가분의 관계에 놓여있다는 것이다. 따라서 산이 우리에게 가져다주는 이로운 점을 생각할 때 인간의 지나친 개발욕구와 몰지각한 자원활용을 위한 관점에서 산을 보아서는 아니될 것이다. 산을 개발하고 정비하여 관광자원으로 활용할 때보다 친환경적인 시각으로 접근해야 하며, 우리의 산이 우리에게 돌려줄 것을 생각하기 보다 우리가 산에게 해주어야 할 것이 무엇인지를 먼저 생각한다면, 산은 우리에게 경제적 이득과 함께 우리의 여가생활을 위한 최적공간으로 다가설 것이다(요약 및 결론에서 발췌)는pocyanidin C-1-3'-3" -3.'S _0-trigallate는 100rM에서 70%의 강한 저해효과를 나타냈으며,epigallocatechin-(4$\beta$$\longrightarrow$8)-epigallo-catechin-(4$\beta$$\longrightarrow$8)-catechin는 51%의 저해효과를 나타내었다. 산업적응용을 위해 분획한 폴리페놀군은 미백효과 검증실험인 tyrosinase 저해율 측정평가에서 폴리페놀 함량이 가장 높은 Fraction 111의 경우 Sooppm에서 74.2%의 높은 저해율을 나타내었다. 항산화력 실험에서는500pw1이상에서 강한 활성능을 보인 SOD 유사활성능을 제외한 나머지 DPPH와 xanthine oxidase 저해효과에서는 Fraction II와III 모두가50ppm이상에서 80% 이상의 높은 유리라디칼 소거능력을 나타내었다. 그리고 각 Fraction별 항균력 측정 결과 Fraction 르와 111이 우수하게 나타났고 항균활성은 그람음성균보다 그람양성균에서 효과적이었으며, 농도별 항균력시험 결과 농도가 증가할수록 비례하여 저해율도 증가함을 알 수 있었다. 첨가농도를 달리하여 미생물의 생육도를 측정한 결과, fraction II磎꼭\ulcorner경우 그람양성균에 대해 500 ppm 이상에서 뚜렷한 증식억제효과를 나타내었다.서 뚜렷한 증식억제효과를 나타내었다.min/+}$계 수컷 이형접합체 형질전환 마우스에 AIN-76A 정제사료만을 투여한 대조군은 1.40$\pm$0.24(100%)에 비하여 I3C 저농도 투여 실험군(Group 1; 0.85$\pm$0.23; 61%, P<0.01), 그리고 I3C 고농도 투여 실험군(Group 2 ; 1.32$\pm$0.2

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.6 s.86
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• pp.816-821
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• 2007

This study was carried out to investigate the whitening effect of mycelial culture broth of P. japonica in the mulberry leaf extract. The culture broth inhibited melanin synthesis in vitro in the concentration dependent manner of 10 to 50%. The mulberry leaf extract itself has a cytotoxicity to the mouse melanoma cell, B16BL6 with the value of IC$_{50}$ of 7% concentration. But the culture broth of P. japonica in the mulberry leaf extract did not show any cytotoxicity up to 50%. Therefore, we concluded the mycelial culture broth of P. japonica in the extract of mulberry leaf can be used as a whitening cosmetic resource.