• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.129-141
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• 2015

The mentoring program, conducted as part of an entrepreneurship education program by the Business Incubator, has been acknowledged to help entrepreneurs feel less anxious and fearful of embarking on new business endeavors and the possibility of failure and gain a positive view toward starting new businesses. For this reason, the investment into and the contents of the program have been reinforced. Accordingly, this study aims to examine the effects of mentoring functions on the improvement of the entrepreneurial mindset of young entrepreneurs and verify the moderating effect of the start-up preparation period between the mentoring functions and start-up competence as a means to analyze the interaction effect of the business start-up preparation period between the mentoring functions and entrepreneurship. For the purpose of this study, the SPSS 18.0 statistical program was used to perform validity, reliability and hierarchical factor analyses of the survey data obtained from 156 subjects, who took part in the entrepreneurship mentoring program. The results of the analyses showed that the mentoring functions had a positive impact on the progressiveness and risk-taking aspects of entrepreneurship and a negative impact on innovativeness. On the other hand, the business start-up preparation period had a significant moderating effect between the mentoring functions and the progressiveness and risk-taking aspects. Based on these results, it was deemed that while the mentoring functions efficiently improved the progressive and risk-taking characteristics of potential entrepreneurs, they were not efficient in improving their innovativeness. Also, the application of the entrepreneurship mentoring program according to the start-up preparation period had an interaction effect in which the progressiveness and risking-taking aspects of entrepreneurship were improved. Based on these findings, a proposal was made in regard to the development of a tailored mentoring program that reflects the various characteristics of the entrepreneurs and their start-up preparation periods as a means to improve their entrepreneurial mindset.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.13-35
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• 2020

Startup accelerators are a new type of investors providing a certain amount of shares for imparting education, mentoring, networking, and providing space and seed money that can directly resolve the difficulties faced by nascent entrepreneurs (Clarysse, 2016). Startup accelerators have expanded worldwide as their influence over the startup ecosystem has increasingly been established (Pauwels et al., 2016; Cohen & Hochberg, 2014). This study was conducted to derive investment determinants of startup accelerators that are emerging as major investment players around the world. To this end, the accelerator-type determinants of investment were derived. As previous research on this topic is nonexistent, this process involved qualitative meta-synthesis, literature reviews, observation, and in-depth interviews. First, more than 30 research papers were examined for the determinants of investment for firms at an early stage of their foundation, and the categories and determinants of investment in the relevant studies were comparatively analyzed using qualitative meta-synthesis. Further, related data were investigated to identify the characteristics of accelerators, and the startup evaluation process of US accelerators was studied. The more than 100 questions raised during this process were coded to examine the determinants of investment that accelerators considered important. In-depth interviews were conducted with four US accelerators to identify the characteristics of accelerators and key determinants of investment. Ultimately, 5 categories of accelerator-type determinants of investment and 26 subordinate determinants of investment were derived. The results were verified and supplemented by consulting with seven accelerators in Korea. The results were confirmed after pilot tests and verification by seven domestic accelerators. After confirming the accelerator-type determinants, the reliability of them was verified by examining the importance and priority of each category through the quantitative survey of Korean accelerators. The research that elicited the accelerator-type investment determinants is the first research and is expected to be a major reference to the progress of subsequent studies. This research that systematically derived the investment determinants of the accelerator is expected to make major contributions to the progress of follow-up studies, the process of selecting startups, and the investment decision-making process of the accelerators.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.245-259
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• 2020

The development of technology and the advent of a non-face-to-face society are expected to have a direct impact on job problems. In line with this phenomenon, the government and education and training institutions are coping with job problems through the start-up support policy while at the same time inducing the creation of innovative companies. In particular, youth start-up support can be expected not only to compensate for market failures, but also to promote high-growth start-ups. Based on this background of research, this study examined the competency of young entrepreneurs to start their own businesses, their entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and their impact on success and satisfaction of start-ups. Based on the theoretical research, the research theory and research model were derived by setting entrepreneurial self-efficacy as a mediating variable after reviewing the relation between the main elements of start-up competency of young start-up entrepreneurs and start-up performance. The Youth Entrepreneurship Competency was divided into four categories: Entrepreneurial Competencies, Technical Competencies, Management Competencies, and Creative Competencies, and the hypothesis was that each had a significant impact on the start-up performance through the mediating effect of entrepreneurial self-efficacy. A survey was conducted on young entrepreneurs in their 20s and 30s in Korea for empirical research, and the analysis results were as follows. First of all, the competency of young entrepreneurs to start their own businesses affects the success of start-ups and the satisfaction of start-ups. There are differences in the competencies, and both technical and management competencies can be seen through the entrepreneurial self-efficacy to enhance the success of start-ups and the satisfaction of start-ups. Entrepreneurial competency was fully mediated to start-up success and partially mediated to start-up satisfaction. In the case of creative competency, there were only direct effects on successful start-ups, and the satisfaction of start-ups showed partial mediating effects. Thus, seven of the eight detailed hypotheses were supported and one was rejected. Based on the above findings, the implications were presented.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.197-209
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• 2018

Recently, many start-up failures occur as the number of attempts to start a business increases in a social atmosphere that encourages start-up. In particular, young entrepreneurs have a lower survival rate than general entrepreneurs because young entrepreneurs are challenging just with a simple idea to overcome the difficulties of employment while lacking prior knowledge and experience of business. Therefore, the reason for the failure of start-up is lack of preparation for start-up and lack of entrepreneurship. The purpose of this study is to develop a measurement tool to build a basic framework for entrepreneurship development and start - up preparation activities for young people. To develop an entrepreneurship measurement tool, researchers developed a preliminary question through qualitative research methods such as literature research, focus group interview, and expert verification. After that, researchers surveyed 102 entrepreneurs using quantitative research method and to verify the construct validity of the measurement tool, the final entrepreneurship measurement tool was completed through exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. The entrepreneurship measurement tool developed through this research process consists of 7 components and 15 measurement items. First, in the step of 'confirming entrepreneurial intention', two items of 'self-analytic competence', three items of 'ability of establishing start-up philosophy'are contained. Second, in the step of 'drawing up a start-up model', two items are contained in each category such as, 'ability of eliciting entrepreneurial idea,' 'ability of analyzing idea validity,' 'competence of planning a venture start-up model'. Third, in the step of 'planning the venture start-up,' two items are contained in each category such as, 'business-plan presentation competency,' 'ability of implementing organizational system.'. The measurement tool of entrepreneurship is meaningful as it could help young entrepreneur find out their lacking competence in preparing their start-ups and strengthen necessary competences by measuring their own entrepreneurship. Rather in the entrepreneurship education, basic data that can diagnose the entrepreneurship of young entrepreneurs is provided.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.223-231
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• 2020

Governments and private companies have established various local entrepreneurial infrastructure institutions in most regions in order to reduce youth unemployment, and boost youth entrepreneurship and regional employment. However, previous studies has been limited to explore the impact of the entrepreneurial infrastructure institutions on the willingness of start-up entrepreneurs. Thus, the main purpose of this study is to fill in the gaps of the research, identify the effect of the entrepreneurial infrastructure institutions on regional employment focusing on the Partner Squares which are entrepreneurial infrastructure institutions in several regions and established by N company, and set a foundation for further research regarding the effectiveness of the entrepreneurial infrastructure institutions. In order to verify the effectiveness of the Partner Squares on the local employment, we use the raw data of the Economically Active Population Survey (Statistics Korea) and analyze the effectiveness by using the Difference-in-Differences model. The main findings are as follows. While the Partner Square Seoul has not statistically influenced on the employment of local youth workers, the Partner Square Busan has increased about 3% of the average number of employees (575 thousand) from May 2017 to July 2019, increasing the number of local youth workers by 17,000. Also, after the establishment of the Partner Square Gwangju, the institution has increased 4,500 local employees, which is about 1.7% of the average number of employees (267,000) from September 2018 to July 2019. This implies that the Partner Squares provide a variety of effective start-up education programs and networks for pre-starters and founders in the region, thereby helping them to grow and boosting the local employment. An important implication is that by using government statistical data, we find roles of entrepreneurial infrastructure institutions to revitalize local economy and employment. In future studies, studies need to be conducted considering various exogenous variables that can affect local employment, such as the government industrial policies and entrepreneurial infrastructure institutions other than the Partner Squares.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• 제41권6호
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• pp.796-806
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate dietary attitude, and nutritional knowledge of middle school students in Gwangju and examine their perception and utilization of food labeling systems. The total and mean dietary attitude scores were 75 and 49.47, respectively. The total and mean nutrition knowledge scores were 15 and 10.88, respectively. Girls showed significantly higher nutrition knowledge than boys (p<0.01). Overall, 62.9% of respondents checked food labeling, and there were significant differences in dietary attitudes among groups that did and did not checking labeling (p<0.001), with higher dietary attitude being associated with checking the label. Moreover, higher nutritional knowledge was associated with checking the food label. Individuals who checked the food label considered the expiration date (54.9%), product name (14.4%) and price (10.2%). The main reasons for checking food labeling were (in descending order) to confirm the expiration date (61.6%), determine the ingredients and nutritional information, learn how to store the product, and compare the price and weight with other products. The overall satisfaction with the food labeling system was 16.20 out of 30, and significant differences (p<0.001) were observed among individuals with high, moderate and low dietary attitudes, as indicated by satisfaction scores of 17.54, 16.32 and 14.86, respectively. Individuals with high, moderate and low dietary attitudes had nutritional knowledge scores of 15.79, 16.08, and 17.08 respectively. The overall score for understanding nutrition labeling was 4.71 out of 7, and the understanding differed significantly among groups (p<0.01), with those with moderate food attitudes having the highest score.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• 통권28호
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• pp.209-233
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• 2012

The animation cluster in Korea has begun as a part of the local cultural cluster in the late 1990s with components of companies, local governments, educational institutions, and human resources, which were necessary to run the cluster. And, the animation cluster was initiated for the purpose of encouraging regional economies, but the basic unit was the local on a small scale. Because of this inherent weakness in the local cluster, it was needed to add some additional strategies that could expand the local animation industry into the formal leading industry. That is why the development policy was set up, and the local promotion agency based on this policy was established. It has been several years to manage the local promotion agency, and it is reported that there have been some visible effects. But, it is found out that analyzing the outcome of small unit cluster on the basis of existing criteria on a large scale is not reliable, which means it is not possible to evaluate the outcome of local cluster in a material way. Some examples of problems are as follows. First, the local cluster was made not autonomously but deliberately. Second, the animation cluster of each province has the same market as its target. Therefore, this research - on the basis of the diamond model - focuses on analyzing the existence and role of local promotion agencies rather than evaluating the outcome itself. Through the cases of two provincial cities, Chuncheon and Bucheon, this research examines if it is possible to evaluate the outcome of local clusters managed by promotion agencies.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.457-479
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• 2013

Through a Chinese rise, Chinese dream is actualizing as the world's great power. According to outlook of World Bank and IMF, Around 2030 China will be a great power bigger than America's economic power. The rise of China will give a huge impact to the whole world. China expands her influence through a global manufacturing base and a global market. To actualize 'Peaceful Rise' Strategy, China has many constraints. Chinese society is facing many difficult social problem due to side effects of a rapid development. Such as the spread of corruption, the severity of wealth gap, environmental degradation and energy shortage. Internationally there are containment from hegemon so-called 'China threat' dispute, Taiwan issue and territorial disputes. Western countries are hostile to China for two reasons. Based on expectations, one is China's socialist system and the other is the rising China which will compete for supremacy with Europe and America. Recent emergence of Chinese nationalism and the containment of the neighboring countries are also serious limiting factors. Domestically they have the rampant corruption in the bureaucracy, weakened capacity of Communist rule, wealth disparity due to the discriminatory economic development strategy, seriousness of rural problem, social instability, lack of social security systems and the development gap between the eastern coastal areas and western inland areas, ethnic minorities problems, the constraint of sustainable development issues due to lack of resources, environmental pollution and energy constraints. Like the former Soviet Union, China may face a dismantlement. After the rise, China may encounter possibilities of a war between great powers or a collapse of Chinese society caused by deepening internal conflict. Serious economic polarization would make peasants and urban workers, who are social vulnerable people, to turn their back to communist party and threaten the justification and the appropriateness of the ruling communist party. Chinese government will think internal system security threat is more formidable risk factor than a system security threat from the hegemon. The decline of great country comes from internal reasons rather than external reasons. To achieve peaceful rise, unification with Taiwan is an essential prerequisite. Taiwan issues are complex problems which equipped with international and domestic factors. Lack of energy resources, environmental pollution in China will bring economic crisis to Korean enterprises. Important influence to Korean economy will be a changeover of the method in economic development. It will turn the balance of investment and consumption, GDP-centered growth to consumption and environment-centered growth. Services industries including finance, environment, culture, education, health care and social welfare will grow. Change in China's growth model will give a great challenge upon the intermediate goods industry in Korea. Korea should reduce the portion of machinery, automotive, semiconductor, steel and chemical-centered export industry to China, and should increase the proportion of the service industry.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.189-204
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• 2013

Today, politics, economy and technique in the world are rapidly changed. To respond to these changes public institutions as well as government and corporate try to change themselves and to adapt these situation and environment. Total payroll costs system which is one of critical methods to adapt changing world began to introduce in 2004 for public services in Korea. After exhibition and enforcement, all education administration in Korea adopted this system in 2013. This study focus on how total payroll costs system can be successfully controled and utilized, and who this system increase organizational effectiveness and efficacy in public services. Organizational members' effort, perspective, attitude and behavior are most important factors for organizational change and new option. Organizational change and adaptation always involve members' change and adaptation, so this study emphasizes on members' perspective and attitude on total payroll costs system. As a result, distribution justice, procedure justice, and receptivity about total payroll costs system are related to organizational performance such as job satisfaction and organizational commitment. This means organizational members' perspective(distribution justice and procedure justice) and attitude(receptivity) are most crucial factors for effectiveness and efficacy of total payroll costs system. Furthermore with distribution justice, procedure justice and receptivity, total payroll costs system would increase members' job satisfaction and organizational commitment. To sum up, members' perspective and attitude are most important factors for change, thus for success of total payroll costs system, we should understand how people are critical, especially their distribution justice, procedure justice, and receptivity; and also how total payroll costs system are valuable system; and how we can control and handle this system.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.47-58
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• 2019

This paper is brought to analyze an impact of coaching activities over entrepreneur with respect to entrepreneurs' personal characteristics on the performance of Startups focusing on entrepreneur's awareness conversion effect. In particular, the situation of falling focus of serious startup failure on uncoachable obstinate entrepreneur among the several causes of startup failures, this paper define the research mission of reducing this risk by inducing coaching types of cooperations between senior entrepreneur having serial successful startup experiences and beginning entrepreneur. This paper carry out literature reviews chiefly on startup coaching researches rather than mentoring studies because coaching stressing on self-oriented problem defining and solving by entrepreneur actively tend to be more effective than mentoring relying on mentor's guideline passively as solving startup's main upcoming problems. This paper implement four related researches. First, the impact analysis of entrepreneur's personal characteristics on coaching activities, second, influences of entrepreneurs environmental factors on them, Third, impact of coaching activities on entrepreneur's awareness conversion effect, Fourth, how strongly this conversion effect contributing on the performance of startup. As results of empirical research, first, this paper prove that entrepreneur's environmental factors impact positively on coaching activities over entrepreneur although failing on validating on significant impact of entrepreneur's personal characteristics on coaching activities. Second, this paper prove that coaching activities positively influence on entrepreneur's awareness conversion, hence ultimately positively on the performance of startups. As conclusion, this paper validate that coaching activities over entrepreneur through inducing on the conversion of entrepreneur's awareness lead entrepreneur to setting the bar high and accountable planning of business milestone. This paper contribute on delivering policy implication that government initiatin action-oriented training program for entrepreneurs should accept the module of coaching session to produce more effective results.