• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.17-40
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• 1994

스웨덴의 펄프 제지산업을 대상으로 관찰해 보면 대부분의 기업은 허가된 수준보다는 덜 오염시키고 있다. 이를 설명하기 위하여 우리는 환경 부하(waste load)가 확률적이라는 가정에 의존하는 접근법을 제안하였다. 동 모델에 따르면 기업은 너무 높은 기대벌금을 회피하기 위하여 평균적으로 허용된 수준보다는 덜 오염시키는 것이 이윤을 가짐을 알 수 있다. 그 이유는 허가된 수준과 기대된 환경 부하의 차이가 제한규정을 위반하지 않는 확률을 증가시키기 때문이다. 우리의 이론으로부터 나타나는 또 다른 결과는 규제의 변화가 기업의 이윤과 환경에 주는 영향은 대부분의 경우에 적발되는 확률, 지불하는 벌금 수준 그리고 불확실성을 가능한한 줄이기 위해 드는 비용에 대한 기업의 인식에 달려 있다는 것이다. 오염배출의 확률분포에서 분산을 감소시키는데 드는 비용이 계획된 배출량을 감소시키는 데 드는 비용에 비해서 적다면, 기업은 오염 배출을 증가시키는 것이 이득이 됨을 발견할 것이며, 분산을 감소시킴으로서 규제준수 확률을 증가시킬 것이다. 우리는 동 산업에서 허가시스템이 기업들에게 영향을 미쳐왔다는 것을 실증분석을 통해 발견하였다. 더구나, 비표백 펄프와 쇄목 펄프를 생산하는 기업은 표백 펄프를 생산하는 기업보다 허가된 배출수준의 변화에 더 민감한 것처럼 보임을 발견하였다.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.538-543
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• 2014

It is investigated that that the physical properties of Glutathione layer formed on gold surfaces may make an effect on the distribution of either gold particle adsorbed to the $ZrO_2$ surface or vice versa with the adjustment of the electrostatic interactions. For the investigation, the atomic force microscope (AFM) was used to measure the surface forces between the surfaces as a function of the salt concentration and pH value. The forces were quantitatively analyzed with the Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory to estimate the surface potential and charge density of the surfaces for each condition of salt concentration and pH value. The estimated-value dependence on the salt concentration was described with the law of mass action, and the pH dependence was explained with the ionizable groups on the surface. The salt concentration dependence of the surface properties, found from the measurement at pH 4 and 8, was consistent with the prediction from the law. It was found that the Glutathione layer had higher values for the surface charge densities and potentials than the zirconium dioxide surfaces at pH 4 and 8, which may be attributed to the ionized-functional-groups of the Glutathione layer.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.379-384
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• 2012

It is investigated that that the physical properties of Glutathione layer formed on gold surfaces may make an effect on the distribution of either gold particle adsorbed to the $TiO_2$ surface or vice versa with the adjustment of the electrostatic interactions. For the investigation, the atomic force microscope (AFM) was used to measure the surface forces between the surfaces as a function of the salt concentration and pH value. With the Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory, the forces were quantitatively analyzed to acquire the surface potential and charge density of the surfaces for each salt concentration and each pH value. The surface potential and charge density dependence on the salt concentration was described with the law of mass action, and the pH dependence was explained with the ionizable groups on the surface. The salt concentration dependence of the surface properties, found from the measurement at pH 8 and 11, was consistent with the prediction from the law. It was found that the Glutathione layer had higher values for the surface charge densities and potentials than the titanium dioxide surfaces at pH 8 and 11, which may be attributed to the ionized-functional-groups of the Glutathione layer.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.9-15
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• 2000

The 3 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$-thick PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) thin film have been prepared using physical vapor deposition with electric field, and its FT-IR spectrum, dielectric property and electric conduction phenomenon have been investigated. Since the characteristic peaks are detected at 509.45 ［$cm^{-1}$ /］ and 1273.6 ［$cm^{-1}$ /］in the FT-IR spectrum, we are confirmed that the $\beta$ -phase is dominant in the PVDF thin film. In the results of dielectric properties, the PVDF thin film shows anomalous dispersion, i.e. gradual decrease of dielectric constant with increase of frequency, and also that the dielectric absorption point changes from 200 Hz to 7000 Hz with increasing temperature of thin film, which is consistent with the Debye's theory. The activation energy ( $\Delta$H) obtained from temperature dependence of dielectric loss is 21.64 ㎉/mole. We confirm that the electric conduction mechanism of PVDF thin film is dominated by ionic conduction by investigating the dependence of the leakage current of the thin film on the temperature and the electric field.

• The Southeast Asian review
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.277-311
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• 2013

한류에 대한 기존 언론보도 및 연구 경향은 다음과 같이 요약된다. 중국 일본 및 서구에서의 한류 현상에 대한 편중된 관심과 한류 분석틀로서 문화근접성 이론에 대한 지나친 의존이다. 이러한 상황은 한류 현상에 대한 객관적인 인식과 경험적인 분석을 방해하고 있다. 이러한 문제의식에 기초한 본 연구는 동남아시아, 특히 싱가포르의 한류 현상에 대한 분석을 통해 보다 객관적이고 다각화된 한류 연구를 모색한다. 지리적으로 동남아시아에 위치하고 있지만 문화적으로 동북아시아적 요소를 포괄하고 있는 싱가포르는 아시아 내 초국적 대중문화 교통을 연구하는 데 있어 전략적으로 중요한 공간이다. 본 논문은 싱가포르의 한국 대중문화 수용자들에 대한 포커스그룹 인터뷰, 문헌조사와 참여관찰을 통해 한류 형성의 이유 및 한류 팬덤이라는 문화적 실천이 갖는 의미를 탐구한다. 수용자에 대한 분석은 그가 배치된 싱가포르 미디어 구조에 대한 역사적, 기술적, 정치경제적 맥락화를 통해 보다 체계화된다. 본 연구를 통해 동남아시아에서 발견되고 있는 "외래문화 수용의 진부화"(banalization of foreign cultural reception)라는 상황이 동남아시아 내 한류 전개에 중요한 영향을 끼쳤으며, 동남아시아 미디어산업의 저개발 상황이 한국 대중문화 수용에 우호적 조건으로 작용했음을 확인할 수 있었다. 마지막으로, 연구자는 동아시아 내 문화교통의 연속성 (continuum of cultural traffic within East Asia) 안에 한류 연구를 배치할 것을 제시한다.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.655-668
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• 1994

Conventional deodorization filters using soil and compost reach the capacity limitation of deodorization in short period, because its removal mechanism primarily depends on adsorption. Therefore, in this study the experiment was performed on the removal of ammonia which is a strong inorganic malodor, frequently emitted from night soil treatment plants and sewage treatment plants, by seeding activated sludges on the bio-peat containing higher organic contents, water conservation capacity, permeability and lower pressure drop. As a result, in raw peat filter natural ammonia outlet was observed in consequence of pH increase resulted from ammonia ionizing in liquid phase. Ammonia removal mechanism primarily depended on the adsorption onto the anion colloidal substances in peat. In peat bio-filter, theoretical ammonium salts ratio was higher than that of raw peat, resulted from slight pH increase by microorganism activity, however, the experimetal value of ammonia-nitrogen accumulated in bio-peat was lower than that of raw peat because of nitrification by nitrifying bacteria. In the initial reaction period, adsorption was predominant in the ammonia removal mechanism, but nitrification was conspicuous after the middle period. Mass balance of nitrogen was established using experimental data of input $NH_3$ loading, output $NH_3$ loading, $NH_4{^+}$-N, $NO_x$-N, and Org-N. The critical time of unsteady state, which is the maximum activating point of microorganism in bio-filter, was determined using experimental data, and the ammonia adsorption curve was computed using regression analysis. On the basis of the results obtained by above analysis, the delay days for the saturation of adsoption capacity in peat bio-filter was calculated.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.267-302
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• 2013

In recent years, partnership has become a central strategy for welfare provision worldwide. Particularly, civil society organisations have obtained considerable attention as the most accountable and democratic partner for public welfare delivery. Yet the mainstreaming of civil society into welfare policies challenges the conventional nature of civil society as an independent sector, and brings into critical question, how the political position of the civil society sector could be redefined in the new era of multi-sectoral partnership. The purpose of this study is to explore the current debates of state-civil society partnership and to propose three theoretical viewpoints (i.e. the mainstream, critical and alternative perspectives) regarding the role of the civil society sector in partnership. In doing so, this article introduces the key literature and scholars in partnership debates and provides analytical frameworks that researchers can use in examining state-civil society partnership cases.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.122-129
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• 2008

Ferroelectric properties of the PMT-PT were also studied from the temperature dependence of hysteresis loops using a method slightly modified from Sawyer-Tower's. Dielectric, pyroelectric and piezoelectric properties of the ceramics in the system PMT-PT were investigated. The resulted densities of the PMT-PT ceramics system were greater than 97 % of the theoretical value. As observed SEM micrograph of the fracture surfaces of the PMT-PT ceramics system, the average grain sizes were increased about 3-5 ${\mu}m$ to 6-8 ${\mu}m$ with increasing sintering temperature. The specimens with PT<0.30 for PMT-PT solid solution system exhibited the dielectric and pyroelectric properties of a typical relaxor ferroelectrics. The composition with the maximum dielectric constant exhibits relatively superior pyroelectric and piezoelectric properties.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.229-240
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• 1999

The groundwater flow and grout flow in individual rock joint and jointed rock mass are studied using various methods of analysis such as (i) the finite difference method, (ii) channel network analysis and (iii) joint network analysis. The flow behaviour is investigated in two distinguishable scales of observation: one for a rough joint of a laboratory scale having variable aperture, and the other for field- scale rock masses having three sets of intermittent joints. In the former case, the aperture-dependent channel flow is identified for both water and grout flows. The comparison of the flow rate in a rough joint is made between the finite difference analysis and existing analytical solution. In the latter case, the effects of increasing number of joints on the groundwater inflow into a circular opening of various diameters are analyzed using both the joint network method and Goodman's analytic solution. Comparisons are made between the two methods. The boundary effects in the joint network method are discussed. The inhomogeneity of joint network and its impacts on the groundwater inflow are also discussed.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.721-738
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• 2018

Nature of Science(NOS) has been a well-organized focus of science education and one of the key elements in defining and cultivating scientific literacy for more than a century. In recent years, a specific description of NOS, which is often known as 'the consensus view of NOS', has become very influential and has gained ready acceptance as an arrangement for both curriculum building and research into understanding of NOS by students and teachers in many countries around the world. This study has two purposes; one is to review some debates and criticism on the consensus view of NOS which consists of a list of sentences to describe nature of refined and general science, which have been heated up for the last few years by many prominent science education researchers, and the other is to consider alternative perspectives on NOS for the purpose of a new direction of NOS education. As a result of an investigation into such views as 'Teaching about NOS', 'Critical NOS', 'Critical Thinking-NOS', 'Whole Science', 'Features of Science' and 'Reconceptualized Family Resemblance Approach to NOS', some implications which focus on the generality and plurality of content knowledge of NOS based on current philosophy of science and sociology of scientific knowledge are suggested for the improvement of teaching and learning NOS.