• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.427-440
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• 2000

A comparative study was made about health resources, medical care service statistics and public health service statistics by health subcenters at Jangdong and Jangpyung townships, Jangheung County, Chollanamdo before and after the unification of two health subcenter to improve their function. 1. While two general physicians, one dentist, 4 nurse aids arid one oral hygienist were working at two health subcenters with simple facility with examination room and public health office in 1997 prior to the unification, in 1999 after the unification of two health subcenters 14 staff including a specialist physician, a general physician, a dentist, a herb hygienist, a radiology technician and a physical therapist were working in the new health subcenters equipped with appropriate facilities in two storey building. 2. In 1997 before the unification the yearly total income of two health subcenters was 78,815 thousand won(about 14,000 won per capita) and the amount was 140,376 thousand won(about 25,000 won per capita) in 1999 after the unification. And the income was used for operation of health subcenters excluding personnel expense. 3. While 90.5% of visitors to the health subcenters came for general medical care, and 91.6% came for the revisit before the unification, after the unification 71.2% came for general medical care, 10.8% for dental care, 16.5% for oriental physician's care, 29.7% for the first visit and 70.3% for revisit. Most common problem cared for was musculoskeletal disorder like arthralgia. Average treatment cost per person per month was 9,363 won before the unification and 8,309 won after the unification. 4. Through the comparison of execution rate of public health services before and after the unification. the practice rate of most health service among target population including visiting service for chronic illness, maternal and child health service and immunization service increased after the unification. The practice rate of tuberculosis control service, hypertension control and diabetes management was a little decreased. In conclusion, continuous effort to satisfy all persons in two townships and evaluation are necessary to coincide with the spirit of unification of two health subcenters.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.154-169
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• 2009

Korea is famous for a number of stone pagodas. In particular, it is noticeable that the stone pagodas came after wooden pagodas in all the Kingdoms of Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla. Since the advent of wooden pagodas, it was during the latter half period of Three Kingdoms(especially, in the early Seventh century) that the first stone pagoda appeared at Mireuksa Temple site in imitation of the wooden ones. Now that no one can deny that Korean stone pagodas have developed, imitating the wooden pagodas. It is also obvious that the Stone Pagoda at Mireuksa site is the prototype of Korean stone pagodas. However, this study casts doubt on the theory that the stone pagodas in the Silla Kingdom originated not from the wooden pagodas, but from the brick pagodas, whereas the stone pagodas in Baekje Kingdom which has been said to come from the wooden ones. The fact that the temples and pagodas in both Baekje and Silla were erected by the same builders and technicians is one of the evidences supporting the assertion of the study. This study, accordingly, examines on the origin of the Silla pagodas by supposing the two genealogies. The first one can be summarized in chronological order as follows: starting from wooden pagodas, Stone Pagoda at Mireuksa site, Stone Pagoda at Jungrimsa site, Stone Pagoda at Gameunsa site, and Stone Pagoda at Goseonsa site. The second one, on the other hand, runs as follows: starting from bick pagodas, Stone Pagoda at Bunhwangsa, Uiseong Tapri five-storied Stone Pagoda, Seonsan Jukjang-ri five-storied Stone Pagoda, and Seonsan Naksan-ri three-storied Stone Pagoda in order. As the above genealogies show, the origin of the stone pagodas has been an controversy, especially because of the two different points of view: the one is that the roof-supporting strata(Okgaesuk-Bachim) originated from the brick structure and the ancient tomb ceiling of Goguryeo Kingdom, and the other is that the strata is a sort of the simplified design of the wooden roof structure. This study, however, takes note of the difference in length of the strata between the brick pagodas and the stone pagodas; the former stretches out its strata longer than the latter. Consequently, the study points out that the roof-supporting strata of the stone pagodas is originally a sort of modification of the wooden roof structure.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.519-529
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• 2024

Vehicle toll discounts on private roads are categorized into two types: non-sunset and sunset. Sunset types refer to provisions in which all or part of a law loses its effect upon a specific legislator-set deadline. Vehicles eligible for 'sunset' discounts include cargo vehicles operating late at night and eco-friendly vehicles powered by electricity or hydrogen. Korean government has subsidized all reduced toll fees for vehicles classified as non-sunset types on private roads to operators, but no subsidies have been provided for toll reductions on sunset vehicles. The rapid increase in electric hydrogen vehicles escalates the burden of reduced toll revenue on private road operators. This study analyzed traffic volume and toll reduction data from eight private road operators nationwide as of the end of 2023 to propose the necessity and method of supporting sunset-type toll reduction subsidies. In 2022, the subsidy for non-sunset types amounted to 87.5 billion won, or 18.6 % of total traffic revenue. The toll exemption and reduction ratio under the concession agreement ranged from 4.0 % to 5.65 % of total traffic volume for each operator. Although the proportion of vehicles exempted from sunset traffic increased from 0.85 % in 2017 to 2.79 % in 2022, the reduction amount ratio reached 4.2 % (KRW 25.5 billion) of total traffic revenue in 2022. The escalating number of registered eco-friendly vehicles is gradually causing operating profit losses on private roads. In alignment with the government's policy to expand eco-friendly vehicles, it is imperative to consider including vehicles eligible for toll reductions listed under the sunset category for subsidy payments. The study established a minimum ratio for toll reduction assistance at 4.0 %, agreed upon between the road authorities and private operators. Three policy alternatives were proposed to ensure preservation of amounts exceeding this threshold for sustaining adequate toll revenue for private road operators.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.601-610
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• 2018

Since the building construction works are repeated vertically in a limited space, there is not a great need for the location information of each activity in the schedule management. On the other hand, civil engineering works such as road and railway projects consist of a large number of earthworks, long bridges, and long tunnels. These types of work should be controlled in a horizontal space according to the linear axis of several tens of kilometers. In other words, since most of the activities are managed in the unit of distance from the start point to the end point, it is possible to improve the efficiency of the schedule management by linking the location information of the activity with the schedule data in the schedule management system. This study presents a methodology for creating a linear schedule chart specific to a project with horizontal work space and compares the convenience with the existing Gantt chart. In addition, the methodology of linking linear schedule chart to the 4D CAD system, which is a typical BIM technology in the construction phase, is presented to improve the usability of BIM. The practical applicability of the proposed methodology was verified statistically.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.61-70
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• 2016

Construction enterprises have performed various projects such as buildings, infrastructure and plant projects in the international market. Among these, the plant project's amount of orders accounted for about 68.9% of all. However, because of the enterprises won a contract with a low-budget for plant project in the last 10 years, the profit has dropped dramatically. And it is forecasted that there are extreme competition for bid award of plant projects because of the current falling oil prices and raising interest rates. In this circumstance, the comprehending of enterprises strength and weakness must be a priority to get a sustainable competitive advantage. Therefore this research suggests the enterprises's capability assessment framework and it is in order to diagnose the korean construction enterprises capabilities. The framework is based on the VRIO model that is on the basis of resource based theory. First, the capability assessment indices and their importance and priority that based on the life-cycle of plant project is deducted by literature review and survey. Second, the 5 point likert score applied VRIO survey is conducted to diagnose the enterprises and quantified the survey result using the fuzzy theory. Lastly, the competitvie implication and capability assessment are deducted.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.135-144
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• 2002

An experiment was conducted to evaluate a ventilation system, which was devised to encourage farmers to use the enclosed growing and finishing pig housing system. A roof-air-entry ventilation system in winter and a side-wall-air-entry system in summer were evaluated. Air flow rate on the floor level which is the low part of pen and the living area of pigs in the enclosed growing and finishing pig house during winter was measured at 0 to 0.19 m/s at the minimum ventilation efficiency of 1,440 $m^{3}/h$. During summer the air flow rate was detected at 0.07 to 0.42 m/s at the maximum ventilation efficiency of 24,000 $m^{3}/h$. Therefore, it is concluded that the side-wall ventilation system is suitable for growing and finishing pigs in the enclosed house during the days of mid-summer and the roof-ventilation system was suitable during the coldest days of mid-winter. In addition, although the enclosed pig house has the system in which air exhausts through only one side wall, air should enter through both-side walls for the better ventilation performance.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.310-315
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• 2017

Although studies evaluating the effects of the blasting vibration on the adjacent structures from various angles have continued, cases of securing the safety of the adjacent buildings and researching the proper blasting method for the field condition by analyzing the vibration waveform of the measuring field while performing the open pit blasting are poor. Therefore, it is necessary to present a remedy for blasting pattern selection through test blasting that is appropriate for field conditions, and is economical and efficient. In this study, open pit blasting work was conducted based on the separation distance applied according to the standard blasting method by test blasting and the vibration regulation standard in the road expansion construction site to measure the blasting vibration value, and the vibration prediction equation by blasting methods was examined using a regression analysis computer program to calculate K, N, and R of the confidence level 95%. By setting the blasting allowed vibration standard of the test blasting target area to 0.3cm/sec, and the charring weight and blasting method by the separation distances according to the blasting vibration estimation equation of the open pit blasting guideline and the blasting vibration estimation equation of the test blasting were compared/analyzed, it was possible to identify the factors that increased the working expenses. In addition, the measurement and analysis of the adjacent structures during open pit blasting and the blasting vibration were performed after selecting the most adjacent structure to the open pit blasting spot to analyze the problems on the test blasting procedure and analysis method in the open pit blasting design/construction guidelines, which appeared in the process of completing open pit blasting construction, and a remedy is presented.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.927-936
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• 2016

This research aims to analyze the effect of different types of urban parks and their locational characteristics on the apartment price in the entire metropolitan area of Busan, Korea. Although an urban park is an environmental good that influences the surroundings in many ways, most of the previous studies have underestimated its impact on the value of the surrounding area. This research focuses on the economic value of urban parks by understanding their relationship with the value of the apartments in the surrounding area with its significance in their physical and objective characteristics. Furthermore, the research emphasizes the different typological characteristics of urban parks in the analysis. In summary of the result, the number of levels (stories) and units of the apartment complex, ranking of the contractor, age of a park and accessibility to sub-central are positively related to the price of apartment units. On the other hand, the total area of apartment complex, the age of apartments, the distance to the nearest park and accessibility to civic-central or regional district are negatively related to the price of apartment units. Having a plan for constructing a park is also positively related to the price. For the typological characters of a park, neighborhood park, small-sized park, and sports park are positively related to the price, while children's park is negatively related to the price of apartment units. Considering that the price increases as the distance to the nearest park decreases, people prefer to live near the benefits that urban parks provide. In order to maximize the value and benefits that parks provide, it is necessary to approach them creatively.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.7 no.1 s.29
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• pp.138-147
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• 2006

Construction companies have been interested in the construction duration which importantly affects the performance and the success of the construction projects in accordance with the systemic changes such as five days per week system, introduction of construction duration reduction bidding system and post sale system nowadays. It is also very important to estimate and forecast properly the construction duration as the construction companies compete for the projects in the situation of construction market reduction and the lowest bidding system. Recognizing the importance about the construction duration, the researches about comparing and analyzing or estiamting the construction duration have been performed. However, comparing studies about the construction duraion have been limited to the apartment and office building in domestic area. Many studies about forecasting construction duration have been performed through stochastic analysis and simulations. Little research has been addressed the comparison analysis of the real construction duration about the mix-use building and officetel building which occured according to the changes of the building requirements. Therefore, the objective of this study is to compare and analyze the real construction duration and the hypothetical construction duration about the mix-use building and officetel building of the domestic companies. Moreover, we select the most competitve construction company to get the strengths and analyze the competitive advatages of the construction companies about construction duration.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.38-46
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• 2013

Permanent water supply and water sprinkling systems are essential to protect major forests and facilities from forest fire. Back in 2005, Naksan Temple, a valuable cultural asset of Korea, was burned down in a forest fire that took place in Yangyang. This started a series of movements including installing water supply facilities and managing forests near important cultural assets. As for the existing facilities, however, they were installed without any standard guidelines for management and installation according to each constructor's specifications, which were based on the National Fire Safety Code 109. Unfortunately, this is not effective in protecting facilities from forest fires such as they have a small protection area, limited simultaneous sprinkling, and a difficult the movement of fire hose. Against this background, the study examines the condition of water supply facilities currently in use, identifies their deficiencies, and suggests how to improve the criteria for water supply service to effectively prevent forest fire. Specifically, three systems were proposed: Water Sprinkler Tower System for preventing spread of crown fires, and Forest Fire Hydrant System and Portable Water Spray System to be effective for suppressing surface fires. In addition, the standards on the performance and components of water pumps are also suggested.