• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.31 no.3 s.62
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• pp.424-439
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• 1998

Urinary cadmium is used as a sensitive indicator for internal Cd dose, and increased excretion of $N-acetyl-\beta-D-glucosaminidase(NAG)$, $\beta_2-microglobulin(MG)$ and total protein are useful indices for renal dysfunction by chronic exposure to Cd. The target group was 184 inhabitant(82 men and 102 women) in an abandoned mine area known as exposure to low level Cd. The control group was took 160 individuals(64 men and 96 women) in Cd not-exposed area. Urinary Cd concentration was significantly higher in the target group than the control. The geometric mean of urinary Cd for male was $2.56{\mu}g/\ell,\;2.80{\mu}g/g$ creatinine and $2.50{\mu}g/S.G.$ in the target group and $1.19{\mu}g/\ell,\;1.36{\mu}g/g$ creatinine and $1.17{\mu}g/S.G.$ in the control. For female $2.69{\mu}g/\ell,\;3.94{\mu}g/g$ creatinine and $2.63{\mu}g/S.G.$ in the target group and $1.27{\mu}g/\ell,\;1.97{\mu}g/g$ creatinine and $1.25{\mu}g/S.G.$ in the control, respectively. In addition, urinary Cd of the target group had affected by the period of residence and dietary habit for the rice and the vegetables from the target area. These findings suggest the chronic exposure to Cd of the target population. Mean excretion of urinary NAG, $\beta_2-MG$ and total protein were not significant between two groups. In the target group, urinary NAG activity and total protein were significantly correlated with urinary Cd, but $\beta_2-MG$ was not related. Urinary excretion of NAG, $\beta_2-MG$ and total protein were significantly increased in $10\leqq$ than in <2 of urinary Cd level. In $2\sim10$ group of urinary Cd level, the excretion of NAG significantly increased while not showed for $\beta_2-MG$. In present study, urinary excretion of NAG was relatively sensitive than $\beta_2-MG$ in chronic exposure population to low level Cd.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.167-182
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• 2005

Objectives: This study was performed to investigate the prevalence of knee osteoarthritis according to the criteria of diagnosing knee osteoarthritis in rural women and the factors related with this disease. Methods: The data obtained from 200 women older than 40 years of age residing in 5 Ri's in Goryeong-gun. Gyeongsanbuk-do by random cluster sampling from September to October 2002. Knee osteoarthritis was determined positive according to the Kellgren and Lawrence classification and knee pain. Results: Among these subjects, 71.0% showed more than grade 2 in radiologic finding and the rate of knee pain according to the survey was 67.0%. The rate of subjects meeting the criteria of knee osteoarthritis was 54.0%. According to univariate analysis, the prevalence of knee osteoarthritis increased with age and those farming people and people working in household industry was significantly high at 58.9% compared with others. The prevalence of knee osteoarthritis showed a significant relationship with the family history and past history of knee injury and knee surgery(p<0.01), and diabetes mellitus(p<0.05). The score of ADL was significantly different in the subjects with knee osteoarthritis compared with normal group(p<0.05). When the presence of knee osteoarthritis and the period of the life style of seating down on the floor were compared, a significant difference was present between the osteoarthritis group and normal group. As for metabolic factors, the blood sugar level, bone density, and body mass index(BMI) were significantly different in the osteoarthritis group compared with normal group. When multiple logistic regression analysis was performed with the presence of knee osteoarthritis as the dependent variable, the prevalence of knee osteoarthritis was significantly affected by older age, subjects farming or working in household industry, the history of knee injury, the history of surgery, higher blood sugar level, and higher BMI. Conclusions: These subjects need an intervention through self-care programs such as exercise for preventing osteoarthritis, weight control programs, other exercise programs strengthening knee joints, and guidelines when working in vinyl houses.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.7
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• pp.1049-1055
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• 2010

This study investigated the status of mixed grain diet by 68 people with diabetes living in Jeollabuk-do and performed sensory evaluation of different composition of mixed grains to improve the sensory characteristics based on the investigation. BMI of all subjects were measured and found that 61.7% were overweight. 94.1% of them ate mixed grains and females ate more mixed grains than males (p<0.05). Most males and females answered that they ate mixed grains for their health. Females added more mixed grains than males (p<0.01). More females (47.1%) than males said they would continue to eat mixed grains (p<0.05). 59% of them said they had eaten mixed grains for more than 3 years. 46.0% of them said they purchased mixed grains at a small mart near their houses. The mostly added grain to rice was black soybean (76.5%). RMGD-50 is composed of six mixed grains excluding nonglutinous rice and has the mixing rate of 50%. RMGD-40 has the mixing rate of 40%. Sensory evaluation was performed and RMGD-50 got lower score ($3.33{\pm}0.68$, $3.50{\pm}0.81$) than RMGD-40 in the appearances and color. RMGD-40 with Control 1 that includes more glutinous grains and Control 2 that is polished rice were compared. RMGD-40 got lower score than Control 1 in its appearances, smell and color, although there wasn't a meaningful difference. For the people with diabetes who are accustomed to mixed grains, the polished rice got the lowest score in moisture amount, gumminess and overall taste ($3.26{\pm}0.82$, $3.48{\pm}0.85$, $3.19{\pm}0.70$). It showed meaningful difference from RMGD-40 and Control 1 (p<0.01). Consequently people with diabetes preferred mixed grains that include more glutinous grains that have lower mixed ratio. So it is necessary to educate the people with diabetes about eating grains for better blood sugar management. Continual study and development of mixed grains that can help people with diabetes to control their blood sugar are necessary.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.12-22
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• 2012

Objectives: This study aimed to compare the nutritional risk, health status and depression levels of young-old (65-74 years) and old-old (75-84 years) women on low-income. Methods: A total of 624 elderly women, each over 65 years of age, participated in this study under the auspices of a community social center. Data were collected from June to August 2011 by means of personal interviews which employed questionnaires. The research tools used in this study were the nutritional risk measuring Mini Nutritional Assesment (MNA) by Kim (2000), perceived health status developed by Lawton et al. (1982), Elderly Depression Criterion developed by Sheikh & Yesavage (1985). The collected data were analyzed using the SPSS WIN 12.0 Program. Results: Nutritional risk, perceived health status and depression levels showed a significant difference between young-old and old-old. There was a positive correlation between nutritional risk and depression and a negative correlation between nutritional risk and perceived health status. A 38.2% variance in depression levels of young-old and a 29.7% variance in depression levels of old-old were explained by perceived health status, nutritional risk and the number of people living together. Conclusion: The findings demonstrate variances in depression levels among low - income women differing in age. As a result, the outcomes of this study ought to be employed in the development of future programs aimed at promoting the health of elderly women.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.370-382
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• 2010

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the level of health promoting behaviors and the significant factors in rural elderly(young-old vs old-old). Methods: The data was collected using structured questionnaires from June 22th to Sep. 18th, 2009. A total of 556 elderly aged 65 years or over were selected from 14 rural districts in C province, South Korea. Age was divided into two groups as below 65-74 and 75 or older. A structured questionnaire was used to obtain information on the demographic characteristics, their perceived health status, the difficulty of activities of daily living, quality of life, self-efficacy and health promoting behaviors. The health promoting behaviors included nutrition, stress management, interpersonal support, exercise, health responsibility and self-actualization. The scores for health promoting behaviors were used mean and standard deviation. The data was analyzed using SPSS Win 12.0. Results: Of the 556 subjects, we found that the young-old(65-74 aged) were 359 and the old-old elderly(over 75 aged) were 197. We found that the level of health promoting behavior was higher for young-old ($2.75{\pm}0.374$) compared to old-old elderly people ($2.67{\pm}0.399$). In multiple linear regression, quality of life, self-efficacy, living with spouse, and number of generation living together for the young-old, and quality of life for old-old elderly were significantly associated with health promoting behaviors. Conclusions: The study findings indicate that there are age differences in associated factor of health promoting behaviors. Therefore our findings may provide useful assistance in developing effective intervention programs to improve health promoting behavior of the elderly in rural areas according to their age differences.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.28-35
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• 2009

Introduction: Human attachment is known to be closely associated with psychophysiological phenomenon. However, there have not been enough researches on the relationship of the attachment with sleep, especially with insomnia. The objective of the present study was to investigate the relationship between adult attachment styles and insomnia in community-dwelling population. Methods: One hundred seventy seven community-dwelling adults (74 males and 103 females；mean age $41.23{\pm}8.44$) participated in the current study. To assess the attachment styles (secure, dismissing, preoccupied and fearful), self-reporting Relationship Style Questionnaires (RSQ) were completed by the participants. Presence, type, frequency and duration of insomnia in the last month were also investigated. Results: Compared to subjects without insomnia, subjects with insomnia had higher fearful attachment scores (t=2.87, p=0.005). Higher fearful attachment score were found in all subtypes of insomnia (sleep-onset insomnia, t=2.33, p=0.021；maintenance insomnia, t=2.92, p=0.004；terminal insomnia, t=2.89, p=0.004). Subjects with frequent (${\ge}3$ per week) insomnia had higher fearful attachment scores than subjects with infrequent (${\le}2$ per week) insomnia (t=2.57, p=0.012). In addition, subjects with chronic insomnia (${\ge}6$ months) had higher preoccupied attachment scores relative to subjects with transient insomnia (<6 months), (t=2.57, p=0.012). Conclusion: In the current study, attachment styles were different depending on the characteristics of insomnia. The fearful attachment was associated with the presence of insomnia, while the preoccupied attachment was associated with the chronicity of insomnia. These findings suggest that there may be some relationship between the adult attachment styles and the clinical features of insomnia.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.339-348
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• 2004

This study was peformed to assess the relationships among bone mineral density (BMD), Physiological characteristics and lifestyle factors in 61 premenopausal working women aged 30∼49 y in Busan. The BMDs of the lumbar spines (Ll∼L4), femoral necks (FN), ward's triangles (WT) and trochanters (TC) were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Data for physiological characteristics and physical activity was assessed by questionnaire and usual intakes of coffee, green tea, alcohol, Coca cola by food frequency questionnaire. The BMDs of L14, FN, WT and TC were 1.02 g/$\textrm{cm}^2$, 0.76 g/$\textrm{cm}^2$,0.69 g/$\textrm{cm}^2$ and 0.66 g/$\textrm{cm}^2$respectively The BMD of FN was assessed as osteopenia by T-score. The BMD of WT was positively correlated with age of monarch (p<0.05) and the BMD of Ll4 was positively correlated with delivery number (p<0.05). The BMD of Ll4 was positively correlated with hours of outdoor activity per weekend and week (p<0.05, p<0.05). The BMDs of FN and WT (p<0.05, p<0.05) were positively correlated with intake of green tea per month and the BMD of FN (p<0.05) was positively correlated with intake of wine per month. But the BMD of Ll (p<0.05) was negatively correlated with intake of Coca cola per month. So nutritional education for increasing hours of outdoor activity and decreasing intake frequency of beverage contributing to diminishment of bone mineral density is needed for premenopausal working women to prevent osteoporosis.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.211-253
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• 2005

Recently, the Korean Supreme Court released two important decisions concerning damages for the pain and suffering from Aircraft noise. The local people who are living near the Air Force practice site at Maehyang-ri and the Kimpo International Airport brought lawsuits against the Korean government requesting damages for their financial loss from the severe noise and the damages for their pain and suffering. Plaintiffs alleged that they suffered physical malfunctions, extreme disturbances and the reduction of property values from the extreme noises which were daily repeated. District Court of Seoul Province did not allow plaintiffs all but the damages for pain and suffering. Plaintiffs could not prove the causation between their financial loss and the noise. The Supreme Court confirmed the lower court's decision. Article V of the National Compensation Act (analogous to the Federal Tort Claims Act of the USA) reads, "the government shall be liable for any loss caused by the defect on establishment or maintenance of public facilities." In the two cases, the major issue was whether the government's establishment or maintenance of Air Force practice site and the airport was defective because they caused serious noise to surrounding neighbors. Previously, the Supreme Court interpreted the clause "defect on establishment or maintenance of public facilities" as failure of duty to provide safety measures to the degree generally required to ordinary manager. However the Court at this time interpreted differently that the defect could be found if the facility caused to any person loss to the degree intolerable. In the two cases the Court confirmed the lower court's finding that noise level at the site was severe enough to be intolerable. This standard is based on the severity of the loss rather than the failure of duty. It became easier for plaintiffs to prove the cause of action under this interpretation. The consequence of the ruling of these two cases is 'rush to the courtroom' by the local people at similar situations. The ruling of these two cases was not appropriate both in theory and in consequence. The Korean tort system is basically based on the theory of negligence. Strict liability is exceptional only when there is special legislation. The Court created strict liability rule by interpreting the Art. V of the National Compensation Act. This is against the proper role of the court. The result of the cases is also dismal. The government was already sued by a number of local people for damages. Especially the Department of Defense which is operating many airports nationwide has financial hardship, which will cause downsizing military practice by the Air Force in the long run, This is no good to anyone. Tens of millions of dollars which might be used for compensation might be better used to prevent further noise problem surrounding airports.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.46-54
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• 2017

Objectives: Domestic violence is related to many psychiatric diseases, such as depression, anxiety disorder, and PTSD. Heart rate variability (HRV) is an index of autonomic control of the heart and is related to cardiovascular and emotional disorders. Although there have been some studies on the effects of domestic violence on women's mental health, relatively little information is available on HRV in this population. The aim of this study is to investigate demographic data, psychological features, and HRV in female victims of domestic violence and difference between Korean and foreign female victims. Methods: A total of 210 female victims of domestic violence (166 Korean women and 44 foreign women) were recruited for this study. Psychological symptoms were measured using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HAM-A), Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D), and Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R). HRV measures were assessed by time-domain and frequency-domain analyses. Results: The mean score of HAM-A was 13.81, that of HAM-D was 12.92, and that of IES-R was 33.61 ; there were no significant differences between Korean and foreign women in these measures. In HRV time domain analyses, approximate entropy (ApEn) was significantly increased in foreign women compared to the Korean women. The square root of the mean of the sum of the squares of differences between adjacent NN intervals (RMSSD) was significantly decreased in foreign women compared to Korean women. There were no significant differences in the other HRV variables between Korean and foreign women. Conclusion: Female victims of domestic violence in Korea are associated with depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptoms. The physiologic factors of a female victim's nationality could be related to higher ApEn and lower RMSSD in foreign female victims. These findings have important implications for future study to study the relationships among ethnic and environmental factors and HRV variables.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.283-289
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• 2011

The preference and satisfaction for Korean food by Chinese students studying at Mokpo National University of Korea were surveyed. The students (n=167) were 53.9% males, 58.1% Korean residents for 6 months and 47.9% in healthy condition. The recognition of Korean food was highly light taste ($3.36{\pm}0.95$) and the preference of Korean food materials was in the order of beef (46.7%), hairtail fish (28.7%), baechu (24.4%), tangerine (49.1%), milk (38.9%) in each food category. Eating habits were feeling of hunger on reason for eating (43.1%), moderate satiety degree for a diet (58.7%), no time for reason to skip diet (48.5%), family for impact factor of eating habits (55.1%) and irregular diet time for the problem of eating habits (40.1%). The recognition of Korean food menu was in the order of baechukimchi, bulgogi, ggakdugi, samgyupsal, ddeokbokki, galbitang, and gomtang; the preference order was bulgogi, doejigalbijjim, soegalbijjim, dakgalbijjim, samgyupsal, galbitang, and dakdoritang. The recognition and preference of Korean food menu were significant in bibimbap, tteokguk, doenjang jjigae, kimchi jjigae, ddeokbokki, japchae, baechukimchi, and ggakdugi (p<0.001), as well as jeonbokjuk, bibimguksu, soegalbijjim, doejigalbijjim, dakgalbijjim, saengseonmaeuntang, gomtamg (p<0.01), hobakjuk, bulgogi, and dakdoritang (p<0.05). The actual dormitory foodservice was twice daily (47.3%), <10~20 min for diet time (65.3%). The reason for using university foodservice was compulsory diet (37.1%) whereas the reason of not using university foodservice was tastelessness (45.5%); kimchi was the most leftover (27.5%). According to foodservice quality attribute, the importance and satisfaction were the highest in hygienic part. Foodservice quality attribute was significant between importance and satisfaction in all items except location of facilities foodservice (p<0.001).