• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.55 no.5
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• pp.1924-1934
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• 2023

In this study, the probabilistic fatigue life model for Ni-base alloys was developed based on the Weibull distribution using statistical analysis of fatigue data reported in NUREG/CR-6909 and the new fatigue data of Alloy 52M/152 and 82/182. The developed Weibull model can consider right-censored data (i.e., non-failed data) and quantify the improved safety (or reliability) based on the level of failure probability. The overall margin in the current fatigue design limit model (ASME design curve + NUREG/CR-6909 F_en model) is similar to that of the Weibull model with a cumulative failure probability of approximately 2.5%. The margin in the current fatigue design limit model demonstrated inconsistencies for the Ni-base alloy weld data, whereas the Weibull model showed a consistent margin. Therefore, the Weibull model can systematically mitigate the excessive safety margin.

• Clean Technology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.183-189
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• 2018

Hollow carbon spheres (HCS) and carbon spheres (CS) were prepared by a hydrothermal reaction and they were introduced as a substrate for the deposition of $MnO_2$ nanoparticles. The $MnO_2$ nanoparticles were deposited on the carbon surface by a chemical redox deposition method. After deposition, the $MnO_2$ nanoparticles were uniformally distributed on the carbon surface in a slit-shape, and sparse $MnO_2$ slits appeared on the HCS surface. The $MnO_2-HCS$ showed an initial specific capacitance of $164.1F\;g^{-1}$ at scan rate of $20mv\;s^{-1}$, and after 1,000 cycles, the specific capacitance was maintained to $141.3F\;g^{-1}$. The capacity retention of $MnO_2-HCS$ and $MnO_2-CS$ were calculated to 86% and 78% in the cycle performance test up to 1,000 cycles, respectively. $MnO_2-HCS$ showed a good cycle stability due to the mesoporous hollow structure which can cause a faster diffusion of the electrolyte and can easily adsorb and desorb $Na^+$ ions on the surface of the electrode.

• Koreanishche Zeitschrift fur Deutsche Sprachwissenschaft
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• v.8
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• pp.247-272
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• 2003

Mit der Entwicklung der Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien $er\"{o}ffnen$ $Internet-unterst\"{u}tzte$ Lehren und Lernen neue $M\"{o}glichkeiten{\;}f\"{u}r$ den Sprach- und Kulturunterricht. Das Internet bietet den $Sch\"{u}lern$ vor allem $gro{\ss}es$ Interesse und $gro{\ss}e$ Motivation $f\"{u}r$ die deutsche Sprache und Kultur. In der vorliegenden Arbeit geht es vor allem um die praktische Anwendung von den $M\"{a}rchentexten$ in der germanistischen Abteilung der koreanischen $Universit\"{a}ten$. $M\"{a}rchen$ sind ein Kulturgut, das sich in vielen $V\"{o}ilkern$, Kulturen und Gegenden der Erde findet. $M\"{a}rchen$ sprechen eine Sprache der Symbole und Bilder, eine Sprache, die den Menschen in seiner $Emotionalit\"{a}t$ besonders anspricht. Sie haben eine Anziehungskraft, die uns nicht $unber\"{u}hrt{\;}l\"{a}sst$. Sie zeigen in vie1en Kulturen Motive menschlichen Daseins, die $\"{u}bereinstimmende$ Merkmale zeigen. In dieser Studie wird insbesondere $\"{u}ber$ eine untenichtspraktische Anwendung des $M\"{a}rchens$ $f\"{u}r$ den Deutschunterricht diskutiert. In dieser Arbeit bezieht sich der wissenschaftliche Gebrauch des Kulturbegriffes meist auf kollektive Erscheinungen, die Gruppen von Individuen einigen. Mit Hilfe des Internets kann man verschiedene Kulturelemente in der bestimmten deutschen Stadt finden. Zum Beispiel hat die freie Hansestadt Bremen die wohlgeformte Homepage. In dieser Homepage(http://www.bremen.de/) gibt es viele Informationen $\"{u}ber$ die Stadt Bremen; Geschichte, Wrrtschaft, Wissenschaft, Schulsystem, Kultur, Sport, Freizeit usw. Schuler lernen erst elementare $W\"{o}rter$, Grammatik und dann wichtige kulturelle Elemente. $Erw\"{u}nscht$ waren wissenschaftlich fundierte Methoden $f\"{u}r$ den deutschen Kulturuntenicht und systematisch aufgebaute Internetseiten, die fur bestimmte Deutschkurse an den koreanischen $Universit\"{a}ten$ gedacht sind. Es ware ideal, audiovisuelle/multimediale Webseiten/Webpages mit Texten, Bildern, Webaufgaben und Audio-Nideofiles zu erstellen.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.157-162
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• 2016

Porous $Co(OH)_2$ nano-flake thin films were prepared by a potential-controlled electro-deposition technique at various deposition voltage (-0.75, -1.0, -1.2, and -1.4 V) on Ti-mesh substrates for supercapacitor application. The potential of electrode was controlled to regulate the film thickness and the amount of $Co(OH)_2$ nano-flake on the titanium substrate. The film thickness was shown to reach the maximum value of $34{\mu}m$ at -1.4 V of electrode potential, where 17.2 g of $Co(OH)_2$ was deposited on the substrate. The specific discharge capacitances were measured to be 226, 370, 720, and $1008mF\;cm^{-2}$ in the 1st cycle corresponding to the films which were formed at -0.75, -1.0, -1.2, and -1.4 V of electrode potentials, respectively. Then the discharge capacities were decreased to be 206, 349, 586 and $866mF/cm^{-2}$, where the persistency rates were 91, 94, 81, and 86%, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.121-153
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• 2013

We investigated the flora of Mudeung-san (Mt.) located in Gwangju-gwangyeoksi, Hwasun-gun and Damyang-gun and discussed the vascular plants found there. 22 days separate fild trips were completed from March of 2009 to November 2011. As a result, we identified the distribution of 816 taxa in Mudeung-san (Mt.), comprising 123 families, 441 genera, 668 species, 5 subspecies, 121 varieties and 18 forms. There are a total 111 taxa of floristic regional indicator plants. The floristic regional indicator plants are as follows; nine taxa of level V such as Gastrodia elata Blume, six taxa of level IV such as Hylomecon hylomeconoides T. Lee, 21 taxa of level III such as Stewartia korena Nakai, 18 taxa of level II, and 66 taxa of level I. In addition, two critically endangered species (CR), Galeola septentrionalis Rchb.f. and Paeonia obovata Maxim., two endangered species (EN), Dryopteris cycadina (Franch. & Sav.) C.Chr. and Jeffersonia dubia Benth., and eight vulnerable species (VU), such as Lilium callosum Siebold & Zucc, were found in the investigated area. Also, 14 endermic plants of Korea, such as Salix koriyanagi Kimura and Aconitium chiisanense Nakai, were found.

• Journal of Science of Art and Design
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• v.3
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• pp.33-61
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• 2001

Dans les arts modernes, nous ressentons souvent un $probl\`{e}me$ $disloqu\'{e}par$ rapport aux humains. Ceci ne viendrait-il pas $peut-\^{e}tre$ do notre $pens\'{e}e$ dans l' $\'{e}change$ culturelle entre le monde et nous qui s' appuie trop une $temporalit\'{e}$ et logique? Cette $the\`{s}e$ approche ce $probl\`{e}me$ $\`{a}$ travers one perception anthropologique do monde, en $\'{e}tudiant$ les arts tridimensionnels avec ses $\'{e}schelles$ qui deviennes plus on plus agrandis. Maurice Merleau-Ponty, dans son livre 'la $ph\'{e}nom\'{e}nologie$ de la perception', bien $r\'{e}sumait$ une $intersubjectivit\'{e}$ entre l' espace et nous. Selon lui, l' homme prend conscience do la forme des objets avec son environnement parce quil est un corps on interaction avec eux. Donc nous $r\'{e}f\'{e}rons$ ce livre pour notre set. Et on essayera ici d' $\'{e}tudier$ le travail do Constantin Brancusi, de Alberto Giacometti, do Richard Serra et do quelques d' autres travaux d' artistes L' oeuvre do Brancusi 'la Colonne sans fin', la taille plus de 29 m, produit one impression sur le spectateur relativement $\grave{a}$ la forme continue et $r\'{e}p\'{e}t\'{e}e$ $\`{a}$ linfini de $mani\'{e}re$ unifome. La pratique de Giacometti qui tenait compte do son envergure et de la longueur do son corps ainsi que do distance et de la mesure do sos bras, Il $d\'{e}formait$ aussi les silhouettes et transformait les objects en les $\'{e}tirant$ dans la perspective. Rosalind Krauss parler $\`{a}$ loeuvre do Serra, dans son livre 'l' originalit de lavant-garde et sutres mythes modernistes' (pp. 319-333), le spectateur est toujours on mouvement on liaison entre l' horizon do corps et celui do monde. Cette $transitivit\'{e}$ abstraite $r\'{e}ciproque$ entre le regardeur et le $regard\'{e}$, qui est comme le sujet de nombreuses oeuvres do Serra. Cependant le Maximalisme est $\`{a}$ l' origine Minimalisme qui s' $\'{e}tend$ dans ses efforts $th\'{e}oriques$ jusqu' au l' espace architecturale. Ces sculptures do grandes dimensions so situent autour de $b\^{a}timent$ ou dans lespace environnementale, comme ils sent l' architecture et le paysage. On suppose ici, leurs concepts de l' espace $\'{e}largit$ $\`{a}$ celui d' architecture. La sculpture et l' architecture $r\'{e}ciproque$ l' espace tridimensionnel entre eux, mais selon l' argument do Herbert Read pour la distinction de ces deux arts originaux sont, deux saisies de l' espace, ici englobant, $l\`{a}$ $englob\'{e}$. On $\'{e}tudie$ dans co set de concept de l' espace et de l' $\'{e}chelle$ d' objet par rapport au corps humain.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.243-249
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• 2017

This study was performed to find out the optimum adhesive conditions on manufacturing a cross-laminated timber (hereinafter CLT) with using domestic Korean Pine (Pinus koraiensis). The adhesive conditions including a applied amount of the glue and a Pressure are the one of the most important key factors on establishing CLT production process. The shear strength was examined with differing the adhesive conditions while using Phenol Resorcinol Formaldehyde Resin Adhesive (PRF resin). The optimum adhesive conditions was confirmed to be: glue spread of $250g/m^2$ and Pressure of 0.8 MPa respectively. The grain directions of glued specimens were also considered, perpendicularly bonded and parallelly bonded groups. Shear strength of the former group showed lower values than the latter group which is considered to be the effect of a rolling shear. Meanwhile the shear strength of both group satisfied the Korean Standard (KS F 3021) and the European Standard (EN 14080 and EN 16351). The results derived from this study can be used as the basic data for manufacturing the CLT with domestic Korean Pine. And additional researches for the other species including domestic Korean Larch and Pitch Pine is also now being performed.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.53-60
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• 2017

In this study, we investigated whitening and anti-inflammatory constituents from a watermelon (Citrullus lanatus, C. lanatus) vines (leaves and stems). As anti-melanogenesis and anti-inflammatory activities were screened for the ethanol extract and solvent fractions, n-hexane (n-Hex) and ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fractions showed the most potent activities. Three constituents were isolated from the n-Hex and EtOAc fractions of C. lanatus; ${\alpha}-linolenic$ acid (1), sigmast-7-en-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranoside (2), 1-feruloyl-${\beta}$-D-glucopyrinoside (3). The chemical structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated based on the spectroscopic data including $^1H$ and $^{13}C$ NMR spectra, as well as comparison of the data to the literature values. Whitening and anti-inflammatory effects were studied for the isolated compounds. Upon the anti-melanogenesis tests using ${\alpha}-MSH$ stimulated B16F10 melanoma cells, the compounds 1 and 3 inhibited the cellular melanogenesis and intracellular tyrosinase activities effectively. For the anti-inflammation tests using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells, the isolates 1 and 3 were determined to decrease the production of nitric oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory cytokines ($TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-6). Based on these results, C. lanatus vines extract could be potentially applicable as whitening and anti-inflammatory ingredients in cosmetic formulations.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.75-87
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• 1980

Most hydro]ogic phenomena are the complex and organic products of multiple causations like climatic and hydro-geological factors. A certain significant correlation on the run-off in river basin would be expected and foreseen in advance, and the effect of each these causual and associated factors (independant variables; present-month rainfall, previous-month run-off, evapotranspiration and relative humidity etc.) upon present-month run-off(dependent variable) may be determined by multiple regression analysis. Functions between independant and dependant variables should be treated repeatedly until satisfactory and optimal combination of independant variables can be obtained. Reliability of the estimated function should be tested according to the result of statistical criterion such as analysis of variance, coefficient of determination and significance-test of regression coefficients before first estimated multiple regression model in historical sequence is determined. But some error between observed and estimated run-off is still there. The error arises because the model used is an inadequate description of the system and because the data constituting the record represent only a sample from a population of monthly discharge observation, so that estimates of model parameter will be subject to sampling errors. Since this error which is a deviation from multiple regression plane cannot be explained by first estimated multiple regression equation, it can be considered as a random error governed by law of chance in nature. This unexplained variance by multiple regression equation can be solved by stochastic approach, that is, random error can be stochastically simulated by multiplying random normal variate to standard error of estimate. Finally hybrid model on estimation of monthly run-off in nonhistorical sequence can be determined by combining the determistic component of multiple regression equation and the stochastic component of random errors. Monthly run-off in Naju station in Yong-San river basin is estimated by multiple regression model and hybrid model. And some comparisons between observed and estimated run-off and between multiple regression model and already-existing estimation methods such as Gajiyama formula, tank model and Thomas-Fiering model are done. The results are as follows. (1) The optimal function to estimate monthly run-off in historical sequence is multiple linear regression equation in overall-month unit, that is; Qn=0.788Pn+0.130Qn-1-0.273En-0.1 About 85% of total variance of monthly runoff can be explained by multiple linear regression equation and its coefficient of determination (R2) is 0.843. This means we can estimate monthly runoff in historical sequence highly significantly with short data of observation by above mentioned equation. (2) The optimal function to estimate monthly runoff in nonhistorical sequence is hybrid model combined with multiple linear regression equation in overall-month unit and stochastic component, that is; Qn=0. 788Pn+0. l30Qn-1-0. 273En-0. 10+Sy.t The rest 15% of unexplained variance of monthly runoff can be explained by addition of stochastic process and a bit more reliable results of statistical characteristics of monthly runoff in non-historical sequence are derived. This estimated monthly runoff in non-historical sequence shows up the extraordinary value (maximum, minimum value) which is not appeared in the observed runoff as a random component. (3) "Frequency best fit coefficient" (R2f) of multiple linear regression equation is 0.847 which is the same value as Gaijyama's one. This implies that multiple linear regression equation and Gajiyama formula are theoretically rather reasonable functions.

• Koreanishche Zeitschrift fur Deutsche Sprachwissenschaft
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• v.4
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• pp.61-79
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• 2001

Was die Konzeption von Wortbedeutung angeht, so ist festzustellen, $da\ss$ sich in der lexikalischen Semantik Konzeptionen von sprachlicher Wortbedeutung in zwei Hauptauffassungen teilen lassen. D.h. eine komponentielle Bedeutungsauffassung, nach der Wortbedeutungen in einzelne semantische Komponenten zerlegbar sind, $l\"{a}{\ss}t$ sich von einer holistischen Bedeutungskonzeption, die Wortbedeutungen als ganzheitlich und nicht weiter zerlegbar begreift, unterscheiden. Holistische $Ans\"{a}tze$ im allgemeinen Sinn erfassen ein $Ph\"{a}nomen$ ganzheitlich. Bezogen auf sprachwissenschaftliche und psychologische $Ans\"{a}tze$ bedeutet aber 'holistisch' eine nichtkomponentielle Beschreibung. Bestimmt man den Begriff 'holistisch' als die Leugnung klar abgrenzbarer $partikul\"{a}rer$ Einheiten, so $erh\"{a}lt$ 'holistisch' einen spezifischen Sinn in holistischen $Ans\"{a}tzen$. Im Hinblick darauf $k\"{o}nnen$ der kognitionspsychologische Prototypenansatz von Rosch und der philosophische Stereotypenansatz von Putnam bedeutsam werden. Entweder ist damit die Ablehnung einer definitorisch verfahrenden Merkmalsemantik verbunden, oder es werden Merkmale nun lediglich als stereotypisch-definitorische uminterpretiert. Eine ausgeformte Prototypensemantik bzw. Stereotypensemantik gibt es bisher nur als Postulat eines zur definitorisch verfahrenden Merkmalsemantik altemativen Bedeutungskonzepts. Diese holistischen $Ans\"{a}tze$ versuchen sich gerade in der Kontroverse zur Merkmalsemantik zu etablieren, kommen aber selbst nicht ohne das Konzept des Merkmals aus. Sie sind auch nicht auf aile $W\"{o}rter$ unseres Wortschatzes gleich gut anzuwenden, weil es nicht $f\"{u}r$ alle $W\"{o}rter$ Stereotype gibt und die Existenz digital struktuierter Kategorien, die mithilfe von hinreichenden und notwendigen Bedingungen beschrieben werden $k\"{o}nnen$, nicht geleugnet wird. Die holistischen $Ans\"{a}tze$ sind als Versuch zu beurteilen, der $Realit\"{a}t$ in ihrer Komplexitat $m\"{o}lichst$ nahe zu kommen. Doch bleibt das Problem, wie Holismus im Bereich der Sprachbeschreibung $ad\"{a}quat$ wiederzugeben ist. Auch wenn wir $f\"{u}r$ die Annahme der psychologischen $Realit\"{a}t$ eines holistischen Bedeutungsbegriffs $pl\"{a}dieren$, so bestreiten wir damit nicht die $N\"{u}tzlichkeit$ der komponentiellen Bedeutungsanalyse als leicht handhabbare Beschreibungsnotation $f\"{u}r$ die Bedeutung von Wortern mit wohlunterscheidbaren Referenten. In diesem Sinn $k\"{o}nnten$ vielleicht beide methodischen $Ans\"{a}tze\;in\;einer\;komplement\"{a}en$ Sicht integriert werden.