• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.100-108
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• 2009

Purpose: This study explored the relationship between types of gender role identity and health behaviors in 500 adults. Method: Data was collected with self-reporting questionnaire forms from April 23 to May 4, 2007. using the Korean Gender Role Identity Inventory and Health Behavior Assessment Tool. Results: The mean (SD) was 2.65 (0.42) for gender role identity, and 2.61 (0.38) for health behaviors. The subjects were classified into four gender role identity types; 30.4% in undifferentiated, 27.8% in androgyny, 22.4% in masculinity, and 19.4% in femininity. Four gender role identity types of subjects showed significant different levels of health behaviors (F=40.33, p<.001). The androgyny type subjects reported the highest mean of health behaviors scores, and the undifferentiated type subjects had the lowest mean. There were significant differences in health behaviors according to subjects' general characteristics, such as age, marital status, perceived health status, and smoking (p<.005). Conclusion: There is a need to make changes in family, school, and society toward better environments for helping adults develop desirable gender role identity. In addition, the gender role identity in adults has to be considered in establishing healthy lifestyles and developing health promotion programs.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.107-126
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships of married middle-aged men and women's gender-role identity, marital conflicts and psychological adjustment. Psychological adjustment was composed of mid life crisis, depression, and perceived happiness. The data of the study were collected from 397 married, middle aged men and women from 40 years to 59 years-old by using self-administered questionnaire method. The results showed that gender role identity was different according to sex. In addition, women's perceived level of marital conflict was found to be significantly different according to their gender role identity, indicating that androgynous women reported the lowest level of marital conflict. However, men's gender role conflict was not related to their marital conflict. Furthermore, men's psychological adjustment level was not different according to their gender role identity, while women's psychological adjustment differed, indicating that androgynous women reported the lowest level of psychological adjustment and the undifferentiated women the highest level of psychological adjustment. Finally, the result indicated that for both men and men, marital conflict were positively correlated with mid-crisis and depression, and negatively related with happiness.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.32-41
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between gender role conflict for men in nursing, job satisfaction, and turnover intention. Methods: The study data were collected between August 1 and September 1, 2015 from 225 men in nursing currently working in 36 Korean general hospitals, each with ${\geq}100$ beds. Frequency and percentages were analyzed, and Pearson correlation coefficient, t-test, ANOVA, and Duncan's test were used. Results: There was no significant difference in gender role conflict based on the general characteristics of the men. In contrast, significant differences in gender role conflict were found in association with the following job-related characteristics: work experience at the present hospital, work department, work unit, and type of work. A significant negative correlation was detected between male gender role conflict and job satisfaction, a positive correlation was found between male gender role conflict and turnover intention. Conclusion: In order to increase job satisfaction and decrease the turnover intention of men in nursing, measures to reduce gender role conflict are needed.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.303-311
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• 2012

Purpose: This study was to examine the values of marriage, gender-role and having children, and to explore the factors impacting the values of having children by university students. Methods: A cross-sectional design and structured questionnaires were adopted for data collection of university students in September through November, 2011. Structured questionnaires were based on participants' socio-demographics and scales on values of marriage, gender role and children developed by Young-Mi Park. Descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient and hierarchical multiple regression were applied to data analysis. Results: A total of 366 university students participated in this study. Females and nursing students had negative values toward having children and marriage and positive thoughts about the value of gender role. The value of having children was positively associated with marriage (r=.61, p<.001) and negatively with gender role (r=-.11, p<.032). Relationship between gender role and marriage was negative (r=-.28, p<.001). Hierarchical multiple regression found that the value of children was significantly predicted by the value of marriage.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.60 no.3
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• pp.99-109
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to examine the differences of appearance management behavior and body exposure attitude according to sex role identity. The method of this study was a survey research method by questionnaire. The subjects were 632 college students (male: 302, female: 330) living in Seoul area. The data were analyzed by SPSS program. Analysis methods used were frequency, factor analysis, Cronbach's $\alpha$-reliability coefficient, one-way ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test. The subjects were divided into 4 types of sex role identity: androgynous, masculine, feminine, and undifferentiated type. The female androgynous group had skin care the most, while the male androgynous type had clothing management and weight control the most among the 4 types. Both male and female androgynous groups had hairstyle care the most. Both the male and female masculine groups wore chest exposing clothes the most, while the female masculine type wore shoulder exposing and leg exposing clothes the most. The female androgynous group showed the highest appearance management expenses.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.561-572
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• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify gender role identity and stereotypes and to explore the relationship between gender role identity and stereotype among college students. Method: The subjects consisted of 245 college students in Daegu. Each participant was administered the KGRII of Lee, Kim, Koh(2002) and Sex Stereotype scales modified by Kim, Dongil(1999). The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA, $x^2-test$, Sheffe test with SPSS 11.0 PC Program. Result: 1. For male students, masculinity type(32.4%) was most prevalent but for female students, feminity type (29.3%) was most common. 2. Female students were inclined to oppose traditional sex-role rather than male students. And the over 23 years old group tended to resist traditional sex-roles rather than other aged group. 3. The Androginy typed group had more progressive sex-role compared with undifferentiated typed group. Conclusion: These results suggest that gender role identity and sex stereotype were difference in sex and age. And the androgyny typed group had more progressive sex-role compared with other gender role identity typed group.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.306-315
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore the structure and characteristics among college students' gender-role identity. Method: The study used a Q-method to measure college students' gender-role identity types. Korean Gender Role Identity Inventory(KGRII) formed the Q sample. The P sample consisted of a convenience sample of 44 college students. Q statements were written on separate cards and were given to the subjects to sort according to degree of agreement or disagreement. The Q-sorts by each subject were coded and analyzed with the Quanl PC program. Result: From data, three types were extracted. Three types showed a low correlation with each other, and accounted for 41 percent of the variance of the participants. The first type, a 'sex-role transcendence', expresses warm, humane, and kind. The second type, a 'masculinity intention type', has leadership, activity, power, and initiative. And the third type, a 'femininity intention type' pursues emotional, expressive, delicate and tactful. Conclusion: This paper classifies and subdivides three types of gender-role identity in college students. It helps understanding of gender-role identity, and further developing a sense of value and attitude related to gender identity in college students.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.89-97
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• 2007

Purpose: This study was to examine the differences in the degree of premenstrual syndrome, dysmenorrhea, and stress according to the gender role identity of female university students. Methods: Data were collected by self-reported questionnaires from 308 female university students. Data analysis was done with SPSS 10.1 for descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and Duncan's multiple-range test. Results: The most prevalent type of premenstrual syndrome was androgenic(33.8%), followed by undifferentiated(25.0%). There was a significant difference in dysmenorrhea according to residence. In addition, there were significant differences in premenstrual syndrome according to age, and in stress according to age and economic status. Also, there was no significant difference according to dysmenorrhea and there were significant differences in premenstrual syndrome and dysmenorrhea according to gender role identity. Premenstrual syndrome and stress were the most prevalence in female type, but the lowest severe in masculine type. Conclusion: The study variables can be influencing factors in the gender role identity of female university students. Also, the findings can provide the basis for the development of nursing interventions to establish the gender role identity of female university students.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.933-939
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• 2015

Objectives: This study aims to investigate the effect of job performance satisfaction and self-efficacy according to gender role identity in the dental hygienist. Methods: Data collection was performed from June 21 to July 31, 2015. The survey was composed of questions on the subject's general demographical profile, gender role identity, job satisfaction, job performace satisfaction, and self-efficacy as a dental hygienist. The job performance satisfaction and self-efficacy were done by Kruskal-Wallis test and Bonferroni post hoc test. Results: 1. The highest job performance satisfaction was shown as unclassified (36.6%), bisexuality (27.8%0, feminity (19.8%), and masculinity (15.9%). 2. There was a significant difference between the satisfaction as a dental hygienist and self-efficacy among the group (p<0.001). 3. Both female and male dental hygienists had the highest satisfaction and self-efficacy with the job performance. Conclusions: The satisfaction and self-efficacy with the job performance were influenced by gender role identity. Therefore, in order to enhance the satisfaction and self-efficacy as a dental hygienist, the education for the dental hygienist must include the gender role identity in the future.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.125-133
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• 2006

Purpose: This study was performed to identify the relationship between PMS and sex role. Method: Data were collected from 417 female college students in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do area during the period from the 6th of September to the 15th of October in 2004. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS WIN 11.0. Result: The results of this study were as follows: 1) Perceived subjective symptoms were clustered endogenous depressive feature ($2.76{\pm}.97$), anxiety ($2.76{\pm}1.09$), and impulsivity ($2.72{\pm}1.02$). 2) PMS was significantly different according to the general characteristics of menarche age (F=5.910, p=.003), pain (F=7.886. p=.000) and family history (F=5.366, p=.005), masculinity was significantly different according to menarche age (F=3.174, p=.043), and femininity was significantly different according to menarche age (F=3.742, p=.025) and pain (F=3.256. p=.040). 3) Femininity and PMS were in a positive correlation with each other (r=.623. p=.000). Conclusion: This results showed that there is a significant correlation between PMS and sex role. For future research, it is recommended to identify major factors affecting PMS and the relationships between them and various subjects.