Noh Jungrye(盧重禮) can be cited as an representative royal doctor of early Chosun dynasty. He collaborated in the development of korean medicine out of the influence of chinese medicine. He made an systematical approach on supply and propagation of The Native Herb Medicine(鄕藥) which promoted the independence of Korean medicine. The edition of "HyangYakJibSungBang(鄕藥集成方)"(Compendium of Prescriptions from the Countryside) was the result of this effort establishing the originality of Korean medicine. He also strengthened in the medical support new born child editing "TaeSanYoRok(胎産要錄)" as their mortal rate was high in that time. In social-political aspect, being appointed in Dangsanggwan(堂上官) as a doctor, was controversial as even after his death this discussion kept on. On the other hand this designation prompt other doctors to devote in Korean medicine.

In order to unravel the implication on the Hwang Jahu's, a well-known medical doctor, critique of "HyangYakJibSungBang(鄕藥集成方)"(Compendium of Prescriptions from the Countryside)'s publication, this essay calls for an investigation of socio-economical situations and systematic support for the development of native herbal drugs of that time. In the period of King SeJong various systematic aspects supporting the development and utilization of native herbal drugs were created. In this ambient, Hwang Jahu also dedicated his life in the application of native herbal drugs. Though Hwang strongly recommended the use of native herbal herbs while importing insufficient resources from China. He gave a critique of "HyangYakJibSungBang(鄕藥集成方)"'s publication. Hwang's critique didn't lie on the book itself but on the practicality of this large volume from the public. He insisted more on the necessities of practical and easy accessible books for emergency situations. Throughout the emphasis on wide distribution of compact medical books and the utilization of acupuncture and moxibustion, in part reveals his pragmatic stand.

This study investigates the life of Benjamin Hobson(合信, 1816.1.2-1873.2.13)-the writer of five books of western medicine which influenced the establish of "ShinGiCheonHeom(身機踐驗)"-in order to expand our base to study "ShinGiCheonHeom". Findings and results of the investigation are as follows. 1. Treatise on Physiology("全體新論") excited a deeper interest among the Chinese literati and was so eagerly sought after that a reprint of it was made for sale. The income of works of Hobson's probably excited a deeper interest among the Korean literati also. 2. We found Hobson had written many works. Among those we must pay attention to A Medical Vocabulary in English and Chinese("醫學英華字釋"). Through this book we can reach agreeable translation of "ShinGiCheonHeom". 3. Evangelism and philanthropism promoted activities of Hobson as a doctor and as a an introducer of western medicine. But ignorance of oriental medicine-Hobson thought medical science in China was at a low level-lied in these activities and passion to do it. Nowadays we must wipe out thought of this way through the scientific way.

Alimentotherapy refers to the treatment or prevention by means of food. As food is consumed in everyday life and its constituents varies enormously. the practice of alimentotherapy was often misunderstood. By the research on ancient classics we could find 3 prospective about this practice. Firstly, alimentotherapy was used during the recovery and also for prevention. This is a type of Life-nurturing method, which we suggest to be called life-nurturing alimentotherapy. Secondly, it was also used as a dietary prescription made by physicians. Sometimes they made prescriptions combining materials derived from food with herbal medication. This practice was exclusively made by physicians as they had to consider the characteristic of each food as well as the condition of the patient. Thirdly, sometime alimentotherapy was used in cuisine form. They used food components in major part and herbal medicine used as additional ingredients. It was primarily focused on the taste and in some part its functional aspects. The underlying theories in alimentotherapy is exactly the same as used for understanding herbal medicine in TKM. Therefore, except in the case of life-nurturing method, it should be used by expert physicians. Finally, we suggest to differentiate the terms of alimentotherapy in the aspect of life-nurturing, dietary prescriptions and cuisine to prevent confusions.

Objective: Recently biophysical research has shown very weak radiation of photons in plant, animal and human cells. Biophoton emission of the aliving system has received specific phenomena because of its scientific potential for monitoring metabolism to human body. This paper proposes a new challenge possibility of the biophoton emission in biophysiological human condition index. Method: Biophoton emission were measured with twenty one healthy volunteers. The study analyses existence for the effect of specific acupoint stimulus, exposure to the sun and low temperature in healthy volunteers. Two photomultiplier tubes which spectral range was from 300 nm to 650 nm was used for the detection of biophoton emission observation of possible acupuncture stimulation effect at left hand palm. Result: There was a reversion of relative emission rates from the palms affected the environment condition. Otherwise, when the acupuncture stimulation, the emission rate was not enough significantly change(p<0.05). Conclusion: In this study, biophoton emissions depend on the environment condition for all subjects. Measurments with the biophoton emission rate analysis might be much considered in future studies.

The study was to investigate the agreement rate between the statistical diagnosis of pattern identification by discriminant analysis and the clinical diagnosis of pattern identification by medical specialist in obese patients with BMI$\geqq$23. The agreement rate of deficiency of the spleen, phlegm-retention, deficiency of Yang, retention of undigested food, stagnation of liver Gi, and blood stagnation are 0.40, 0.33, 0.52, 0.76, 0.71, and 0.66, respectively and accuracy rate and prediction rate using linear discriminant function are 0.59 and 0.61, respectively. Therefore, the complementary management in CRF questionnaires and/or consultation from experts will improve the accuracy and prediction rate, which will be helpful for pattern identification of obesity by clinical experts.

Background: It is insufficient information that are syndrome differentiations and detail symptoms in Korean. Methods: 19 traditional korean medical agencies collected 190 cases with vital sign, body measurement, patient own symptoms report and doctor diagnosis. And then we analyzed general distributions and comparisons of deficiency and non-deficiency. Results: The most past histories, in order, were the arthritis(20%), gastroenteropathy, hypertension, anemia, diabete mellitus. In chief complains, musculoskeletal occupies 60 percent of the total, and digestive system, head in order. In the syndrome differentiation, it appeared deficiency, spleen, Qi deficiency in order. Age(p=0.000), systolic blood pressure(p=0.044) and the waist-hip ratio(p=0.000) was significantly higher in the deficiency group compared with non-deficiency group. Patients with condition which dislikes the wind and with anxiety and with amazing and fear(驚恐) were significantly more in deficiency group(p=0.029, p=0.017, p=0.044). Conclusions: These statistics are continually revised report and it will be reported comparison of several syndrome differentiations and therapeutic effects by treatment methods.

Background: Qigong is one of energy-healing intervention used to prevent and cure ailments and to improve health through regular practice. Although Qigong-neither itself nor its postulated mechanism of action-is within the paradigm of modern Western medical science, effects on the human body could be possible. Objectives: This study aims to know effect of Qigong training in a University student's physical, mental health and self-esteem. Method: There are 120 students who take a Yangsaengkigong(養生氣功) course in D University college of oriental medicine during four weeks beginning in April 10th 2008. I researched 41 of them trained about effect of Qigong training. Result: Qigong training made significant change in self-esteem measurement and SCL-90-R. And there wasn't significant change in KHP and happiness index. Conclusions: The depth study for the each Qigong is needed. Specifically, I think it should be a clinical studies and qualitative research methods for evaluation are needed.

Background: Qigong is one energy-healing intervention used to prevent and cure ailments and to improve health through regular practice. Although Qigong-neither itself nor its postulated mechanism of action-are within the paradigm of modern Western medical science. effects on the human body could be possible. Objectives: This study aims to review the bibliography, biological responses and therapeutic effects of Qigong. In the process, this review grasp trends in this field of studies and direct further researches into the right direction. Method: The computerized Korean databases were searched from their respective inception up to January 2008. The search terms used were 'Qi', 'Qigong', 'Doin', 'training', 'bioenergy', 'life nurturing' and random or Korean language terms related to qigong. Several specialized journals were also manually searched for relevant articles. Result: Since the 1990s, Qigong papers in the Korean Literature have been increased. Clinical research studies are among the most control design study. Research subjects are less patient than the general public. The most common treatment disease was Musculo-skeletal disorder. Conclusions: The depth study for the each Qigong is needed. Specifically, I think it should be a clinical studies and qualified research methods for evaluation are needed.

Objective: This study was aimed to review the recent trends of complementary medicine research in ICCMR 2008. Methods: Analyzed data include all researches of both oral and poster presentations in ICCMR. We classified presented researches according to their treatment method, nations, and targeted diseases. Results: In total, 338 researches were presented. In terms of methods, 68 basic researches, 98 clinical trials, 55 commentaries, 46 reviews, 71 trend analysis papers were classified. Herbal medicine was the most common treatment for research in ICCMR. And in terms of nation. Australia's announcement was the most in ICCMR. Lastly, cancer was the most focused theme in the conference. Conclusion: In the recent CAM research, cancer, depression and stress are the most targeted diseases since they are difficult to cure in modern medicine and since patients have high hopes to overcome their state by CAM. This review will help Korean doctors or scientists to systematically understand traditional medicine and to develop their researches.

Background and Purpose: The purpose of this study was investigate statistical validities of previously reported articles that used various statistical techniques such as t-test and analysis of variance. Methods: To analyze the statistical procedures, 66 original articles using those statistical methods were selected from "Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine(KJOM)" published from 1995 to 2007. Results: Twenty-one articles(32%) did not report correct p-values, 33 articles(50%) used mean${\pm}$standard error(mean${\pm}$SE) and 11 articles(l7%) used mean${\pm}$standard deviation(mean${\pm}$SD). Fifty-two articles(95%) of 55 ones which were tested for normal distribution made an error in describing normal distribution. Seventeen articles misused t-test and 12 articles did not carry out the multiple comparison. Conclusions: The training of researchers with clinical statistics or the participation of statisticians in research design will reduce the significant errors in statistical interpretation of the results.

Objectives: This study aims to find out the association between Sasang and Eight Constitution by analyzing Sasang and Eight Constitution Diagnosis results. Methods: We analyzed Sasang and Eight Constitution Diagnosis results according to confidence, by reviewing medical records of 247 patients retrospectively whose Sasang and Eight constitutions were diagnosed by two independent specialists. We used chi-square test and Cramer Statistic to know association of two diagnosis results. Results and Conclusions: Taeumin was 49.8% in Jupita, Soeumin 65.2% in Mercuria, Soyangin 90.9% in Saturna, Taeumin was 54.2% in Jupita, Soeumin 83.4% in Mercuria, Soyangin 100% in Saturna in condition that Sasang and Eight Constitution diagnosis confidence is over Band 50 score. The higher diagnosis confidence is, also the higher association between Sasang and Eight Constitution is up to 0.414(Cramer Statistic). There is association between Sasang and Eight Constitution.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to examine the characteristics and the improvement in the symptoms of the patients who showed improvement after the administration of Yeoldahanso-tang and Cheongpyesagan-tang. Methods: The patients whose Sasang Constitution were examined by an expert at six Oriental medical hospitals and three regional Oriental-medicine clinics, 89 showed a predetermined symptom improvement when Yeoldahanso-tang and Cheongpysagan-tang were administered to them from November 2007 to July 2008. The traits of the patients and the effects of their treatment were examined. Results and Conclusions: 1. There were about as many male patients as there were female patients, but 21.3% of the patients who were female and who were in their 40's showed the most improvement, which makes them the biggest category in this study. 2. The main syndromes in which the patients showed improvement were hemi-paralysis, vertigo, and headache, and the ordinary symptoms in which the patients showed improvement were diarrhea, fatigue, and dry mouth. 3. The average food intake of the patients was highest and their feces had intermediate hardness (semi-soft). 4. The amount of the patients' sweat was either high(38.2%) or appropriate(38.2%) and they showed a dislike of heat over coldness. 5. Among the diseases that the patients previously had, high blood pressure. The above results show that Yeoldahanso-tang and Cheongpyesagan-tang can be considered beneficial to females in their 40's and to stroke patients whose food intake is normal, whose sweat level is either copious or appropriate, who dislike heat and who are suffering from high blood pressure.

Although the pulse diagnosis position, Guan is apart from Cun or Chi by only $10{\sim}20$ mm at most, traditional medical doctors applies different indent pressures and even they states different pulse images are felt at Cun, Guan and Chi, To support their clinical behaviors, in this study, we tested statistically whether there are differences in pulse waveform measured at these three positions with SphygmoCor system used world widely, A 30 years old female subject without any evidence of cardiovascular diseases was involved in this experiment. Radial pulse waves were recorded at three different positions on left lower arm 10 times at three positions-Cun, Guan and Chi. With ANOVA, we tested whether, among three different positions. there are any differences in 12 parameters of radial pulse waveform and in estimated AIx(Augmentation Index) as an arterial stiffness index extracted from radial pulse waveform. As results, differences in optimal indent pressure h0 were observed at different measuring positions(P<0.001) but not significantly different. And pulse pressure his were found to be different(Chi$22.60{\pm}3.06%,\;18.60{\pm}3.37%\;and\;26.4{\pm}5.02%$ respectively. Consequently. AIx at Gwan seems to be lowest and that at Chi seems to be highest. So. we assert the AIx at Chi is likely to be overestimated. In further studies. we want to examine what make differences in these parameters between measuring positions. And it also seems to be worthy to investigate the relationship between the depth of radial artery and AIx. And, ultimately, we need to determine the best measuring process including measuring position, hold-down pressure, signal quality validation and so on. so to achieve the optimal waveform which represents subject's health condition for both western medicine and traditional medicine.

In pulse diagnosis, floating pulse and sinking pulse are frequently used for diagnosis about where disease is located and how much severe they are. However, in what mechanism floating pulse and sinking pulse arise is not known well. There are two point of views on substantial of floating pulse and sinking pulse. The first one is the floating and sinking degrees is the expression on the depth of pulsation. And, the second one is floating and sinking pulse is based on the response of pulsation to the indent pressure on radial artery. In this paper, we discussed these two opinions in the view point of tonometric measurement. The process for diagnosis on floating pulse and sinking pulse is similar to the tonometric measurement for non invasive blood pressure or intraocular pressure. We modelled the degrees of depth of pulsation with different indent pressures for initial pulsation feeling and different slopes of indent pressure lines. From this modelling, we can confirm the effect of pulsation depth on P-H curve, that is, in the model where lower pulsation is assumed, the shift of optimal indent pressure to the right was observed. The response of pulse pressure to the indent pressure was tried to be modelled with the degrees of mean blood pressure. Consequently, we tried to model the phenomenon of floating and sinking pulse for the first. And, from this modelling, we can get abundant understanding on how floating and sinking pulse can be caused. In the further study, we want to prove the suitability of this tonometric measurement based modelling with various studies including ultrasound measurement for the depth of pulsation in different EMI subjects.

The fusion research subjects of Oriental medicine and Information-Technology are actively advanced. These researches provide Oriental medicine the objectivity and support the infra to all study area of Oriental medicine. This paper considers the inside and outside of the country technical development trend of ontology research by analyzing papers and going through case study. It executed information analysis about changes to number of research papers, present state and star higher officer of research facility from the dissertation which it sees. It is known that our country research result is slight so far in quantity and quality as result of analysis. But hereafter it contains many developmental possibilities. Also it reflects the appearance and a growth of new field like bio-informatics biology. In the area of medicine, ontology used to define the terminology for information documentation and the medical terms linked up by high correlation. Also medical information system developed briskly using ontology technology. The ontology of traditional korean medicine play an important role in base infra of traditional korean medicine EHR(Electronic health record).

Treasured Mirror of Eastern Medicine was written by Heo Joon in 1610 and published in 1613, it was stored in the Library of Seoul University. It quotes more than 190 ancient Chinese books including mostly those of medicine. The author discusses mainly the theory of herbal formulas and its numbers comparing formulas between quotation and original text in Zhu Zhongjing's formula. Prescriptions from the Great Peace Imperial Grace Pharmacy, Effective Formulas Handed Down for Generations and Recovery from All Ailments. Through comparison it's found that there are five correlations between quotation and original. That shows a affinity relation in traditional medicine between China and Korea and a historical visage that Korean doctors followed Chinese medicine and tried to further development from it.

After the opening of the korean port, the influx of koreans to Shanghai was expanded and lead to form their society. Among these koreans many dealt in Ginseng peddling, which proportion was big enough to influence Shanghai ginseng market. There were also koreans dealing in pharmaceutics. Korea Red Cross contributed greatly in the propagation of medical knowledge and health care in Shanghai korean society. Korean doctors opened their own clinics in the area of korean habitants. But overall size of clinics and the medical apparatus were minimal. By this reasons many koreans utilized general hospitals founded by foreigners and chinese.

"EuiBangYooChui"(Classified Assemblage of Medical Prescriptions) preserves important historical documents about herbal medical prescriptions up to the beginning of Ming dynasty. Mikisakae, a well-known medical history scholar of Japan, attributed high values on "EuiBangYooChui"(Classified Assemblage of Medical Prescriptions) as he stated that it summarized all medical knowledge of all over China and promulgated korean medicine to world top level. "EuiBangYooChui"(Classified Assemblage of Medical Prescriptions) thoroughly cited herbal prescriptions of 150 medical books of China which contents reach up to 9.5millions of letters. Also clarified all the sources of its contents. These efforts made easy the utilization for upcoming experts. Existing block books serves in various aspects of philological field, such as revision of lost documents, block book studies, contents studies, medical history studies, letter studies, phoneme studies and scholia.

State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China lead Research on Chao medicine's Constitutional Treatment project by which could involve the following principles. First, constitution can be identified, second, constitution correlates to ones susceptibility to diseases, third, constitution can be harmonized, fourth, prescription made according to ones constitution and patterns. These ideas is originated by Lee Je-ma's theory of Four Constitution Type in "DongEuiSooSeBoWon"(Longetivity and Life Preservation in Eastern Medicine). This is much similar to currents trends of personalized medicine in western medical sciences. Therefore further developing Lee's theory would have significant value on various fields of medicine.