Remote sensing cannot provide a direct measurement of vegetation index (VI) but it can provide a reasonably good estimate of vegetation index, defined as the ratio of satellite bands. The monitoring of vegetation in nearby urban regions is made difficult by the low spatial resolution and temporal resolution image captures. In this study, enhancing spatial resolution method is adapted as to improve a low spatial resolution. Recent studies have successfully estimated normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) using improved resolution method such as from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) onboard EOS Terra satellite. Image enhancing spatial resolution is an important tool in remote sensing, as many Earth observation satellites provide both high-resolution and low-resolution multi-spectral images. Examples of enhancement of a MODIS multi-spectral image and a MODIS NDVI image of Cheongju using a Landsat TM high-resolution multi-spectral image are presented. The results are compared with that of the IHS technique is presented for enhancing spatial resolution of multi-spectral bands using a higher resolution data set. To provide a continuous monitoring capability for NDVI, in situ measurements of NDVI from paddy field was carried out in 2004 for comparison with remotely sensed MODIS data. We compare and discuss NDVI estimates from MODIS sensors and in-situ spectroradiometer data over Ochang plain region. These results indicate that the MODIS NDVI is underestimated by approximately 50%.

The purpose of this study is to propose rational methods in order to maintain vegetation condition and soil environment based on the analysis of tree growth in relation to the soil environment, which is one of the most significant environmental factors on vegetation condition in urban parks and open spaces. The result of the study can be described as below;The soil on every study site had strong acidity. In particular, study sites around industrial district and central business district showed extreme soil acidity. Therefore, soil management system is needed in urban parks and green spaces around those areas. Among Cambium Electric Resistance classified by locations of urban parks and open spaces, one in the costal area was the lowest. The Cambium Electric Resistance in the industrial area was the highest. Therefore, soil condition and locational environment in the industrial area are highly related to the Cambium Electric Resistance. Among the factors, which affect Cambium Electric Resistance in different locations, inorganic content was found to be the main factor in all of the study sites. Inorganic content was an important factor to the Cambium Electric Resistance in study sites located in industrial and central business districts. In the study sites located in costal area, Soil acidity was found to be other important factors that affect Cambium Electric Resistance. To improve the soil acidity, soil buffering ability should be improved from activating microorganisms in the soil by using lime and organic material, Since it takes a long time to make a change in the soil structure, well planed maintenance system is required by mid-term or long-term plans.

The purposes of this study are (1) carrying out the case study for the urban park planning in point of landscape ecology, (2) analyzing and evaluating the indicator character of the landscape ecological view on the basis of the case study and (3) proposing the urban park planning in point of landscape ecology. The results of this study are as follows. As a result of the elongation analysis among the shape indicators, especially, Dalsung Park has the highest score 0.85 and Chimsan Park has the lowest score 0.34. In case of green shape index, Bummul Park has 1.70 and Chimsan Park has 1.40 respectively. As a result of the buffer analysis, Chimsan Park turned out to be the highest, Bummul Park turned out the lowest. Chimsan Park gets I grade in two indicators but Bummul Park gets III grade in four indicators contrastively. As a result of the possibility analysis of the urban park planning, increasing elongation index and the number of major lobes can be an improvement method. Also by changing multilayer structure, micro-multiformity and curvature are increased and buffer of edge is improved.In this study, the basic data of landscape ecology can be obtained by the character analysis of landscape ecology. This study has a significant meaning of possibility in planning of the urban park which reflects the character of landscape ecology. This research was only performed in Chimsan Park, so additional researches for various cases will be needed.

This study was carried out to improve rehabilitation effect by hydro-seeding methods on denuded slopes. Lespedeza cyrtobotrya, Indigofera pseudotinctoria, Arudinella hirta, Poa pratensis, and Lolium perenne were used in this study. The results of the germination and growth characteristics by seed coating, slope control and soil mulching treatments are summarized here. Seed coating of those plants had an effect on germination ratio, germination force, $LD_{50}$, and seedling growth of stem, leaf and root. The seed coating effect was highest for I. pseudotinctoria while the seedling growth was best for L. cyrtobotrya. Vermiculite+Talcum was the best coating material for germination and seedling growth of the plants. As the slopes were steeper, germination ratio was lower and seedling growth of stem and root decreased. Lots of seeds and soils were swept away when the slope was steep. Soil mulching was effective for germination, seedling growth of stem and root, and soil stabilization. It was more effective when the slope was steeper. Coir net was the most effective soil mulching material n this study.

The flora of vascular plants around Chunji and Sochunji in Mt. Baekdu was listed 120 taxa; 31 families, 81 genera, 97 species, 1 subspecies, 21 varieties and 1 form. About endangered wild plants, 2 taxa (Paeonia obovata, Rhododendron aureum) are in class II. 12 taxa were listed as rare and endangered plants; Disporum ovale, Lilium davuricum, Saxifraga punctata, Rosa marretii, Cnidium tachiroei, Bupleurum euphorbioides, Halenia corniculata, Gentiana jamesii, Pedicularis verticillata, etc. 10 taxa were listed as Korean endemic plants; Lilium amabile, Aconitum pseudolaeve var. erectum, Oxytropis anertii for. alba, Valeriana officinalis var. latifolia, Cardamine resedifolia var. morii, Homopteryx nakaiana, Saussurea alpicola, Ligularia jamesii, etc. Specific plants by floral region were total 47 taxa; 3 taxa (Paeonia obovata, Rhododendron aureum, Pedicularis verticillata) in class V, 15 taxa (Lycopodium annotinum, Alnus maximowiczii, Saxifraga punctata, Petasites saxatile, etc.) in class IV, 5 taxa (Spiraea salicifolia, Sanguisorba hakusanensis, Acer ukurunduense, Campanula glomerata var. dahurica, Cacalia adenostyloides) in class III, 18 taxa (Lycopodium chinense, Disporum ovale, Ceologlossum viride var. bracteatum, Betula ermani, Aruncus dioicus var. kamtschaticus, Filipendula multijuga, Geranium eriostemon, Cnidium tachiroei, Ligularia stenocephala, etc.) in class II, 6 taxa (Pinus koraiensis, Cimicifuga simplex, Sanguisorba tenuifolia var. alba, Senecio nemorensis, Cacalia hastata subsp. orientalis, Cirsium pendulum) in class I. Peculiar flora around Chunji is thought to be made by the environmental factors such as wind, temperature and rainfall that influence the plants' growth.

The research aim is to classify biotope types of rural eco-villages designed by ministry of environment and analyze landscape ecological characteristics of them. This information would provide information on eco-villages' potential and specific needs to improve landscape ecological structure of eco-villages. Two eco-villages, designated by ministry of environment, in Yoocheon-ri and Sanduk-ri were selected and the landscape ecological metrics used in this study were Area, Shannon diversity index, Shape index, Distance index. The results are as follows. 1) There were five biotope types in large-scale classification, 13 biotope types m Sanduk-ri and 9 biotope types in Yoocheon-ri in middle-scale classification, 31 biotope types in Sanduk-ri and 24 biotope types in Yoocheon-ri in small-scale classification. 2) In the case of area, artificial biotope types, such as artificial forest, agricultural irrigation canal, wet paddy, dry paddy and residential area, covered more than 80% of total area. However, natural biotope types, such as natural forest, river, reservoir, covered just more than 10% of total area. In details, an orchard (26.69%) was the dominant biotope type, followed by artificial forest (19.10%) in Sanduk-ri and the first most abundant biotope type was artificial forest (49.71%), followed by wet paddy (15.95%) in Yoocheon-ri. 3) The result of Shannon diversity index indicated that Sanduk-ri (2.158) had more heterogeneity landscape, rather than Yoocheon-ri (2.051). 4) In the case of shape index, road (13.09) had more complex and irregular shape than either agricultural irrigation canal (3.35) or artificial forest (2.46) in Sanduk-ri. Road (6.52) was also the most irregular biotope shape, followed by river (5.70) and agricultural irrigation canal (4.78) in Yoocheon-ri. 5) Mean Nearest-neighbour Distance (MND) was smallest in wet paddy and dry paddy biotope types in the two study area, suggesting that these biotope types were concentrated within these study areas. From the result, this research suggested information to protect and improve biotopes of eco-villages in the landscape ecological terms. To achieve this improvement plan, there should be strong support by ministry of environment and local governments.

This study was to analyze vegetation and soil characteristic, and ordination of Bupleurum latissimum community located in Seo-Myun, Isl. Ulleungdo. The Bupleurum latissimum community was classified into Physocarpus insularis subcommunity and Artemisia stolonifera subcommunity, and there was Artemisia stolonifera subcommunity in destroyed site of Bupleurum latissimum community. In the study sites, soil organic matter, nitrogen, available phosphorous, changeable potassium, changeable calcium, changeable magnesium concentration, cation exchangeable capacity, and soil pH were ranged from 19.0~25.6%, 0.67~0.96%, 47.8~103.0ppm, 2.4~2.8(me/100g), 13.8~15.0(me/100g), 8.4~9.0 (me/100g), 34.0~38.4(me/100g), and 5.9~6.0, respectively. The Bupleurum latissimum community had higher nitrogen, exchangeable magnesium, and available phosphorous concentration than in Bupleurum euphorbioides and Bupleurum longiradiatum community. The Berberis amurensis var. latifolia and Valeriana officinalis var. latifolia that was companion species of Bupleurum latissimum community was found in area of having high soil organic matter and nitrogen concentration. The Ligustrum foliosumwas found in shrubbery, and so the reason could give little competition with Bupleurum latissimum community. The Bupleurum latissimum is the endangered species managed by Ministry of Environments in Korea. Its community has been destroyed, and so we need any action to protect the community.

This study was to analyze vegetation and soil characteristic, and ordination of Bupleurum euphorbioides community located in Mt. Seorak area, Mt. Sobaek area, and Mt. South Deogyu area. Bupleurum euphorbioides community was classified into Carex lanceolata subcommunity and Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. alpinum subcommunity, and Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. alpinum subcommunity was classified into Calamagrostis arundinacea and Carex breviculmis group. In the study sites, soil organic matter, nitrogen, available phosphorous, changeable potassium, changeable calcium, changeable magnesium concentration, cation exchange capacity, and soil pH were ranged from 9.0~15.2%, 0.32~0.47%, 3.0~8.6ppm, 0.3~0.9me/100g, 0.5~1.5me/100g, 0.2~0.6me/100g, 11.4~16.1me/100g, and 4.3~4.6, respectively. And, soil texture was sandy loam or loam. The Carex breviculmis group of Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. alpinum subcommunity was found in area of high elevation and had high exchangeable K, Ca, and Mg concentration. The Calamagrostis arundinacea group of Chrysanthemum zawadskii var.alpinum subcommunity was found in area of low elevation and had lower exchangeable K, Ca, and Mg concentration than in the other subcommunity. The Carex lanceolata subcommunity was found in area of medium elevation and had medium exchangeable K, Ca, and Mg concentration. The Carex lanceolata subcommunity was located in a path of top the mountain peak, and has been destroyed. We need any action to protect the subcommunity.

Ecopark enables sustainable use of natural resource and can be used as a place for site-based environmental education as well as for recreation. This study investigated the opinion for the development of ecopark and ecological education program of ecopark. Nine hundred and fifteen (918) students, 388 teachers, 341 adults, 200 administrators of district education offices, and 40 administrators of environmental offices participated in this survey with a response rate of 89.7%. Results of this survey indicated the followings are needed to develop ecopark : natural resources and facilities, ecological educational program and its operation, human resource and professional development, and cooperation system with educational and environmental offices. On the basis of these results, the way of improvement was discussed and proposed.

Recently, it has been important not only to evaluate environmental effects but also to assess cumulative and comprehensive effects by the development projects. This paper concentrates on temporal and spatial cumulative impacts on Suji district in Yongin, Gyunggi-do. This paper adopted two methods to assess the cumulative impacts. First, it assesses the temporal change of forest patch size and land cover according to the patch size. Second, it compares housing development zones with the neighborhood. The result of the research appears that the damage is very serious, especially in small forest. The Forest area is changed to farm land, most of them become to built-up area later. In addition, it is assessed that the secondary housing development projects did more harm than the initial one. By assessing the cumulative impacts on Suji district, this research suggests to minimize two kinds of solutions : comprehensive environmental assessments in regional unit and regulation on total forest quantity.

The objective of this study is to analyze the greenroof runoff quantity and delay. The experimental districts, have different soil thickness and vegetation, had installed. A measurement was conducted in Seoul University to investigate the runoff quantity and delay of the greenroof. The measurement point of runoff quality data were 8, located next to each experimental district. Also, the precipitation was measured by rain gauges(# RG2). The experimental investigation lasted from 21th July to 4th December, a total of 137 days. The results showed that the greenroof can contribute runoff retention and delay by soil, but the intensity of actual rain event affected the runoff reduction and delay. Overall, when was the rainy season, percent rainfall retention ranged 17.5% and runoff flow was delayed for 1-3 hours. But on the other hand, when was the typical rain event, percent rainfall retention ranged over 90% and runoff flow was delayed for 1-11 hours. In the result, the greenroof had the greatest runoff retention and delay, while for the typical rain event.

This research was studied to inverstigate the effect of plant mixtures and tackifibers on the vegetation of slope sites. 5 type plant mixtures(tree type, forest type, native herbaceous plant type, foreign herbaceous plant type, and cool-season turfgrass type) and 3 different tackifibers (Guar tackifibers, Polyarchrylamide tackifibers and Cellulose methyl starch) were treated with 3 replications on the experimented slope. The germination and coverage rate were high on native and foreign herbaceous plants and low on cool-season turfgrass, forest and tree types. We could notice that herbaceous plant types were effective on the vegetation of slope in the short term. Because tree or forest type vegetations similar to natural plant habitat, however, were preferable on slope vegetation in the long term, tree species of high germination rate should be selected in this experiment for tree or forest type slope vegetations. Tackifiber treatments increased the germination rate during the early treatment stage. However, the effect of tackifiber treatment on germination rate was decreased on the elapse of time. Guar tackifiber treatment was most effective on the vegetation of slope. As far as soil erosion control was concerned, all tackifiber treatments were effective compared to control.

Occasionlly, a lot of plants withered on the marine upheaval soil, because of the potential acid sulfate soil. It was necessary to investigate the chemistry of soil, before planting on Ulsan-Jungjadong cut-slope of road construction site. Cut-slope surface soils were sampled on the every varying points in soil colour and analyzed chemically. Germination status of seeds in sample soils was investigated such as Albizzia julibrissin, Festuca arundinacea. Relationship between germination status and chemistry of soil was analyzed. The results of investigation and analysis are as follows. 1. Germination of seeds was inhibited, less than pH($H_2O$ 1 : 5) 2.63. 2. Germination of seeds was inhibited, more than EC($H_2O_2$ 1 : 5) 13.4mS. 3. Germination of seeds was inhibited, more than aluminum ion content 2.0ppm in soil solution extracted by A$H_2O$ and 6.2ppm by $H_2O_2$. 4. pH($H_2O$ 1 : 5), EC($H_2O_2$ 1 : 5) and aluminum ion content proved chemical indicators of seed germination inhibition, in case of potential acid sulfate soil.

Currently, there are researches about environment-friendly road construction plans led by the Ministry of Construction and Transportation in progress. Therefore, in order to create the revegetation techniques of thin layer-soil combination media hydroseeding measures by actively using native herbs and native woody plants instead of using imported foreign grasses as a concept of sustainable environment-friendly land development, this thesis is going to identify problems that can appear when applying the thin- layer-soil-media hydroseeding measures by the suggested in the "Slope revegetation design and guidelines" proposed by the Ministry of Construction and Transportation, and to propose improvement plans for the problems.To this aim, a seeding mixture selection test was conducted by the goal of slope restoration, and a test group for artificial slope was created. As for a test for June sowing, it was intended to identify appropriate combination quantity by conducting a test that differentiates the combination quantity, and as for a test for September sowing, an artificial slope test was conducted by creating an artificial bank for earth and soil and applying 1~2cm and 3~4cm thickness after differentiating the seed combination volume and slope aspects.

This study is the primary study for analyzing the classifying characteristics of river wetlands in Korea and China. It is the first step for constructing the wetlands inventories and establishing the wetland conservation strategies in North-Eastern Asia. The case study sites are Han-river which is the representative river of Korea and Tu-men river which is flowing on the borderline of 3 nations, China, North Korea and Russia. The results are as follows : 1. The types of wetlands of Han-river in Korea and Tumen-river in China were classified by the methods of Koo(2002) which is focused on the topography and hydrology and Zhu(2002) which is emphasized the vegetation and habitats. 2. There are three features which are hydrology, topography and soil cover, and vegetation to classify the wetlands into each types. 3. According to the two wetland types by Koo and Zhu, classification system, wetlands in the case study area(Han river and Duman river) were classified by types. 4. In Koo's classifying system(2002), lots of Riverine, Lacustrins and Flat wetlands are found because the topographical and hydrological features are emphasized. On the contrary in Zhu's system(2002), there are lots of Palustrine wetlands because of emphasizing the vegetation. 5. By the topographic and geological characteristics of each sites, there are more wetland types in the lower Tumen river.

The urban stream includes the channel and sandbars. The sandbar plays a key role in the riparian ecosystem. For birds and insects the sandbar offers a small strip of habitat and fish and other fauna feed in the boundary of sandbar where eddies occur. So, it is important habitat and source for the flow of energy, matter and organisms through the landscape and act as ecotone between the terrestrial and stream corridors. However, the sandbar changes continuously by the natural process. Thus, it is necessary to measure the shape and area of the sandbar accurately for the efficient urban stream management for the amenity of urban residents and stream protection. The study site is Yangjae Stream where the first natural-style urban stream restoration projected was impelemented by the support of Ministry of Education in Korea. The measurement was taken by the beacon Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) and the data were stored and analyzed using ArcView Geographic Information System (GIS) program. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to measure the change of sandbars in the urban stream after concentrated stormwater during summer.