The question of recruitment qualification and standardization of VTS operators is reviewed through comparison with Air Traffic Control(ATC) The comparison reveals greater difference between the two services than commonality. While ATC enjoys a high degree of uniformity nationally and internationally the provision of VIS is dictated by varying local needs. The variety of those needs makes standardization of VTS operation a questionable short term objective. The paper concludes problem solving techniques such as the formal appreciation provide means of matching recruitment and qualification to local requriements.

The purpose of this paper is to describe the brief history of VTS in Korea including traffic separation scheme(TSS) and vessel movement reporting scheme(VMRS) in earlier time. The effectiveness of existing traffic services in Korean waters in mentioned in comparison with the results of other countries. Advanced VTS has been introduced in 1993 at the port of Pohang and thereafter a national VTS programme is developing to introduce the state-of-the-art system into major ports and their approaches including Yosu/Kwangyang Inchon and Pusan. This paper introduces the future expanding VTS programme is Some recommendations are made to enhance the traffic safety in Korean waters and to increase the effectiveness of the advanced VTS.

THe latest developments in computer technology and marine surveillance systems equipment has for the first time provided ports with the ability to provide comprehensive traffic management system that can significantly improve safety and operational efficiency within a port and its approaches. This paper takes a look at these developments and how they can be applied to the modern port environment. Subjects discussed include the current VTS developments worldwide the latest developments in equipment available the impact of these developments on port operations and how this can affect the economics of a port. Examples of existing systems are provided to indicate the effectiveness of the VTS in this areas. The advent of computer technology has revolutionized the operations of VTS and enabled very capital intensive systems to exchange between ships and the shore by using this information to ease the problems of navigation in confined waters co-ordinating the services involved in ship movement and by introducing controls where necessary to enhance safety port efficiency. International trade is expanding particularly in the Asia-Pacific region where the majority of this trade is carried by sea ships are expensive items to operate and require efficient port facilities to earn their profits. Delays within the port area accidents and their consequences are subjects that can seriously effect the operations of modern vessels. The port that provides the safest haven and shortest turnatound time is the port that will succeed commercially. An efficient VTS is one means to ensure that this happens.

Earlier studies indicated clearly that information obtained from conventional statistics cannot provide guidance on detailed casualty analysis. Much more is needed if casualty statistics are to play a proficient and vigorous role in encouraging safety. Specific difficulties originate from making the causal relationships clear. Fault tree analysis and symbolic modeling of functional block diagram are an efficient aid in safety analysis so that these methods are generally used in other industries. This paper describes the application of these tools in shipping casualties and how to evaluate the relationships between different causes of ship casualties. Thesee methods are proved to be an efficient and useful tools to indicate the relationships between individual physical factors. In addition these models permit easy understanding and recognition of the factors leading to individual casualty

I. Introduction II. State of vessel-source marine pollution 1. Pollution by tanker accidents 2. Pollution by tanker operations 3. Pollution by chemicals 4. Pollution by garbage and sewage III. Regulatory regime for ship safety and vessel-source 1. Regime for ship safety 2. Regime for vessel-source marine pollution prevention IV. Cause analysis of Contemporary vessel-source marine pollution. 1. Diversity of interested parties of shipping 2. Fierce international competition of shipping 3. Wide variagions in ship safety indicators by natons 4. Limitation of enforcing oil spill activities 5. Limitation of international countermeasures V. Summary conclusions and suggestions Note and References

IN conjunction with the fast developments of computer systems the trends of ship's automation nowadays have made automatic route tracking and automatic sailing really practicable applications by executing Integrated Navigation System or Total Navigation System as it may The advent of INS is very desirable in the view of safe and economic operation of ships and protecting marine environments but all the benefits of modern navigation system must be easily accessible and appear user friendly to the ship's officers who control and monitor that system. Extra workloads added to marine officers Masters or pilots due to the difficulties and unfamiliarity to new systems could provoke a serious restrictions on safe navigation or even certain marine disasters. Hence ship's efficient bridge layout is very important factor for this matter and must consider bridge layout and design with ergonomics and workloads of duty officer. In this paper conventional bridge layouts and modernized layouts including INS and International standards on bridge consoles are introduced compared and analysed. And present some guidelines on the console layouts from a point of mariner's view.

The Nautical Chart Division has the responsibility of producing charts covering the Korean Waters and its adjacent seas. In November 1994 a part of computer charting system has been introduced to the OHA and the total system of 4 workstations and 3 graphic terminals for digital compilation and ENC preparation will be delivered by the end of this year. Using this system three papaer charts are now edited as a test-base.

This paper describes the research and development of the Electronic Chart Data base and the Electronic Chart Display and Information System(ECDIS) based on the Draft Soecification for ECDIS of IHO by the Research Group on ECDIS of the Ministry of Communicatios of China, The paper also briefly introduces the systems configuration basic function electronic chart data base of China and the future prospects.

An Integrated Bridge System (IBS) is not an officially defined term, but a concept of which integrates on a consol at bridge the primary functions of stand-alone navigational aids and communication instruments or of stand-alone units which are integrated i.e. ARPA ECDIS It aims to enable officers on navigational watch to perform their duty without impairing proper lookout. IBS has been taking shape through a rapid development of navigation and communication systems in relation with bridge configuration bridge work station and one man bridge operation system. IBS related matters have been considered for years and is on the agenda of the International Maritime Organization(IMO) for its technical details and safety aspect of possible one-man watchkeeping at night. However IMO has made it clear that human element should be the key factor in considering IBS and single watchkeeping issue. In the development of IBS ergonomic element and human psychological aspect have been more emphasized than technical requirements. This paper refers to documents presented to the IMO and its progress made in various IMO technical meetings on the development of IBS which is perceived as an effective aid to proper bridge lookout and those standards adopted by classification societies on the composition of workstation at bridge in order to identify the international trend on regulating required equipment function of workstation of IBS the regulatory review process and technical recommendations related thereto.

When an automatic course-keeping is introduced as is quite popular in modern navigation the closed-loop steering system consists of autopilot device power unit(or telemotor unit) steering gear ship dynamics and magnetic or gyro compass. We derive the mathematical model of each element of the automatic steering system. We provide a method of theoretical analysis on propulsive energy loss related to automatic steering of ships inthe open seas taking account of the on-off mechanism of power unit. Also we paid attention to dead band mechanism of autopilot device which is normally called weather adjustment. Next we make numerical calculation of the effects of autopilot control constants ont he propulsive energy loss for two kinds of ship a fishing boat and an ore carrier. Realistic sea and wind disturbances are employed in the calculation.

Although ship's draught information onboard is substantial for both the safety of navigation and the estimation of loaded cargoes its accuracy depends in traditional surveying method on the skillfulness of observers and the condition of the sea surface round the vessel. To obtain more accurate information accessibly measuring instruments with sophisticated sensors such as mechanical electronic and ultrasonic transducers have been developed. however they have still limitation in accuracy and in making up a system due to the complexity of processing signal. In this paper we propose a he technique for analyzing ultrasonic pulse signal in order to improve the measurement accuracy and simplify a remote sensing system of draught by ultrasonic waves. This technique is useful for measuring draught being considered the influence of sea surface fluctuation and for transferring its data briefly to required equipment in integrated bridge system.