Aconitum Koreanum rhizoma has been applied in therapy from old in oriental medicine (Korean Hanbang), The action of the water and alcohol extracts of the rhizoma and root of Aconitum Koreanum R. Raymond, a common herb in Korea, on the isolated Frog heart and $LD_{50}$ were observed. The results of the studies were as follows: 1. The cardiac effect in the concentration of the extracts$(10^{-3})$ was increased and duratrin of action prolonged approximately 10 minutes, but in the extracts $(3{\times}10^{-3})blocked$. 2. The $LD_{50}$ of extracts were 722 mg/kg (water) and 151mg/kg (alcohol) intraperitoneally in mice.

Alloxan is a diabetogenic agent which destroys the beta-cell of the Langerhan's islet of pancreas and it disturbs the secretion of insulin. It is known that alloxan interfers with the hepatic enzyme activity and some aspect of the other metabolism. The author attempted to investigate the influence of reserpine upon the serum transaminase activity, blood sugar and serum total cholesterol contents of rabbit treated alloxan. The results obtained were summarized as follows; 1. The serum GOT and GPT activity of alloxanized rabbit pretreated with reserpine showed marked decrease compared with alloxan control group. 2. The blood sugar level of alloxanized rabbit pretreated with reserpine showed lower than the alloxan control group. 3. The total cholesterol level of alloxanized rabbit pretreated with reserpine was lower than that of alloxan control group.

The effects of dephenylhydantoin, strychnine, coramine, d-amphetamine and chlorpromazine on $QO_2$ and non-inulin space $Na^+$, $K^+$ concentration of rat cerebral cortical slices incubated in pH 7.4 glycylglycine glucose saline was investigated. In general, there are decreased non-inulin space $Na^+$ concentration or increased non-inulin space $K^+$ concentration or both when the ratio of respiration to non-inulin space is greater than control group except in case of chlorpromazine $10^{-4}\;M$. And it is suggested that the ratio of respiration to non-inulin space is responsible more closely for the non-inulin space Na, K concentration than $QO_2$ expressed per tissue wet weight. Effects of diphenylhydantoin and several other agents on electrolytes and the electroshock seizure threshold are discussed.

Saponin, essential oil, fat oil and alkaloidal fraction were fractionated from the ethanol extract of fanax ginseng. Effect of each fraction of Panax ginseng upon the temperature response induced by reserpine, chlorpromazine and nembutal was investigated in mice, so as to secure some hidden facets of each fraction of Panax ginseng acting upon central nervous system. The authors could arrive at some results, that is: (1) Inhibitory effect of Panax ginseng upon temperature decline induced by nembutal and chlorpromazine and potentiating action upon hyperthermia induced by reserpine reside mainly in saponin fraction and slightly in essential oil fraction. (2) The effect of Ginseng saponin on temperature response in nice seems to be related with the liberation of serotonin and histamine.

The author studied the action of autonomic drugs on the urinary bladder isolated from Ditrema temmincki Bleaker and the results obtained were summarized as follows: 1) The motility of the urinary bladder of the fish was stimulated by acetylcholine and physostigmine. The stimulating action of these drugs was antagonized by atropine. 2) The motility of the fish bladder was stimulated by epinephrine, nor-epinephrine and phenylephrine, but inhibited by isoproterenol. 3) The inhibitory effects of isoproterenol on the fish bladder was not affected by phenoxybenzamine, but blocked by propranolol. 4) The excitatory effects of phenylephrine on the fish bladder were blocked by phenoxybenzamine, but augmented by propranolol. 5) The excitatory effects of epinephrine and nor-epinephrine were reversed by phenoxybenzamine and augmented by propranolol. 6) The motility of the fish bladder pretreated with phenoxybenzamine and propranolol was not affected by isoproterenol, phenylephrine, epinephrine and nor-epinephrine. 7) It seemed that the bladder muscle of the fish had both alpha excitatory and beta inhibitory receptors. 8) The motility of the fish bladder was stimulated by nicotine and DMPP. The excitatory effects of these drugs were abolished by pretreatment with hexamethonium or atropine. 9) It is, therefore, concluded that there are ganglion cells furnished with cholinergic fiber in the bladder wall of the fish.

The authors studied the adrenotropic receptors of isolated urinary bladder from Sebastes inermis, using adrenergic activators such as epinephrine, nor-epinephrine, isoproterenol and phenylephrine and adrenergic blocking agents such as phenoxybenzamine, pronethalol and propranolol. The studies have revealed the following results. 1) The spontaneous motility of isolated bladder from Sebastes inermis was inhibited by epinephrine nor-epinephrine, isoproterenol and phenylephrine. 2) The inhibitory effect of phenylephrine on the Sebastes inermis bladder was blocked by phenoxybensamine. 3) The inhibitory effect of isoproterenol was blocked by pronethalol and propranolol. 4) The effect of epinephrine and nor-epinephrine on the Sebastes inermis bladder was usually not blocked by either kind of blocking agent alone, but was blocked by a combination of ${\alpha}\;and\;{\beta}$ blockades. 5) It is, therefore, concluded that the Sebastes inermis bladder has alpha and that both receptors, and that both receptors subserve retaxation or inhibition.

Antimuscarinic agent like antispasmodic actions of licorice alkaloidal fraction, obtained from the Glycyrrhiza glabra L., was compared with that of atropine quantitatively. For this purpose, the author calculated the kinetic constants and $ED_{50}$ for acetylcholine antagonism by these drugs on rat ileum and guinea-fig ileum longitudinal muscle according to Paton's theoretical equations describing the combination of an antagonist drug with its receptors. The results are as follows. 1. On rat ileum. a) Licorice alkaloidal fraction $K_1$ (association rate constant)=$4.078{\times}10^2\;(s^{-1}\;gm^{-1}\;ml)$ $K_2$ (dissociation rate constant)=$6.986{\times}10^{-4}\;(s^{-1})$ $ED_{50}(K_2/K_1)=1.772{\times}10^{-6}(gm/ml)$ b) Atropine $K_1=5.136{\times}10^6$, $K_2=7.714{\times}10^{-4}$, $ED_{50}=1.408{\times}10^{-10}$ 2. On guinea-pig ileum longitudinal muscle a) Licorice alkaloidal fraction $K_1=1.30{\times}10^2$, $K_2=1.25{\times}10^{-3}$ $ED_{50}=9.58{\times}10^{-6}$ b) Atropine $K_1=5.75{\times}10^6$, $K_2=1.54{\times}10^{-3}$ $ED_{50}=2.68{\times}10^{-10}$ Above results present that 1 r of licorice alkaloidal fraction has equal fotency of acetylcholine antagonism with $8.5{\times}10^{-5}r$ of atropine on rat ileum, $2.8{\times}10^{-5}r$ on guinea-pig ileum longitudinal muscle. This facts suggest that the site and numbers of licorice alkaloid receptors of guinea-pig ileum are different from that of rat ileum. Besides, it also gives a suggestion that licorice alkaloidal fraction may be a partial antagonist on guinea-pig ileum in this experimental conditions.

The effect of the panaquilon (partial component of panax ginseng), on the isolated pregnant and nonpregnant uterus strip was observed. The movement of the strip of the rabbit uterus suspended in Locke's solution was refolded by the Magnus method. 1. The tonus of the pregnant uterus was slightly increased and returned the normal movement after a short period (approximately 60 seconds) in concentration of $10^{-6}$ of panaquilon. 2. The tonus and motility of panaquilon was slightly synergistic when pretreated with syntocinon and barium chloride.

In order to investigate the effect of autonomic nervous system on salivary gland, the authors have observed the effects of various drugs acting on the autonomic nervous system to the rat submaxillary gland by comparing the changes of gland weight, the amylase activity and various electrolyte contents with control group. The results are as follows; 1. The pilocarpine, physostigmine, norepinephrine, atropine and DMPP increased the rat submaxillary gland weight. 2. The amylase activities of rat submaxillary gland were increased by pilocarpine, physostigmine and norepinephrine, but decreased by atropine and DMPP. 3. Calcium contents of rat submaxillary gland were highly increased by pilocarpine and physostigmine, hut slightly increased by norepinephrine. 4. Magnesium contents of rat submarillary gland were increased by DMPP, but decreased by pilocarpine, physostigmine and norepinephrine. 5. Sodium contents of rat subnaxillary gland were increased by pilocarpine, physostigmine, norepinephrine and DMPP, but decreased by atropine. 6. Potassium contents of rat submaxillary gland were highly increased by atropine, and slightly increased by DMPP and norepinephrine, but decreased by pilocarpine and physostigmine.

The direct effect of isoproterenol on renal function, when given intravenously, is usually obscured by its potent hypotensive action. To obviate the latter action, isoproterenol was infused directly into one renal artery of the dog, the other kidney serving as a control for the general action. And following results were obtained. In the first series of experiments, the directic action of isoproterenol was ascertained. $1.0\;{\mu}g/kg/min$. reduced on both kidneys the urine flow, clearances of PAH and creatinine, as well as the amount of sodium excreted, but the effect was weaker on the experimental side than on contralateral side. With $0.1\;{\mu}g/kg/min$., two cases among 6 experiments showed marked diuresis, two cases no apparent effect, and another two marked antidiuresis on the experimental kidney, whereas the contralateral kidney exhibited antidiuresis in all cases. Further reducing the dose unmasked the diuretic action on the ,experimental kidney. In another series, the effects of isoproterenol on the blood flow distribution within the kidney and on sodium concentration gradient within the kidney tissue were observed. $0.05\;{\mu}g/kg/min$ isoproterenol markedly increased the medullary plasma flow and slightly increased total renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate, along with concomitant increase in the amount of sodium excreted and osmolar clearance, and decrease in reabsorption of free water. Sodium concentration gradient markedly decreased in the experimental kidney, reaching 2/3 of the value observed in the contralateral kidney at the papilla. It is thus concluded that isoproterenol exerts a diuretic action, when infused directly into a renal artery, and the mechanism of the action rests on its hemodynamic action, substantiated as the increase in glomerular filtration and in the medullary blood flow, resulting in washout of hyperosmolality produced by the coutercurrent multiplier system.

Anti-ulcer activity of licorice alkaloid fraction, separated from Glycyrrhiza glabra L. by fractionation according to general alkaloid purification procedure, were studied with various experimental gastric ulcers. In Shay ulcer, licorice alkaloid fraction inhibit significantly response rate and severity of ulcer. But there was no significant changes in volume and pH of gastric contents. A male rat was fixed on a board and immersed up to breast in water of $25^{\circ}C$ for 20 hrs. Hemorrhage and erosion develop in all the animals on the mucosa of the glandular portion of stomach. Licorice alkaloid fraction (5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg) inhibit significantly in the severity of stress ulcer but there was no changes in the response rate. Chlorpromazine produce marked inhibition in the severity and response rate of ulcer It was suggested that at least the anti-ulcer activity of licorice alkaloid fraction was not mediated by central depression.