• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.1517-1527
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• 2020

이 연구는 감성공학을 적용한 다중에멀젼(W/O/W) 선블록크림의 자외선차단효과와 내수성에 관한 것으로 실제 공업화된 사례를 보고한다. 다중에멀젼 시스템의 선블록크림을 개발하여 바를 때는 부드럽고 촉촉한 사용감을 가지면서, 흡수 후에는 내수성이 우수한 W/O 타입으로 변화하는 특징이 있다. 다중에멀젼 크림은 촉촉함과 내수성을 동시에 가진 고기능성 선블록크림으로 안정한 유백색의 크림, 점도는 36,000cps이었다. 자외선차단크림에 사용된 유기계 선스크린은 에칠헥실메톡시신나메이트, 비스에칠헥실옥시페놀메톡시페닐트리아진이다. UVB와 UVA를 모두 차단하는 헥사고날 징크옥사이드와 티타늄다이옥사이드의 무기계 선스크린으로 처방하였다. In-vitro법으로 자외선차단효과를 측정한 결과 자외선차단효과(SPF)는 다중에멀젼 크림은 78.9, W/O크림은 76.7, O/W크림은 71.3으로 동일종류와 함량을 포함해도 제형에 따라 자외선 차단효과는 다르게 나오는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이는 다중에멀젼에서 가장 높은 효과의 수치를 얻었다. 자외선차단효과의 임상 (in-vivo)결과로써 다중에멀젼 시스템으로 개발한 선블록크림의 자외선차단효과를 나타내는 SPF 값은 85.7이었으며, UVA영역을 차단해 주는 PA값은 26.5로, ++++에 해당하는 높은 차단효과를 가지고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 내수성시험결과로써, W/O/W 제형은 4시간경과 후에도 93.8%의 높은 내수성을 가지고 있었고, W/O는 75.4%, O/W는 25.3%의 낮은 내수성을 가지고 있었다. 사용감 HUT테스트 결과에서도 다중에멀젼 선블록크림>친수성크림>친유성 크림 순으로 나타났다. 이 다중에멀젼의 연구결과를 바탕으로 사용감, 자외선 차단지수, 내수성을 모두 높여 레포츠야외활동 전용의 선블록 크림으로 활동도가 높을 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제49권6호
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• pp.513-520
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• 2016

Many surface protection methods have been developed to apply to constructional steels which have been used under severe corrosive environments. One of these methods, hot dip galvanizing is being widely used to the numerous constructional steels such as a guard rail of high way, various types of structural steel for manufacturing ship and for some other industrial fields etc.. Recently, the cost of zinc is getting higher and higher, thus, it is considered that improvement of hot dip galvanizing process to reduce the cost of production should be developed possibly. In this study, additives such as acid cleaning solution, $NH_4OH$, $Al(OH)_3$ and $H_2O_2$ were added to flux solution, and omission of water washing treatment after acid cleaning was investigated with some types of flux solutions added with some additives mentioned above. The decrement of pH by adding the acid cleaning solution could be controlled due to neutralization reaction with addition of $NH_4OH$. The flux solution added with both $NH_4OH$ and $Al(OH)_3$ exhibited nearly the same color and pH value as those of orignal flux solution with no added, and the sample dipped to the flux solution which was added with additives mentioned above indicated a relatively good corrosion resistance compared to other samples. However, the flux solution added with $NH_4OH$, $Al(OH)_3$ and $H_2O_2$ exhibited a different color, sediment and a bad corrosion resistance. Consequently, it is considered that omission of water washing treatment may be able to perform by adding optimum additives to the original flux solution.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.260-272
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• 2001

All-ceramic restorations have had a more limited life expectancy than metal ceramic restorations because of their low strength. Their relatively lower strength and resistance to fracture have restricted the use of all-ceramic crowns to anterior applications where occlusal loads are lower. But there has been increasing interest in all-ceramic restorations because patients are primarily concerned with improved esthetics. Many efforts have been made to in prove the mechanical properties of dental ceramics. This study was designed to elucidate the influence of the luting agent on the strength of the Empress 2 crown (staining technique) cemented on human teeth. Seventy extracted human permanent molar teeth were chosen. Teeth were prepared for Empress 2 crowns with milling machine on a surveyor. A dental bur was placed in the mandrel that was positioned so that the long axis of the bur was perpendicular to the surveyor base. Dimensions of the Empress 2 crown preparation were $6^{\circ}$ taper on each side, $1.5{\pm}0.1mm$ shoulder margin, and 4mm crown height. The luting cements used in this study were as follow: 1. Uncemented 2. Zinc phosphate cements (Confi-Dental) 3. Conventional glass ionomer cement : Fuji 1 (GC) 4. Resin-modified glass ionomer cements : Fuji plus (GC) 5. Adhesive cements : Panavia F (Kuralay), Variolink II (Vivadent), Choice (Bisco). Fracture test using Instron. The crowns were loaded in compressive force to evaluate the effect of these cements on the breaking strength of these all-ceramic crowns. A steel ball with a diameter of 4mm was placed on the occlusal surface and load was applied to the steel ball by a cylindrical bolt with a crosshead speed of 0.5mm per minute until fracture occurred. The fractured surface was examined using Scanning Electron Microscopic Image (SEM) to discover the correlation between fracture strength and bonding capacity. Within the limitation of this in vitro study design, the results were as follows : 1. fomentations significantly increased the fracture resistance of Empress ceramic crowns compared to control. Uncemented (206.9 N): ZPC (812.9 N): Fuji 1 (879.5 N): Fuji Plus (937.7 N): Choice (1105.4 N): Variolink II (1221.1 N): Panavia F (1445.2 N). 2. Resin luting agent, treated by a silane bond enhancing agents, yielded a significant increase in fracture resistance. In some of the Panavia F group, a fracture extended into dentin. 3. According to SEM images of fractured Empress crowns, the stronger the bond at both interfaces(crown and die), the more fracture strength was acquired.

• 한국진공학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.275-280
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• 2010

MOCVD (Metal-Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition) 장비를 사용하여 BZO (boron doped zinc oxide, ZnO:B) 박막을 증착하고 수소 플라즈마 처리공정을 진행하였다. 본 연구는 수소 플라즈마 처리된 BZO 박막에 산소 플라즈마 재처리를 진행하여 BZO 박막의 특성 변화를 분석하였다. 그 결과 BZO 박막 성장은 (100), (101), (110)을 확인하였고, 산소 플라즈마 재처리에 의하여 일함수와 표면 저항이 증가하였다. 수소 플라즈마 처리만을 진행한 BZO 박막과 산소 플라즈마 재처리 공정을 진행한 BZO 박막의 300~1,100 nm에서 가중치 투과율은 86%로 변화하지 않았으며, 가중치 산란도는 12%에서 15%로 증가하였다.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제24권10호
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• pp.543-549
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• 2014

A zinc oxide (ZnO) hybrid structure was successfully fabricated on a glass substrate by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). In-situ growth of a multi-dimensional ZnO hybrid structure was achieved by adjusting the growth temperature to determine the morphologies of either film or nanorods without any catalysts such as Au, Cu, Co, or Sn. The ZnO hybrid structure was composed of one-dimensional (1D) nanorods grown continuously on the two-dimensional (2D) ZnO film. The ZnO film of 2D mode was grown at a relatively low temperature, whereas the ZnO nanorods of 1D mode were grown at a higher temperature. The change of the morphologies of these materials led to improvements of the electrical and optical properties. The ZnO hybrid structure was characterized using various analytical tools. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to determine the surface morphology of the nanorods, which had grown well on the thin film. The structural characteristics of the polycrystalline ZnO hybrid grown on amorphous glass substrate were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Hall-effect measurement and a four-point probe were used to characterize the electrical properties. The hybrid structure was shown to be very effective at improving the electrical and the optical properties, decreasing the sheet resistance and the reflectance, and increasing the transmittance via refractive index (RI) engineering. The ZnO hybrid structure grown by MOCVD is very promising for opto-electronic devices as Photoconductive UV Detectors, anti-reflection coatings (ARC), and transparent conductive oxides (TCO).

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제22권11호
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• pp.1557-1567
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• 2012

Glutathione reductase (GR, E.C. 1.6.4.2) is an important enzyme that reduces glutathione disulfide (GSSG) to a sulfydryl form (GSH) in the presence of an NADPH-dependent system. This is a critical antioxidant mechanism. Owing to the significance of GR, this enzyme has been examined in a number of animals, plants, and microbes. We performed a study to evaluate the molecular properties of GR (OsGR) from rice (Oryza sativa). To determine whether heterologous expression of OsGR can reduce the deleterious effects of unfavorable abiotic conditions, we constructed a transgenic Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain expressing the GR gene cloned into the yeast expression vector p426GPD. OsGR expression was confirmed by a semiquantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (semiquantitative RT-PCR) assay, Western-blotting, and a test for enzyme activity. OsGR expression increased the ability of the yeast cells to adapt and recover from $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative stress and various stimuli including heat shock and exposure to menadione, heavy metals (iron, zinc, copper, and cadmium), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), ethanol, and sulfuric acid. However, augmented OsGR expression did not affect the yeast fermentation capacity owing to reduction of OsGR by multiple factors produced during the fermentation process. These results suggest that ectopic OsGR expression conferred acquired tolerance by improving cellular homeostasis and resistance against different stresses in the genetically modified yeast strain, but did not affect fermentation ability.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2008년도 추계학술대회 논문집 Vol.21
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• pp.283-284
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• 2008

Electrical and optical characteristics of indium tin oxide (ITO) and indium zinc oxide (IZO) films without and with $(SiO_2)_3(ZnO)_7$ at.% (SZO) film deposited on poly(ethylene naphthalate) (PEN) and poly(ethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates as a gas barrier layer for flexible display were studied. The ITO and IZO films with SZO gas barrier layer showed the improved properties which were both the high transmittance of average 80% in the visible light range and the decreased sheet resistance as compared to those of ITO and IZO films without SZO layer. Particularly, the PEN substrate with only SZO gas barrier layer had a low water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of $\sim10^{-3}g/m^2$/day. Thus, we suggest that the SZO film with protection ability against the water vapor permeation can be applied to gas barrier layer for flexible display.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2014년도 제46회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.426.1-426.1
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• 2014

For high performance thin film solar cells, texturing surface, enhancing the optical absorptionpath, is pretty important. Textured ZnO:Al transparent oxide layer of high haze is commonly used in Si thin film solar cells. In this paper, novel deposition method for aluminum doped zinc oxide (ZnO:Al) on glass substrates is presented to improve the haze property. The broccoli structure of ZnO:Al layer was formed on chemically etched glass substrates, which showed high haze value on a wide wavelength range.The etching condition of the glass substrates can change not only the haze values of the ZnO:Al of in-situ growth but alsothe electrical and optical properties of the deposited ZnO:Al films.The etching mechanism of the glass substrate affecting on the surface morphology of the glass will be discussed, which resulted in variation of texture of ZnO:Al layer. The optical properties of substrate morphology were also analyzed with EDS and FTIR results. As a result, the high haze value of 85.4% was obtained in the wavelength range of 300 nm to 1100 nm. Furthermore, low sheet resistance of about 5~18 ohm/sq was achieved for different surface morphologies of the ZnO:Al films.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.211-214
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• 2013

The effects of a Ni coating on the sensing properties of nano ZnO:Ni based gas sensors were studied for $CH_4$ and $CH_3CH_2CH_3$ gases. Nano ZnO sensing materials were prepared by the hydrothermal reaction method. The Ni coatings on the nano ZnO surface were deposited by the hydrolysis of zinc chloride with $NH_4OH$. The weight % of Ni coating on the ZnO surface ranged from 0 to 10 %. The nano ZnO:Ni gas sensors were fabricated by a screen printing method on alumina substrates. The structural and morphological properties of the nano ZnO : Ni sensing materials were investigated by XRD, EDS, and SEM. The XRD patterns showed that nano ZnO : Ni powders with a wurtzite structure were grown with (1 0 0), (0 0 2), and (1 0 1) dominant peaks. The particle size of nano ZnO powders was about 250 nm. The sensitivity of nano ZnO:Ni based sensors for 5 ppm $CH_4$ gas and $CH_3CH_2CH_3$ gas was measured at room temperature by comparing the resistance in air with that in target gases. The highest sensitivity of the ZnO:Ni sensor to $CH_4$ gas and $CH_3CH_2CH_3$ gas was observed at Ni 4 wt%. The response and recovery times of 4 wt% Ni coated ZnO:Ni gas sensors were 14 s and 15 s, respectively.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제63권2호
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• pp.125-129
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• 2020

Environmental pollution caused by various heavy metals is a serious global problem. To solve this problem, microbial bioremediation of contaminated metals has developed rapidly as an effective strategy when physical and chemical techniques are not suitable. In this study, cadmium (Cd)-tolerant soil bacteria were isolated via artificial induction in laboratory conditions instead of screening bacteria naturally adapted to metal-contaminated soils. Wild-type (WT) bacteria grown in uncontaminated soils were artificially and sequentially adapted to gradually increasing Cd concentrations of up to 15 mM. The resultant cells, named Soil-CdR15, survived at a Cd concentration of 10 mM, whereas WT cells failed to survive with 4 mM Cd on solid media for 2 d. In liquid media containing Cd, the SoilCdR15 cells grew with 15 mM Cd for 7 d, whereas the WT cells could not grow with 5 mM Cd. Both Soil-CdR15 and WT cells removed approximately 35% of Cd at the same capacity from liquid media containing either 0.5 or 1.0 mM Cd over 2 d. In addition to Cd, the Soil-CdR15 cells showed increased resistance to nickel, zinc, and arsenic compared to WT cells. The Soil-CdR cells were identified as Burkholderia sp. by partial sequencing of 16S rRNA. The data presented in this study demonstrate that isolation of heavy metal-tolerant microorganisms via artificial induction in laboratory conditions is possible and may be useful for the application of the microorganisms for the bioremediation of heavy metals.