• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.369-377
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• 2013

In order to increase the utilization of sweet potato leaves and stalks as much as roots, it is necessary to study their beneficial potential. In this study, the antioxidant, antiallergic and anti-inflammatory effects of sweet potato leaves and stalks were evaluated by measuring total polyphenol and flavonoid contents, DPPH radical scavenging effects, the reducing power and inhibition effects on xanthine oxidase (XO), 5-lipoxygenase (LOX), and cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2 activities. Blanched sweet potato leaves (SL), raw whole purple stalks (ST) and peeled stalks (PST) were freeze-dried and extracted with 95% ethanol. Total polyphenol content was highest in SL (11.03 mg/g), followed by ST (0.87 mg/g), and PST (0.37 mg/g). Total flavonoid content was highest for SL (9.01 mg/g), followed by ST (0.50 mg/g) and PST (0.25 mg/g). The $IC_{50}$ for DPPH radical scavenging effects was highest for SL ($43.6{\mu}g/mL$), followed by ST ($308.4{\mu}g/mL$) and PST ($1,631.3{\mu}g/mL$). The reducing power was highest for SL ($59.72{\mu}g$ ascorbic acid eq./mL), followed by ST ($12.56{\mu}g$ ascorbic acid eq./mL) and PST ($2.18{\mu}g$ ascorbic acid eq./mL) with $1,000{\mu}g/mL$ of ethanol extract. The inhibition rate on XO activity was highest for SL (13.06%), followed by ST (5.05%) and PST (0.0%) at $250{\mu}g/mL$ extract treatment. The inhibition rate on COX-2 activity was highest for SL (55.34%), followed by ST (2.18%) and PST (0.0%) at $250{\mu}g/mL$ extract treatment. The inhibition rate on 5-LOX activity was highest for SL (91.16%), followed by ST (33.38%) and PST (14.93%) at $50{\mu}g/mL$ treatment. Taken together, sweet potato leaves showed high antioxidative, anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory activities, especially with very strong inhibition effects on 5-LOX activity. These beneficial effects of sweet potato leaves might be mainly caused by the high content of polyphenols and flavonoids.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.520-529
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to investigate the protective effects of Yukmijiwhang-tang(YM) water extracts against the UVB irradiation on the human keratinocyte HaCaT cells. We observed the effects of YM on the oxidative stress, gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine such as TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-$1{\beta}$, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 in UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells. On the effects of oxidative stress and antioxidant function on the treatment with YM, The activity of xanthine oxidase(XO) was significantly decreased by treatment of YM in all the concentrations(p<0.01). The activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and catalase(CAT) was significantly increased by treatment of YM in a dose dependent manner(p<0.05 and p<0.01). DPPH radical was erased by treatment of YM under dose of $500{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ concentration. Treatment of HaCaT cells with YM had also significantly reduced intracellular ROS produced by UVB irradiation in a dose dependent manner(p<0.05, p<0.01, p<0.001). Gelatin zymography assay showed that YM downregulated the MMP-9 activity in UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells. RT-PCR analysis revealed that YM suppressed the expression of IL-$1{\beta}$ and MMP-9 however, it has no effects on the expression of TNF-${\alpha}$ and MMP-3. Our study suggests that Yukmijiwhang-tang exert protective actions on the UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells largely by anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory processes.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.11
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• pp.1589-1593
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• 2005

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of testosterone, 17$\beta$-estradiol, and progesterone on the differentiation of bovine intramuscular adipocytes (BIA). Stromal-vascular (SV) cells were obtained from M. longissimus dorsi of 20 months old Korean (Hanwoo) steers, and were cultured in DMEM containing 5% FBS. The proliferated BIA were induced to differentiate with 0.25 $\mu$M dexamethasone, 0.5 mM 1-methyl-3-isobutyl-xanthine and 10 $\mu$g/ml insulin. During differentiation, the cells were treated with testosterone, 17$\beta$-estradiol, and progesterone at concentrations of $10^{-10}$, $10^{-9}$, and $10^{-8}$ M, respectively, for 12 days. Regardless of its concentration, testosterone remarkably reduced lipid droplets in the cytosol of BIA. On the other hand, 17$\beta$-estradiol and progesterone increased the accumulation of lipid droplets in BIA. Testosterone significantly (p<0.05) decreased GPDH activities with a dose-dependent pattern. 17$\beta$-Estradiol treatment onto BIA during differentiation, however, increased GPDH activity showing the highest activity (11.3 nmol/mg protein/min) at $10^{-10}$ M. Treatment of BIA with progesterone also increased (p<0.05) GPDH activity with the highest activity (13.8 nmol/mg protein/min) at $10^{-9}$ M. In conclusion, the results in the current study suggest that testosterone inhibits differentiation of BIA by suppressing GPDH activity while 17$\beta$-estradiol and progesterone have adverse effects.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.989-1000
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to examine the toxic effects caused by xanthine oxidase/hypoxanthine(XO/HX) and the effects of herbal extracts such as JHYJ and GJHYJ on the treatment of the toxic effects. For this purpose, experiments with the cultured hippocampal cells from new born mice were done. The results of these experiments were as follows. 1. XO/HX, a oxygen radical-generating system, decreased the survival rates of the cultured cells on XTT assay and INT assay, the amount of DNA syntheses, and the amount of neurofilaments, and increased the lipid peroxidation. 2. JHYJ and GJHYJ have the efficacy of increasing the survival rates of the cultured cells. 3. JHYJ and GJHYJ have the efficacy of increasing the amount of neurofilaments and of decreasing the lipid peroxidation. 4. JHYJ and GJHYJ have the efficacy of increasing the amount of DNA syntheses. From the above results, it is suggested that Jihwangyeumja and Gamijihwangyeumja have marked efficacy as a treatment for the damages caused by the XO/HX-mediated oxidative stress. And Jihwangyeumja and Gamijihwangyeumja are thought to have certain pharmacological effects. Further dinical study of this pharmacological effects of Jihwangyeumja and Gamijihwangyeumja should be complemented.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.89-96
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• 2014

The protective effect of ginsenoside Re, isolated from ginseng berry, against acute gastric mucosal lesions was examined in rats with a single intraperitoneal injection of compound 48/80 (C48/80). Ginsenoside Re (20 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg) was orally administered 0.5 h prior to C48/80 treatment. Ginsenoside Re dose-dependently prevented gastric mucosal lesion development 3 h after C48/80 treatment. Increases in the activities of myeloperoxidase (MPO; an index of neutrophil infiltration) and xanthine oxidase (XO) and the content of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS; an index of lipid peroxidation) and decreases in the contents of hexosamine (a marker of gastric mucus) and adherent mucus, which occurred in gastric mucosal tissues after C48/80 treatment, were significantly attenuated by ginsenoside Re. The elevation of Bax expression and the decrease in Bcl2 expression after C48/80 treatment were also attenuated by ginsenoside Re. Ginsenoside Re significantly attenuated all these changes 3 h after C48/80 treatment. These results indicate that orally administered ginsenoside Re protects against C48/80-induced acute gastric mucosal lesions in rats, possibly through its stimulatory action on gastric mucus synthesis and secretion, its inhibitory action on neutrophil infiltration, and enhanced lipid peroxidation in the gastric mucosal tissue.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.41 no.7
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• pp.583-593
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• 2008

This study was designed to examine the effects of Salicornia herbacea L. (glasswort: GW) on hepatic antioxidative enzyme activities in diabetic rats. Diabetes mellitus was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 200-220g by an injection of streptozotocin (STZ) dissolved in a citrate buffer into the tail vein at a dose of 45 mg/kg of body weight. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed an AIN-93 recommended diet and the experimental groups were fed a modified diet containing 10% and 20% of glasswort powder for 4 weeks. The experimental groups were divided into 6 groups which consisted of normal (N)-control group, N-GW 10% and N-GW 20% treated groups, STZ-control, STZ-GW 10% and STZ-GW 20% treated groups. The activities of Xanthine oxidase (XOD), glutathione- S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione reductase (GR), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and CAT (CAT) were measured in the homogenates of liver. The activity of CAT was lower in the supplementary group with glasswort compare to the STZcontrol group but it was not significantly different. The activity of SOD was not significant in all of experimental groups. The activity of GR was significantly increased in the normal supplementary group with glasswort, and GPX activity was significantly increased in STZ-GW 10% group compare to the STZ-control group. The activity of XOD was significantly decreased in the all of supplementary groups with glasswort. The activity of GST was significantly increased in the N-GW 20% group and it was significantly decreased in the STZ-GW 20% group. These results show that the supplementation of glasswort may have favorable influence on antioxidative status in diabetic rats and it may be useful for the diabetic complications as functional food.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.2 no.6
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• pp.753-761
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• 1998

Preconditioning of a heart with small doses of catecholamines induces a tolerance against the subsequent lethal ischemia. The present study was performed to find a specific receptor pathway involved with the catecholamine preconditioning and to test if adenosine plays a role in this cardioprotective effect. Isolated rat hearts, pretreated with small doses of ${\alpha}-\;or\;{\beta}-adrenergic$ agonists/antagonists, were subjected to 20 minutes ischemia and 20 minutes reperfusion by Langendorff perfusion method. Cardiac mechanical functions, lactate dehydrogenase and adenosine release from the hearts were measured before and after the drug treatments and ischemia. In another series of experiments, adenosine $A_1\;or\;A_2$ receptor blockers were treated prior to administration of adrenergic agonists. Pretreatments of a ${\beta}-agonist,\;isoproterenol(10^{-9}{\sim}10^{-7}\;M)$ markedly improved the post-ischemic mechanical function and reduced the lactate dehydrogenase release. Similar cardioprotective effect was observed with an ?-agonist, phenylephrine pretreatment, but much higher $concentration(10^{-4}\;M)$ was needed to achieve the same degree of cardioprotection. The cardioprotective effects of isoproterenol and phenylephrine pretreatments were blocked by a ${\beta}_1-adrenergic$ receptor antagonist, atenolol, but not by an ${\alpha}_1-antagonist,$ prazosin. Adenosine release from the heart was increased by isoproterenol, and the increase was also blocked by atenolol, but not by prazosin. A selective $A_1-adenosine$ receptor antagonist, 1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentyl xanthine (DPCPX) blocked the cardioprotection by isoproterenol pretreatment. These results suggest that catecholamine pretreatment protects rat myocardium against ischemia and reperfusion injury by mediation of ${\beta}_1-adrenergic$ receptor pathway, and that adenosine is involved in this cardioprotective effect.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.559-569
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• 2003

This study was performed to investigate the effect of whole mandarin, peel, and pulp intake of Citrus unshiu Marc on the antioxidative capacity of 15-month-old rats. Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 621.9 $\pm$ 10.1 g were separated into four groups according to body weight. The rats were raised with diets containing 5% (w/w) dried mandarin powder for four weeks. Three powders were used, consisting of mandarin peel, pulp, and the entire fruit. Total flavonoids, antioxidant vitamins and dietary fiber was highest in the mandarin peel powder, followed by the whole mandarin powder and the mandarin pulp. The body weight gains of the whole mandarin and mandarin pulp groups were higher, while that of the mandarin peel group was lower than that of the control group. Food intake and ratios of liver, kidney and epididymal fat pad (EFP) weights to body weight were not significantly different among the groups, but ratios of EFP weights per body weight of the experimental groups tended to be lower than that of the control animals. Plasma and liver TBARS concentrations decreased in all the mandarin groups compared to the control group. Plasma and liver xanthine oxidase (XO) activity decreased in all of the mandarin diet groups. Erythrocyte and liver SOD activity in all of experimental groups was not significantly different from the control group. Plasma vitamin A concentration increased significantly in all of the mandarin diet groups. That of the mandarin peel group was 4 times higher than that of the control group. Plasma total carotenoids and vitamin C level also increased in the mandarin peel group. Plasma vitamin I level was not significantly different among the groups.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.41-51
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• 2005

Objectives : The purpose of this research was physiological activities, cytotoxicity, and antibacterial activities of the Cheongyeolsodokum and its constituent herbs. Methods : Physiological activities, cytotoxicity, and antibacterial activities were examined through the Cheongyeolsodokum and its constituent herbs. Results : In the physiological activities, the electron donating ability(EDA) of the water and ethanol extracts from the Cheongyeolsodokum were over 60% and 80% at 100 ppm, respectively. The EDA of the water and ethanol extract from the Cheongyeolsodokum ingredients were gradually increased as well. Water and ethanol extracts from the Cheongyeolsodokum and its constituent herbs inhibited xanthine oxidase activity, they showed superoxide dismutase(SOD)-like activity. The Cheongyeolsodokum and its constituent herbs inhibited cancer cell growth in a dose-dependant manner. Also, the clear zones against Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis were clear shown at 2.5 and 5 mg/disc. Its constituent herbs showed the clear zone against various bacteria such as Candida albicans, S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and S. mutans were shown at 0.5 and 1mg/disc. Conclusions : We observed physiological activities, cytotoxicity, and antibacterial activities of the Cheongyeolsodokum and its constituent herbs. The results also indicated that water extract and ethanol extract of Cheongyeolsodokum and its constituent herbs can be used as a natural ingredient in food or cosmetic industry.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.1-27
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• 1999

For experimental studies on the anticonvulsion effect and it was measured in mice that toxigenic effect, influence on the central nervous system, anticonvulsion effect, mechanism of anticonvulsion effect by change of GABA level and glutamic acid in brain, effect of the creation and degradation system of brain oxygen free radicals in convulsion. The results were obtained as follows: 1. Samulanshintang was perfect medicine without toxigenic effect. 2. Pretreatment of Samulanshintang did not influence on the central nervous system. 3. Pretreatment of Samulanshintang did not influence on maximal electric seizure(MES), strychnine, bicuculine and picrotoxin, but pentylenetrazol(PTZ)-induced convulsion significantly decreased. 4. Effect of Samulanshintang except for Jinsa on the PTZ-Induced convulsion decreased. 5. Effect of Samulanshintang fragrance(SMATF) and Samulanshintang distiled water(SMATW) on the PTZ-induced convulsion did not influence. 6. Decrease of brain GABA level in PTZ-induced convulsion was increased by pretreatment of Samulanshintang. 7. Decrease of brain glutathione content in PTZ-induced convulsion was increased by pretreatment of Samu- lanshintang. 8. GABA-T activity increased by PTZ-induced was controlled by the pretreatment of Samulanshintang. 9. Increase of brain lipid peroxide content in PTZ-induced convulsion was decreased by pretreatment of Samulanshintang. 10. Significant increase of brain xanthine oxidase and aldehyde oxidase activities in PTZ-induced was controlled by pretreatment of Samulanshintang. 11. Decrease of brain superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities in PTZ-induced was decreased by pretreatment of Samulanshintang. From the above results, Samulanshintang was perfect medicine without toxigenic effect and was recognized anticonvulsion effect by decreasing brain glutamic acid level and increasing brain GABA level. Samulanshintang have an effect on creation and degradation system of brain oxygen free radicals in convulsion, thus it was considered that Samulanshintang could be applied in convulsive disorder as epilepsy, febrile seizure and spasm etc.