• Molecules and Cells
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.100007.1-100007.11
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• 2024

Recent evidence establishes a pivotal role for obesity-induced inflammation in precipitating insulin resistance and type-2 diabetes. Central to this process is the proinflammatory M1 adipose-tissue macrophages (ATMs) in epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT). Notably, natural killer (NK) cells are a crucial regulator of ATMs since their cytokines induce ATM recruitment and M1 polarization. The importance of NK cells is shown by the strong increase in NK-cell numbers in eWAT, and by studies showing that removing and expanding NK cells respectively improve and worsen obesity-induced insulin resistance. It has been suggested that NK cells are activated by unknown ligands on obesity-stressed adipocytes that bind to NKp46 (encoded by Ncr1), which is an activating NK-cell receptor. This was supported by a study showing that NKp46-knockout mice have improved obesity-induced inflammation/insulin resistance. We therefore planned to use the NKp46-knockout mice to further elucidate the molecular mechanism by which NKp46 mediates eWAT NK-cell activation in obesity. We confirmed that obesity increased eWAT NKp46⁺ NK-cell numbers and NKp46 expression in wild-type mice and that NKp46-knockout ablated these responses. Unexpectedly, however, NKp46-knockout mice demonstrated insulin resistance similar to wild-type mice, as shown by fasting blood glucose/insulin levels and glucose/insulin tolerance tests. Obesityinduced increases in eWAT ATM numbers and proinflammatory gene expression were also similar. Thus, contrary to previously published results, NKp46 does not regulate obesity-induced insulin resistance. It is therefore unclear whether NKp46 participates in the development of obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance. This should be considered when elucidating the obesity-mediated molecular mechanisms that activate NK cells.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.67-72
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of germanium biotite on the growth performance, blood composition , fecal NH$_3$-N and volatile fatty acid(VFA) in broiler chicks. Two hundred forty broiler chicks were randomly allocated into five treatments with four replicates for five weeks. Dietary treatments included 1) Control, 2) GB1(basal diet + 200 mesh 0.5%), 3) GB2(basal diet + 325 mesh 0.5%), 4) GB3(basal diet + 200 mesh 1.0%) and 5) GB4(basal diet +325 nesh 1.0%) For overall period, weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion were not significantly different among treatments (P>0.05). Digestibilities of nutrients were not affected by adding GB(P>0.05). No differences occurred in red blood cell(RBC), white blood cell(WBC), hematocrit(HCT), hemoglobin(Hb), lymphocyte, monocyte and platelet of blood among the treatments (P>0.05). Fecal NH$_3$-N concentration of chicks fed GB1.0 diets(GB3 and GB4) was lower(P<0.03) than chicks fed GB0.5 diets(GB1 and GB2). Propionic acid and butyric acid in feces of chicks fed GB diets were lower(P<0.04) than in chicks fed control diet. GB diets reduced fecal acetic acid significantly compared to control (P<0.01). Also, acetic acid of feces in chicks fed GB1.0 diets(GB3 and GB4) was lower(P<0.02) than GB 0.5 diets(GB1 and GB2) treatments. In conclusion, dietary germanium biotite was an effective means of decreasing fecal NH$_3$-N and volatile fatty acid(VFA) emission.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.123-129
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• 2008

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of antibiotic and yeast supplemental high energy diet on growth performance, blood characteristics and carcass trait in broilers. Total of four hundred-eighty broilers were randomly allocated into three treatments with eight replications for five weeks. Dietary treatments included 1) CON (control; basal diet), 2) HED (high energy diet) and 3) YD (HED; yeast added to HED instead of virginiamycin, Sacchromyces cerevisiae, $15{\times}10^{10}$). During whole period, weight gain had high tendency in HED treatment. However, there were not significant among treatments (P>0.05). Feed intake was higher in YD treatment than others. However, there were not significant among each treatments (P>0.05). Feed/Gain ratio was significantly lower in HED treatment than others (P<0.05). In blood characteristics, RBC, WBC and lymphocyte were not significant (P>0.05) among treatments. Liver weigh, LW/BW ratio, leg meat weigh, LMW/BW ratio, breast meat weigh, BMW/BW ratio, abdominal fat weigh and AF/BW ratio were not significant (P>0.05). However, body weight was improved (P<0.05) in HED treatment. In conclusion, this experiment is shown that HED treatment affects Feed/Gain ratio and body weight at final period in broilers.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.501-508
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• 2007

This study was conducted to evaluate effect of probiotic complex(Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bacillus subtilis and Aspergillus oryzae) on growth performance, blood immunological parameters and fecal malodor gas emissions in growing pigs. Forty-eight pigs[(Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc, 25.31±1.29kg average initial body weight] were used in 35d growth trial. Dietary treatments included CON(basal diet), PC1(basal diet + 0.1% probiotic complex) and PC2(basal diet + 0.2% probiotic complex). From d 0 to 20, ADFI was significantly increased in PC1 and PC2 compared to CON(Linear effect, P=0.013). From d 21 to 35, ADFI was increased in PC1 compared to CON(Quadratic effect, P=0.024). For the whole period, ADFI was increased PC2 and PC1 compared to CON(Linear effect, P=0.009, Quadratic effect, P=0.004). For the whole period, ADG was increased in PC1 compared to CON(Quadratic effect, P=0.017). G/F was not affected by treatments. Dry matter digestibility in PC2 was higher than PC1 and CON(Linear effect, P=0.001). Nitrogen digestibility was significantly higher in PC2 and PC1 than CON(Linear effect, P=0.005). In blood immunological parameters, Total protein, IgG, red blood cell(RBC) and white blood cell(WBC) were increased in PC2 compared to PC1 and CON(Linear effect, P<0.001, Quadratic effect, P<0.001). In fecal malodor gas emission, ammonia and acetic acid were significantly reduced in PC2 compared to CON(Linear effect, P<0.02). Hydrogen sulfide was significantly reduced in PC2 compared to CON(Linear effect, P=0.0002, Quadratic effect, P=0.018). However, total mercaptans was not affected by treatments. Water content of feces was not significantly different among the treatments. In conclusion, 0.2 % probiotic complex improved ADFI, apparent dry matter and nitrogen digestibility, Total protein, IgG, RBC and WBC. Also, it decreased ammonia, acetic acid and hydrogen sulfide emissions in growing pigs.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.52 no.10
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• pp.1127-1135
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• 2009

Purpose : To observe the abnormal white matter findings on the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of very-low- birth-weight (VLBW) infant brains at term-equivalent age and to determine the clinical risk factors for the development of periventricular leukomalacia (PVL). Methods : In all, MRI was performed in 98 VLBW infants and the white matter abnormalities were observed. Clinical risk factors for cystic and noncystic PVL were determined. Results : MRI scans of 74 infants (75.5%) showed diffuse excessive high signal intensity (DEHSI) in the periventricular white matter, 17 (17.3%) lateral ventricle dilation, 5 (5.1%) and 11 (11.2%) focal punctate lesions and cystic changes in the periventricular white matter, respectively, 9 (9.1%), germinal layer hemorrhage (GLH) or subependymal cysts 3 (3.1%) intraventricular hemorrhage (>grade 2) 2 (2.0%) posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus and 2 (2.0%) periventricular hemorrhagic infarct. Gestational age (GA), 1-minute Apgar score, Clinical Risk Index for Babies-II (CRIB-II) score, and inotrope use, and GA, CRIB-II score, postnatal steroid administration, inotrope use, and abnormal white blood cell (WBC) count at admission were related to cystic PVL and noncystic PVL development, respectively (P<0.05). However, in logistic regression analysis, CRIB-II (odds ratio, 1.63, 295% confidence interval, 1.15-2.30 P=0.006) for cystic PVL, and GA (odds ratio 0.90, 95% confidence interval, 0.82-0.99 P=0.036) for noncystic PVL were only significant independently. Conclusion : White matter abnormalities could be observed on MRI scans of the VLBW infant brains at term-equivalent age, and CRIB-II and GA were only independently significant for cystic and noncystic PVL development, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.227-233
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• 2014

This study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with the effective microorganism (EM) on the growth performance, blood parameter, small intestinal microflora, and noxious gas emission of broilers. A total 720 1-d old ROSS 308 was randomly assigned to 6 dietary treatment groups: control, virginiamycin (6 mg/kg), 0.1% PB 0.1% EM, 0.5% EM, and 1.0% EM. Each treatment was fed to 4 replicates of 30 birds per diet for d 35. Two-phase feeding program with a starter diet from 0 to 3 wk, and a finisher diet from 4 to 5 wk was used in the experiment. Within each phase, a diet was formulated to meet or exceed NRC requirements of broilers for macro- and micronutrients. The diet and water were available ad libitum. Result indicated that during overall periods of the experiment, final weight, body weight gain, and feed intake were not different among dietary treatments. Feed conversion ratio was less (P<0.05) for EM treatments than control, antibiotics, and PB. Total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TRG), glucose (GLU), total protein (TP), calcium (CA), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were not different among dietary treatments. White blood cell (WBC), hemoglobin (Hb), heterophils (HE), lymphocyte (LY), monocytes (MO), and eosinophils (EO) were not different among dietary treatments. HE:LY was less (P<0.05) for EM0.5 treatments than control, antibiotics, and PB. Lactobacillus was greater (P<0.05) for EM treatments than control and antibiotics. E. coli and Salmonella were not different among dietary treatments. $NH_3$ and $CO_2$ wereless (P<0.05) for EM treatments than control. These results indicated that EM treatments were effective feed conversion ratio, noxious gas emission and micro flora population on the cecum in broilers.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.116-135
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• 2013

Objectives: This study was intended to clarify how Jakyakkamchobuja-tang (hereinafter referred to JKBT) affects mice of C57BL/10 whose osteoarthritis was induced by papain. Methods: Osteoarthritis was induced in mice by injecting papain in the knee joint. Mice were divided into 4 groups (n=6). The normal group were not treated at all whereas the control group (OAC-control) were induced for osteoarthritis by papain and oral medicated with 200 ul of physiological saline per day. The positive comparison group (OAC-$Joins^{(R)}$) were injected with papain and after 7 days, 100 mg/kg of $Joins^{(R)}$ were medicated with 200 ul of physiological saline mixed. The experimental group (OAC-JKBT) were injected with papain and after 7 days were medicated with 400 mg/kg of JKBT mixed with 200 ul of physiological saline. OAC-$Joins^{(R)}$ and OAC-JKBT were oral medicated for each substance for a total of 4 weeks, once per day. After experiments (from 1 week after injection of papain to 4 weeks elapsed), the function of liver and kidney, inflammation cytokine values within serum, degree of revelation for inflammation cytokine genes, immune cells within blood, metabolism of arachidonic acid and amount of cartilage were measured and histopathological variations for knee joint structures were observed. Results: Functions of liver and kidney were not affected. IL-$1{\beta}$ (interleukin-$1{\beta}$), MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) and TNF-${\alpha}$ (tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$) were significantly reduced and IL-6 (interleukin-6) was also reduced but not significantly. After analyzing inflammation cytokine in joints with mRNA (messenger ribonucleic acid), revelation of IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, COX-2 (cyclooxygenase-2) and iNOS-II (inducible nitric oxide synthase-II) were all significantly reduced. Revelation of IL-$1{\beta}$ gene was also reduced but not significantly. Neutrophil for WBC (white blood cell) within serum was significantly reduced; monocyte was also reduced but not significantly. PGE2 (prostaglandin E2), TXB2 (thromboxane B2) were significantly reduced and LTB4 (leukotriene B4) was also reduced but not significantly. Destruction of cartilage on micro CT (computed tomography)-arthrography was reduced but had no significant differences. In terms of histopathology, infiltration of inflammation, proliferation of synovial membrane, subsidence of cartilage and bone due to penetration of excessive formation of synovial cell and destruction of cartilage were small (H&E (hematoxylin and eosin), safranine O staining). Conclusions: Based on these results, Jakyakkamchobuja-tang (JKBT) is believed to be useful for suppressing the progress of osteoarthritis and its treatments because of its anti-inflammatory effects and alleviation of pain with histopathological effective efficacy.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.10
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• pp.5057-5061
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• 2012

Purpose: Chemotherapy-induced anemia (CIA) is one of the most important causes of anemia in cancer patients. This study was conducted to describe the prevalence and characteristics of CIA in solid cancer patients in the Chinese population, and to explore the relationship of white blood cell (WBC) or platelet decrease with CIA. Methods: Data on age, gender, tumor diagnosis, anti-cancer treatment and blood cell analyses were available from 220 untreated non-anemic cancer patients who received at least 2 cycles of chemotherapy, and the data were analyzed to assess their relationship with CIA or its severity. Results: 139 patients (63.2%) presented anemia, most being Grade 1 or 2. Esophageal and lung cancers were associated with a high prevalence. G3/4 leucopenia and decrease of platelets were identified as independent risk factors for the occurrence of CIA. Moreover, G3/4 leucopenia, decrease of platelet and G3/4 thrombocytopenia were found to be also associated with the severity of CIA. Cisplatin-containing regimens were a main potential factor in causing CIA, although significant association was only found on univariate analysis. Conclusion: Anemia or decrease in hematoglobin are common in Chinese cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Cisplatin-containing regimens might be an important factor influencing the occurrence of CIA. Our analysis firstly described some risk factors, such as decrease of platelets or WBCs, severity of leucopenia or thrombocytopenia, associated with the occurrence and severity of CIA.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.187-192
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of herbal medicine complex (HMC) containing Camellia sinensis L., Duchoesna chrysantha, Houttuynia cordata Thunberg, Poncirus trifoliata Rafinesque on skin inflammation and atopic dermatitis. First, we examined the anti-inflammatory effect of HMC in TNF-α induced human keratinocytes (HaCaT cell). Real-time PCR and western blotting were performed to evaluate the expression of inflammatory cytokines (e.g., iNOS, COX-2, IL-6, IL-8) mRNA and protein. Four-weeks old male NC/Nga mice were treated with 1% 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) solution and used as an atopic dermatitis mice model. And, HMC (200 mg/kg or 400 mg/kg) was administered directly into the stomach of mice for 4 weeks, and blood or serum analysis, tissue staining were performed after oral gavage. As a result HMC inhibited the mRNA expression of iNOS, COX-2, IL-6, and IL-8, which had been increased by TNF-α in HaCaT cells. In addition, the protein expression was also significantly suppressed in the same way as the mRNA expression results. The in vivo experiment results showed that, HMC administration reduced thickening of the epidermis and infiltration of eosinophil into the skin stratum basale compared to DNCB treatment. In addition, HMC administration significantly reduced the inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-13) production and immunocyte (white blood cell, lymphocyte, neutrophil, and eosinophil) count compared to DNCB treatment. Moreover, the serum IgE and histamine level was decreased by HMC administration. These results suggest that HMC can be used as effective herbal medicine extract for skin inflammation and atopic dermatitis. And this study may contribute to the development of the herbal medicine-based drug for the treatment of skin inflammation and atopic dermatitis.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.285-297
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• 1988

The present study was conducted in order to get the normal hematologic values of Korean Jindo dogs. Blood samples were taken from 328(♂ 92, ♂ 236) healthy Jindo dogs in Jindo area. The results obtained in this study were summarized as follows: 1. The mean values of red blood cell(RBC) count, hemoglobin(Hb) content and packed cell volume(PCV) in the age group of less than one year were 6.77(♂ 6.80, ♂ 6.76)${\times}10^6/{\mu}l$, 13.14 (♂ 13.53, ♂ 12.99)g/100ml and 43.28(♂ 44.47, ♂ 42.79)ml/100ml, respectively, whereas the RBC count, Hb content and PCV in the age group of one year and more were 7.42(♂ 7.44, ♂ 7.42)${\times}10^6/{\mu}l$, 14.98(♂ 15.56, ♂ 14.76)g/100ml and 47.18 (♂ 48.43, ♂ 46.71)ml/100ml, respectively. The values of RBC count, Hb content and PCV appeared to be higher in the male than in the female and it increased with aging in the age group of less than one year. 2. The mean values of mean corpuscular volume(MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin(MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin content(MCHC) in the age group of less than one year were 63.93(♂ 65.40, ♂ 63.30)fl, 19.41(♂ 19.90, ♂ 19.22) pg and 30.36(♂ 30.43, ♂ 30.36)g/100ml respectively, whereas the MCV, MCH and MCHC in the age group of one year and more were 63.58(♂ 65.09, ♂ 62.95)fl, 20. 19(♂ 20.91, ♂ 19.89) pg and 31.75(♂ 32.13, ♂ 31.60)g/100ml respectively. The values of MCV, MCH and MCHC appeared to be higher in the male than in the female. No differences were found in the MCV and MCH between age groups. The MCHC appeared to be higher in older age group. 3. The mean values of white blood cell(WBC) count in the age group of less than one year were 14,356(♂ 13,878, ♂ 14,551)/${\mu}l$, whereas the values of WBC count in the age group of one year and more were 13,394(♂ 12,656, ♂ 13,672)/${\mu}l$. The WBC count appeared to be higher in the female than in the male. No differences were found between age groups in the WBC count. 4. In WBC differential count the mean percentage of lymphocyte, monocyte, neutrophil and eosinophil of the age group less than one year were 33.45(♂ 31. 64, ♂ 34.18), 2.77(♂ 3.00, ♂ 2.68), 57.40(♂ 58.18, ♂ 57.08) and 6.38(♂ 7.18, ♂ 6.06)% respectively, while those of the age group one year and more were 30. 22(♂ 28.38, ♂ 30.90), 3.03(♂ 3.23, ♂ 2.95), 60.93(♂ 63.34, ♂ 60.03) and 5.82(♂ 5.04, ♂ 6.11)% respectively. Lymphocyte count appeared to be higher in the female and in the age group below one year than in the male and in the age group of one year and more, whereas the reverse was the case with neutrophil and monocyte counts. 5. Mean platelet count in the age group of less than one year was 377,391(♂ 398,778, ♂ 368,721)/${\mu}l$, whereas mean platelet count in the age group of one year and more was 354,657 (♂ 373,660, ♂ 347,512)/${\mu}l$. The platelet count appeared to be higher in the male than in the female and especially lower in the age group of three years and more($305,513/{\mu}l$) than in the other age groups.