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Effects of Ojeoksangamibang on the Lipid Metabolism, Anti-oxidation and Concentration of Proinflammatory Cytokines in Rat Fed High Fat Diet (오적산가미방(五積散加味方)이 고지방식이 유도 비만쥐의 지질대사, 항산화계 및 전염증성 cytokine 생산에 미치는 영향)

  • Kong, In-Pyo;Park, Won-Hyung;Cha, Yun-Yeop
    • Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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    • v.21 no.4
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    • pp.23-40
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    • 2011
  • Objectives: This study was designed to examine the effects of extracts of Ojeoksangamibang($W{\check{u}}j\bar{i}s\check{a}nji\bar{a}w\grave{e}if\bar{a}ng$) on the lipid lowering, anti-oxidation and concentration of proinflammatory cytokines and was investigated on hyperlipidemic rats. Methods: Male rats weighing $182.39{\pm}4.71g$ were fed high fat diet for 8 weeks and 36 rats(above 400 g) were divided into 4 groups. Each of 9 rats was divided a control group and experimental groups. We fed a control group of rats a basal diet and administered normal saline(100 mg/kg, 1 time/1 day) for 4 weeks. And we fed each experimental group of rats basal diet and administered an extract of Ojeoksangamibang($W{\check{u}}j\bar{i}s\check{a}nji\bar{a}w\grave{e}if\bar{a}ng$) extracts(100 mg/kg, 200mg/kg, 300 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg, 1 time/1 day) for 4 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the rats were sacrificed to determine their chemical composition. We measured lipid of plasma and liver, concentration of proinflmmatory cytokines, anti-oxidative activity and $TNF-{\alpha}$, Apo-B, Apo-E and leptin gene expression. Results: 1. Concentration of plasma free fatty(FFA) showed no significant difference in all the treatment groups. Concentration of plasma triglyceride(TG) showed a significant decrement in the 300 mg/kg in Ojeoksangamibang($W{\check{u}}j\bar{i}s\check{a}nji\bar{a}w\grave{e}if\bar{a}ng$) groups than that of control group. 2. Concentration of plasma total cholesterol showed a significant decrement in the 200 and 300 mg/kg in Ojeoksangamibang($W{\check{u}}j\bar{i}s\check{a}nji\bar{a}w\grave{e}if\bar{a}ng$) groups than that of control group. Concentration of plasma low density lipoprotein(LDL)-cholesterol showed a Significant decrement in the 300 mg/kg in Ojeoksangamibang($W{\check{u}}j\bar{i}s\check{a}nji\bar{a}w\grave{e}if\bar{a}ng$) groups than that of control group. Concentration of plasma high density lipoprotein(HDL)-cholesterol showed a significant increment in the 300 mg/kg in Ojeoksangamibang($W{\check{u}}j\bar{i}s\check{a}nji\bar{a}w\grave{e}if\bar{a}ng$) group. 3. Concentration of liver total cholesterol showed a tendence to decrease in Ojeoksangamibang($W{\check{u}}j\bar{i}s\check{a}nji\bar{a}w\grave{e}if\bar{a}ng$) groups. Concentration of liver TG showed a significant decrement in all Ojeoksangamibang groups than that of control group. 4. Concentration of plasma and liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substance(TBARS) showed a tendence to decrease in Ojeoksangamibang($W{\check{u}}j\bar{i}s\check{a}nji\bar{a}w\grave{e}if\bar{a}ng$) groups. 5. The values of glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase(SOD) and catalase(CAT) activity showed a significant increment in all Ojeoksangamibang($W{\check{u}}j\bar{i}s\check{a}nji\bar{a}w\grave{e}if\bar{a}ng$) groups than that of control group. 6. The values of plasma aspartate aminotransferase(AST) and alanine aminotransferase(ALT) activity showed no significant different in all treatment group. 7. Concentration of plasma $interleukin(IL)-1{beta}$ showed no significant difference in all the treatment groups. Concentration of plasma IL-6 showed a significant decrement in the 300 mg/kg in Ojeoksangamibang($W{\check{u}}j\bar{i}s\check{a}nji\bar{a}w\grave{e}if\bar{a}ng$) group than that of control group. Concentration of plasma tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}(TNF-{\alpha})$ a siginifant decrement in the 200 and 300 mg/kg in Ojeoksangamibang($W{\check{u}}j\bar{i}s\check{a}nji\bar{a}w\grave{e}if\bar{a}ng$) group than that of control group. However the concentration of plasma IL-10 in the 300 mg/kg Ojeoksangamibang($W{\check{u}}j\bar{i}s\check{a}nji\bar{a}w\grave{e}if\bar{a}ng$) groups showed a significant increment than that of control group. 9. In the analysis of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR), gene expression of $TNF-{\alpha}$, Apo-B and Apo-E in the Ojeoksangamibang($W{\check{u}}j\bar{i}s\check{a}nji\bar{a}w\grave{e}if\bar{a}ng$) groups showed a lower expression than that of control group. However the gene expression of leptin showed no difference in the treatment groups. 10. The ratio of $TNF-{\alpha}$, Apo-B, and Apo-E per ${\beta}-actin$ expression in the Ojeoksangamibang($W{\check{u}}j\bar{i}s\check{a}nji\bar{a}w\grave{e}if\bar{a}ng$) groups showed a significant decrement than that of control group. However The ratio of leptin expression per ${\beta}-actin$ expression showed no significant difference among all the treatment groups. Conclusions: According to above results, in lowering lipid effect, anti-oxidation and control of pro-inflammatory cytokines production, Ojeoksangamibang($W{\check{u}}j\bar{i}s\check{a}nji\bar{a}w\grave{e}if\bar{a}ng$) gives effect.

Study on Dai Meridian(帶脈) and Meridian Points(經穴) of Joining with Circulation of Dai Meridian through Literatures of Every Generation (대맥(帶脈) 및 그 유주상(流注上) 회합(會合)하는 경혈(經穴)에 대한 문헌적(文獻的) 고찰(考察))

  • Yang Seung-Joung;Jin Cheon-Sik;Cho Myung-Rae
    • Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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    • v.18 no.1
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    • pp.105-116
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    • 2001
  • We examined and referred to some literatures on the meaning, Dai meridian and Meridian points of joining with circulation of Dai meridian through literatures of every generation. And then we came to get a few conclusions as follows. 1. Dai meridian starts below the hypochondriac region. Running obliquely downward, it runs transversely around the waist like a belt. Its function is to bind up all the meridians to circulate in a proper way. 2. The coalescent points of dai meridian are $D\grave{a}im\grave{a}i$(帶脈), $W\check{u}sh\bar{u}$(五樞) and $W\acute{e}id\grave{a}o$(維道). 3. Location of $D\grave{a}im\grave{a}i$(帶脈) is on the lateral side of the abdomen, 1.8 cun below $Zh\bar{a}ngm\grave{e}n$(章門), at the crossing point of vertical line through the free end of the 11th rib and a horizontal line through the umbilicus. Location of $W\check{u}sh\bar{u}$(五樞) is on the lateral side of the abdomen, anterior to the anterosuperior iliac spine, 3 cun below the level of the umbilicus. Location of $W\acute{e}id\grave{a}o$(維道) is on the lateral side of the abdomen, anterior and inferior to the anterosuperior iliac spine, 0.5 cun anterior and inferior to $W\check{u}sh\bar{u}$(五樞). 4. Indication of $D\grave{a}im\grave{a}i$(帶脈) is irregular menstruation, leukorrhea with reddish discharge, hernia, pain in the lumbar and hypochondriac region. Indication of $W\check{u}sh\bar{u}$(五樞) is prolapse of the uterus, leukorrhea with reddish discharge, irregular menstruation, hernia, pain in the lower abdomen, constipation and lumbosacral pain. Indication of $W\acute{e}id\grave{a}o$(維道) is edema, pain in the side of the lower abdomen, prolapse of the uterus, hernia and morbid leukorrhea. 5. The Dai meridian binds all meridians, produces pregnancy, grasps lumbar and abdomen region and controls leukorrhea. 6. Diseases of the Dai meridian manifested as distention and fullness in the lumbar region and abdomen, leukorrhea with reddish discharge, pain the navel, lumbar and spinal regions, flaccidity and hypoactivity of the lower limbs, etc.

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The Historical Study of Headache in Chinese Ming Dynasty (명대의가(明代醫家)들의 두통(頭痛)에 대한 인식변화에 관한 연구)

  • Chun, Duk-Bong;Maeng, Woong-Jae;Kim, Nam-Il
    • The Journal of Korean Medical History
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    • v.24 no.1
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    • pp.43-56
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    • 2011
  • Everyone once in a life experience headaches as symptoms are very common. According to a study in a country of more than a week and as many as those who have experienced a headache amounts to 69.4%. In addition, the high reported prevalence of migraine in 30s for 80% of all migraine sufferers daily life interfere with work or was affected. In Western medicine, the cause of headaches is traction or deformation of pain induced tissue like scalp, subcutaneous tissue, muscle, fascia, extracranial arteriovenous, nerves, periosteum. But it turns out there are not cause why pain induced tissue is being tracted or deformated. Therefore, most of the western-therapy is mainly conducted with regimen for a temporary symptom reduction. Therefore, I examined how it has been developed in Chinese Ming Dynasty, the perception of headache, change in disease stage and an etiological cause. Oriental medicine in the treatment of headache is a more fundamental way to have an excellent treatment. The recognition of head in "素問($s{\grave{u}}$ $w{\grave{e}}n$)" and "靈樞($l{\acute{i}}ng$ $sh{\bar{u}}$)" began to appear in 'Soul-神($sh{\acute{e}}n$) dwelling place' and 'where to gather all the Yang-'諸陽之會($zh{\bar{u}}$ $y{\acute{a}}ng$ $zh{\bar{i}}$ $hu{\grave{i}}$)'. Also, head was recognized as '六腑($li{\grave{u}}f{\check{u}}$) 淸陽之氣($q{\bar{i}}ng$ $y{\acute{a}}ng$ $zh{\bar{i}}$ $q{\grave{i}}$) and 五臟($w{\check{u}}$ $z{\grave{a}}ng$) 精血($j{\bar{i}}ng$ $xu{\grave{e}}$) gathering place'. More specific structures such as the brain is considered a sea of marrow(髓海-$su{\check{i}}$ $h{\check{a}}i$) in "內經($n{\grave{e}}i$ $j{\bar{i}}ng$)" and came to recognized place where a stroke occurs. Accompanying development of the recognition about head, there had been changed about the perception of headache and the recognition of the cause and mechanism of headache. And the recognition of headache began to be completed in Ming Dynasty through Jin, Yuan Dynasty. Chinese Ming Dynasty, specially 樓英($l{\acute{o}}u$ $y{\bar{i}}ng$), in "醫學綱目($y{\bar{i}}xu{\acute{e}}$ $g{\bar{a}}ngm{\grave{u}}$)", first enumerated prescription in detail by separating postpartum headache. and proposed treatment of headache especially due to postpartum sepsis(敗血-$b{\grave{a}}i$ $xu{\grave{e}}$). 許浚($x{\check{u}}$ $j{\grave{u}}n$) accepted a variety of views without impartial opinion in explaining one kind of headache in "東醫寶鑑($d{\bar{o}}ng-y{\bar{i}}$ $b{\check{a}}oji{\grave{a}}n)$" 張景岳($zh{\bar{a}}ng$ $j{\check{i}}ng$ $yu{\grave{e}}$), in "景岳全書($j{\check{i}}ng$ $yu{\grave{e}}$ $qu{\acute{a}}nsh{\bar{u}}$)", established his own unique classification system-新舊表裏($x{\bar{i}}nji{\grave{u}}$ $bi{\check{a}}ol{\check{i}}$)-, and offered a clear way even in treatment. Acupuncture treatment of headache in the choice of meridian has been developed as a single acupuncture point. Using the classification of headache to come for future generation as a way of locating acupoints were developed. Chinese Ming Dynasty, there are special treatments like 導引按蹻法($d{\check{a}}o$ y ${\check{i}}n$ ${\grave{a}}n$ $ji{\check{a}}o$ $f{\check{a}}$), 搐鼻法($ch{\grave{u}}$ $b{\acute{i}}$ $f{\check{a}})$, 吐法($t{\check{u}}$ $f{\check{a}}$), 外貼法($w{\grave{a}}i$ $ti{\bar{e}}$ $f{\check{a}}$), 熨法($y{\grave{u}}n$ $f{\check{a}}$), 點眼法($di{\check{a}}n$ $y{\check{a}}n$ $f{\check{a}}$), 熏蒸法($x{\bar{u}}nzh{\bar{e}}ng$ $f{\check{a}}$), 香氣療法($xi{\bar{a}}ngq{\grave{i}}$ $li{\acute{a}}of{\check{a}}$). Most of this therapy in the treatment of headache, it is not used here, but if you use a good fit for today's environment can make a difference.

『Chūn-qiū』Wáng-lì(『春秋』王曆)➂ - from Zhōu-lì(周曆) to Xià-lì(夏曆), and "Xíng-xià-zhī-shí(行夏之時)" Mentioned by Confucius (『춘추』 왕력(王曆)➂ - 주력(周曆)에서 하력(夏曆)으로, 그리고 공자의 "행하지시(行夏之時)")

  • Seo, Jeong-Hwa
    • The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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    • no.54
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    • pp.153-184
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    • 2017
  • During the Pre-Qin(秦) Dynasty era, there were the records that there had been many calendar systems, such as $g{\check{u}}-li{\grave{u}}-l{\grave{i}}$(古六曆 : six ancient calendar systems). Then, the fact that particularly $zh{\bar{o}}u-l{\grave{i}}$(周曆) and $xi{\grave{a}}-l{\grave{i}}$(夏曆) were mainly discussed among them resulted from a lot of discussions from the differences in the calendar system in "$Ch{\bar{u}}n-qi{\bar{u}}$(春秋)" known to have been written by Confucius from the calendar system in "$X{\acute{i}}ng-xi{\grave{a}}-zh{\bar{i}}-sh{\acute{i}}$(行夏之時 : implement the calendar of Ha dynasty.)" that Confucius mentioned himself to his disciple. $zh{\bar{o}}u-l{\grave{i}}$(周曆) with $d{\bar{o}}ngzh{\grave{i}}-yu{\grave{e}}$(冬至月 : the 11th month of the lunar calendar) as the first month of a year had the system of the lunar calendar, and $xi{\grave{a}}-l{\grave{i}}$(夏曆) called as the calendar of Ha(夏) dynasty had the system of $ji{\acute{e}}-q{\grave{i}}-l{\grave{i}}$(節氣曆 : a kind of the solar calendar that divides one year of 365 days into 24 solar terms) with $y{\acute{i}}n-yu{\grave{e}}$(寅月 :one month from the present Feb 5) as the first month of a year. These two calendars had definite differences in the first months of a year, names of seasons, and the lunar calendar and the solar calendar. The fundamental reason why Confucius recommended the performance of $xi{\grave{a}}-l{\grave{i}}$(夏曆) as a way to run the nation was not that it started from the philosophical view of the universe that among the 'three $zh{\bar{e}}ng$'(三正)' of $ti{\bar{a}}n-zh{\bar{e}}ng$(天正 : the first month of a year with the heaven as the standard), $d{\grave{i}}-zh{\bar{e}}ng$(地正 : the first month of a year with the earth as the standard) and $r{\acute{e}}n-zh{\bar{e}}ng$(人正 : the first month of a year with humans as the standard), but that he wanted to emphasize the importance of practical national economic policies to enhance agricultural productivity. It becomes the criterion that even though Confucius emphasized that politicians should not have moral flaws ideally, with regard to public policies, he wanted to stress politicians' duties based on the reality a lot.

Clinical Study on 1 Case of patient with Urinary Retention (요폐환자(尿閉患者) 1례(例)에 대한 임상적(臨床的) 고찰(考察))

  • Kim, Jae-Hyeng;Cho, Chung-Sik;Kim, Chul-Jung
    • Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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    • v.14 no.1
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    • pp.43-49
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    • 2005
  • One case of patient with urinary retention was reported in this clinical study. After the study, the results were as follows: 1. Anulesis belongs to l$\acute{o}$ng-bi(癃閉) in oriental medicine and the patient of this case belongs to chronic anulesis. 2. The patient of this case was thought as broke out anuresis by vesical nerve palsy of diabetic bladder pathy and sequela of stroke, and ischuria of long lie down 3. The patient of this case changeable process is supposed to urinary frequency, 'bi(閉)', 'l$\acute{o}$ong(癃)', urinary incontinence and urinary frequency. 4. First time of drug treatment is GAMIPHALJENG-SAN(ji$\bar{a}$-w$\grave{e}$i-b$\bar{a}$-h$\bar{e}$ng-s$\check{a}$n) by oral administration that action of alleviate a fever, water utilization and metaphase, convalescence time of drug treatment is PHALMIWANGAMI (b$\bar{a}$-w$\grave{e}$i-w$\acute{a}$n-ji$\bar{a}$-w$\grave{e}$i), YIKLUENG-TANG(yi-ling-t$\bar{a}$ng), CHUKYOO-TANG(s$\grave{u}$-ni$\grave{a}$o-t$\bar{a}$ng) that action of recreation. 5. Accupuncture treatment is s$\bar{a}$n-x$\bar{i}$ng-xuw$\acute{e}$, zw$\acute{u}$-s$\bar{a}$n-li, qi-h$\check{a}$i, gu$\bar{a}$n-yu$\acute{a}$n, zh$\bar{o}$ng-ji by mild supplementing and reducing manipulation of needle and heat accupuncture is qi-h$\check{a}$i, gu$\bar{a}$n-yu$\acute{a}$n, zh$\bar{o}$ng-ji-xu$\acute{e}$. 6. The other treatment is a sitz bath that prevent of urinary tract infection, and relieve of initial acute auresis by using of urethral catheterization.

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A Study on the Usage of Miào(廟) and Gōng(宮) in Zhou Dynasty through the Mentions to Them in the Scripture Sentences of 『Chūn-qiū(春秋)』 - In the Process of Investigating the Existence of Zhou Dynasty's System to Regulate the Number of Zōng-miào(宗廟) 【1/2】 (『춘추』 경문에서의 묘(廟)·궁(宮) 언급을 통한 주대(周代)의 그 쓰임 사례 일고찰 - 주대의 묘수제(廟數制) 실재 여부에 대한 궁구 과정에서 【1/2】-)

  • Seo, Jeong-Hwa
    • The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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    • no.57
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    • pp.57-90
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    • 2018
  • In this discussion, as a way to verify the existence of the system to regulate Zhou dynasty's $z{\bar{o}}ng-mi{\grave{a}}o$(宗廟) numbers, the discussion was focused on '$mi{\grave{a}}o$ (廟)' and '$g{\bar{o}}ng$(宮)' in the records of "$Ch{\bar{u}}n-qi{\bar{u}}$(春秋)". As for the parts where the contents of scripture sentences were not specific, the context of the case was investigated through the writings in "$Zu{\breve{o}}-zhu{\grave{a}}n$(左傳)" and other materials. In the cases of the usage of the letter, '$mi{\grave{a}}o$(廟 : a ruler's house, a nation's royal court)', in the scripture sentences in "$Ch{\bar{u}}n-qi{\bar{u}}$(春秋)", the followings need to be noticed. In $t{\grave{a}}i-mi{\grave{a}}o$(太廟) of State $L{\check{u}}$(魯), nationwide events and a ruler's political ancestral rite, $d{\grave{i}}$(?) ritual, were performed, and fancy tools for ancestral rites used in those rituals were equipped. As for the $z{\bar{o}}ng-mi{\grave{a}}o$(宗廟) of a ruler of those times, a ritual of royal court, $ch{\acute{a}}o$(朝) rite, was performed. The usage case of the letter, '$g{\bar{o}}ng$(宮 : house)', is as the following. In $g{\bar{o}}ng$(宮) where a ruler's personal family lived was a family ancestral rite for them carried out. The record about the ornate decorating for the $hu{\acute{a}}n-g{\bar{o}}ng$ house(桓宮), which can be said to have been the political base of $s{\bar{a}}n-hu{\acute{a}}n-sh{\grave{i}}$(三桓氏), three politically noble families of State $L{\check{u}}$(魯), is outstanding. The $x{\bar{i}}-g{\bar{o}}ng$ house(西宮) during $X{\bar{i}}-g{\bar{o}}ng$(魯 僖公)'s reign and a $x{\bar{i}}n-g{\bar{o}}ng$ house(新宮 : a newly built house) destroyed by fire at the third year of $Ch{\acute{e}}ng-g{\bar{o}}ng$(魯 成公), are assumed to have been a ruler's another house, such as the $ch{\check{u}}-g{\bar{o}}ng$ house(楚宮) in which $Xi{\bar{a}}ng-g{\bar{o}}ng$(魯 襄公) used to enjoy staying, which is different from the viewpoint that it might be a $m{\acute{i}}-g{\bar{o}}ng$ shrine(?宮 : a house constructed as a shrine for the deceased father or the deceased grand father) that had been formed since Han dynasty. It has been discussed that, regarding the records that the '$w{\check{u}}-g{\bar{o}}ng$ house(武宮) was built' and that the '$y{\acute{a}}ng-g{\bar{o}}ng$ house(煬宮) was built', certain buildings were established with the symbols of '$w{\check{u}}$(武 : martial arts and force of arms)' and '$y{\acute{a}}ng$(煬 : to burn and get rid of everything)', and the events that a lord stood as its lord continued. Therefore, its main goal was not the performance of a dutiful ancestral rite by a ruler of those times for deceased rulers, for instance, $W{\check{u}}-g{\bar{o}}ng$(魯 武公) or $Y{\acute{a}}ng-g{\bar{o}}ng$(魯 煬公), but display of certain political symbolism through the ritual. This symbolism is most obvious with the $hu{\acute{a}}n-g{\bar{o}}ng$ house(桓宮) and the $x{\bar{i}}-g{\bar{o}}ng$ house(僖宮). As a consequence, all $mi{\grave{a}}os$(廟) and $g{\bar{o}}ngs$(宮) in scripture sentences had the functions of a shrine in some part, but it has been verified that they were not the buildings set up as a shrine to follow '$z{\bar{o}}ng-mi{\grave{a}}o$(宗廟)'s number regulation system' of '$ti{\bar{a}}nz{\check{i}}-7-mi{\grave{a}}o$(天子七廟 : an emperor owns seven $mi{\grave{a}}os$(廟))' or '$zh{\bar{u}}h{\acute{o}}u-5-mi{\grave{a}}o$(諸侯五廟 : a lord owns five $mi{\grave{a}}os$(廟))'.

A Study on Kim Inhue's View of Reading: Through the Analysis of Reference Books in Haseo-Chunjib (하서(河西) 김인후(金麟厚)의 독서관에 관한 연구 - "하서전집"의 인용문헌 분석을 중심으로 -)

  • Ahn, Hyeon-Ju
    • Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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    • v.39 no.3
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    • pp.479-500
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    • 2008
  • This study investigates Kim Inhue's view of reading through the analysis of reference books in Haseo-Chunjib(하서전집). As the result, he had read 123 different books ar least. He had quoted frequently $Sish{\bar{u}}$ $S{\bar{a}}nj{\bar{i}}ng$(사서삼경), $Sh{\check{i}}ji$(사기), $H{\grave{a}}nsh{\bar{u}}$(한서), $Zhu{\bar{a}}ngz{\check{i}}$(장자), $G{\check{u}}wenzh{\bar{e}}nb{\check{a}}o$(고문진보), $Ch{\check{u}}c{\acute{i}}$(초사), $W{\acute{e}}nxu{\check{a}}n$(문선). He had read books beyond the contemporary(sixteen centurtry) scholar's common list, and had enjoyed reading over the boundaries of stereotyped idea. While he had emphasized on the scripture of Confucian, had earned more knowledges for usefulness and the bases of scholarly writings by reading a wide spectrum of books.

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Effect of Gamikyejakjimo-tang(jiāwèiguìsháozhīm-tāng) ethanol extract on Rheumatoid Arthritis factors (가미계작지모탕(加味桂芍知母湯) 주정 추출물이 류마티스 관절염 인자에 미치는 영향)

  • Sim, Boo-Yong;Bak, Ji-Won;Kim, Dong Hee
    • The Korea Journal of Herbology
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    • v.29 no.5
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    • pp.65-73
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    • 2014
  • Objectives : The purpose of this study is to prove the effect of Gamikyejakjimo-tang (ji$\bar{a}$w$\grave{e}$igu$\grave{i}$sh$\acute{a}$ozh$\bar{i}$m-t$\bar{a}$ng, GK) on rheumatoid arthritis. Methods : We checked viability and measured production of IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, IL-17, TNF-${\alpha}$ in RAW 264.7 cell after treat by GK. Then we measured rheumatoid arthritis index score of DBA/1 mice with rheumatoid arthritis induced by CIA after GK oral administration, checked IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, IL-17, TNF-${\alpha}$ and hs-CRP tests in serum. Also we were observed mRNA expression of IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, IL-17 and TNF-${\alpha}$ in spleen by RT-PCR. Results : GK showed cell viability of 100% or higher in all concentration in RAW 264.7 cells. GK inhibited LPS-induced productions of rheumatoid arthritis mediators cytokine in RAW 264.7cells. GK treated group showed improvement from rheumatoid arthritis at decreased the index score. Also, GK treated group decreased level in serum of IL-1b, IL-6, IL-17, TNF-a and hs-CRP tests by 31%, 35%, 20%, 57% and 58% respectively. Finally, GK treated group showed decrease expression of IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, IL-17 and TNF-${\alpha}$ mRNA in spleen by 46%, 51%, 25% and 42% respectively. Conclusions : In this study, in-vitro and in-vivo results observed rheumatoid arthritis factors cytokine of IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, IL-17 and TNF-${\alpha}$ decrease in RAW 264.7 cells, serum, mRNA expression. Also, GK showed decrease of inflammation figure in hs-CRP tests depending on effect of rheumatoid arthritis. Thus, these results can used as a effective drug of GK for rheumatoid arthritis.

『Chūn-qiū』Wáng-lì(『春秋』王曆)① - A Study on the Discussion of 'the Changes in the Names of Months and a Season(改月改時)' in the calendar of 『Chūn-qiū(春秋)』 since Song(宋) Dynasty (『춘추(春秋)』왕력(王曆)① - 송대(宋代) 이후 춘추력수(春秋曆數)의 개월(改月)·개시(改時) 논의에 대한 소고(小考))

  • Seo, Jeong-Hwa
    • (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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    • no.67
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    • pp.345-378
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    • 2017
  • In the scriptures of "$Ch{\bar{u}}n-qi{\bar{u}}$(春秋)", the expression method of '$Ch{\bar{u}}n-w{\acute{a}}ng-zh{\bar{e}}ng-yu{\grave{e}}$(春王正月 : It's spring. It's the first month regulated by the king.)' was used as Jì-yuè-fǎ(紀月法 : the rules to determine the first month(正月)), the month of winter solstice was regarded as the first month of a year, and three years since then were named as $Ch{\bar{u}}n$(春 : spring). With regard to this "$Ch{\bar{u}}n-qi{\bar{u}}$"Wáng-lì("春秋"王曆 : the calendar regulated by the king of $Zh{\bar{o}}u$(周) dynasty in "$Ch{\bar{u}}n-qi{\bar{u}}$"), depending on whether Confucius(孔子) changed and recorded the names of the months and the season or not, there were three different arguments; the theory that 'Confucius changed the names of both the months and the season'(孔子改月 改時說), the view that 'Confucius changed the name of the season, not the names of the months'(孔子不改月 改時說), and then the theory that 'Confucius changed neither the names of the months nor the name of the season'(孔子不改月 不改時) since Song(宋) dynasty. The first view was taken by $Hh{\acute{u}}-{\bar{a}}n-gu{\acute{o}}$(胡安國) and $C{\grave{a}}i-ch{\acute{e}}n$(蔡沈), and the second theory was mentioned by Chéng-yí(程?) and Zhū-zǐ(朱子). The advocates of the third view had become remarkable since Ming(明) dynasty, and one of representatives was Wàng-yáng-míng(王陽明). All of them based their arguments on ancient scriptures and Confucian legal books, and there were cases of taking the same records as the support for different opinions. Confucius' so-called 'Chūn-qiū-bǐ-fǎ(春秋筆法 : the method to describe historical facts by making clear discrimination between right and wrong)' and '$Sh{\grave{u}}-{\acute{e}}r-b{\grave{u}}-zu{\grave{o}}$(述而不作 : the attitude to succeed virtuous men's achievements and only explain and describe them not creating and adding new contents)' could come from thoughts of $Z{\bar{u}}n-w{\acute{a}}ng$(尊王 : to respect the king with the virtues of benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and sincerity). Therefore, even though Confucius is assumed to have been the writer of "$Ch{\bar{u}}n-qi{\bar{u}}$(春秋)", whether he actually changed and recorded the names of the months and the season in the calendar used in "$Ch{\bar{u}}n-qi{\bar{u}}$" is doubtful. These theories on Confucius's intervention in the calendar of "$Ch{\bar{u}}n-qi{\bar{u}}$" hadn't been discussed as conflicting in reality until Tang(唐) dynasty.

Effects of Silsosangami-extract and Its Seven Herbs on Endotoxin-induced Experimental Thrombosis in Rats

  • Ahan, Jong-Chan;Kim, Jae-Woo;Park, Won-Hwan
    • Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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    • v.19 no.1
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    • pp.218-223
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    • 2005
  • According to the Chinese and Korean medicinal and herbal literature, SSG(Silsosangami) is effective for the treatment of inflammation, hyperlipemia and arteriosclerosis. The pharmacological action of SSG has been limitedly studied in regard to ischemic infarction. This herbal medicine has been shown to express diverse activities such as immunomodulating, anti-infarction, anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory effects. Antisclerotic effects of SSG in experimentally induced atherosclerosis in rabbits have also been reported. However, pharmacological mechanisms of SSG on lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis formation are poorly understood. The present paper reports the effect of extracts obtained from SSG on endotoxin-induced experimental DIC in rats. Also, these were tested for their effect on endotoxin-induced blood platelet aggregation, thrombin-induced conversion of fibrinogen and fibrinolysis in vitro experiments with aspirin as a positive agent. The anti-thrombic properties of SSG were also investigated by means of analytical parameters of bood composition. The extracts of SSG and its seven herbs, except Cnidii Rhizoma and Carthami Flos, inhibited the endotoxin-induced DIC and thrombosis in rats. Also the extract inhibited the endotoxin-induced decrease in blood platelets and fibrinogen, and endotoxin-induced increase in fibrin degradation products (FDP) on disseminated intravascular coagulation in normal rats.