• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.69-76
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• 2017

The current study investigated the productions of /ɨ/ and /${\Lambda}$/ in Kyungsang Korean, which is known for undergoing a dispersion for the younger generation. Specifically, to identify the nature of /ɨ/ and /${\Lambda}$/ in Kyungsang Korean, this study examined the linguistic and social factors affecting directions and degrees of the /ɨ/-/${\Lambda}$/ dispersion. Sixteen young speakers of Kyungsang Korean repeated 112 (near) minimal pairs containing the two target vowels. The formant values of each production as well as the Euclidean distance between the two vowels were analyzed for four manipulated factors: gender (male vs. female), the existence of carrier phrases (words in isolation vs. words with a carrier phrase), the lexical status of stimulus words (real-word pairs vs. nonsense-word pairs), and the vowel position within a word (word-initial positions vs. word-final positions). The results indicated that the female speakers produced the two target vowels more distinctively than the male speakers, and so did when the words were produced in isolation. The results also revealed that the Euclidean distances were greater for the real-word pairs and in word-initial positions. Overall, the results suggested that the Kyungsang Korean speakers in their 20s could distinctively produce the two vowels /ɨ/ and /${\Lambda}$/, but this vowel dispersion is not a completed process, but an ongoing one.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.181-192
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• 2004

The metrical structures in orally produced the poetry were generally analyzed by accent, metre and syllable. The purpose of this study is to investigate of metrical structures of Korean modem poetry using computer implemented speech analysis system. Two famous poet's poems confidential talk, Miloe and 'A buddhist dance, Sungmu' were selected for prosodic analysis. The informant is 60 years old professor in major of Korean and French poetry. The syllable structures of poems were analyzed primarily by vowel timbers, which can classified compact and diffuse vowels according to the distance of F2-F1. The perception cues of consonants were analyzed by VOT and tensity features of articulation. Rhythm is classified by dactyl, anapest, trochee, spondee and iambic. As a result, syllable structures of Korean modem poetry were mainly CV and CVC and the reading times of each lines were 3-4sec for 12 and 15 syllables. Main metre of Korean modem poems constructed the Imbic and Anapest. The break of each lines were demarcated by grammatical structure or meaning rather than phonetic structures.

• Proceedings of the KSPS conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.87-90
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• 2005

The aim of this paper is to investigate the prosodic characteristics of Korean distant speech. 36 2-syllable words of 4 speakers (2 males and 2 females) produced in both distant-talking and normal environments were used. The results showed that ratios of second syllable to first syllable in vowel duration and vowel energy were significantly larger in the distant-talking environment compared to the normal environment and f0 range also bigger in the distant-talking environment. In addition, 'HL%' contour boundary tone in the second syllable and/or 'L +H' contour tone in the first syllable were used in the distant-talking environment.

• Korean Linguistics
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• v.80
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• pp.211-234
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• 2018

This study aims to research the acoustic properties of Korean and Vietnamese monophthongs by Vietnamese advanced Korean learners, and to discuss the realization of Korean monophthongs compared to Koreans. The Vietnamese advanced Korean learners do not distinguish between /e/ and /${\varepsilon}$/, which are the same as Korean. They pronounce Korean /e(${\varepsilon}$)/ close to /e/ in their native language. In the case of /ʌ/, it is reported that many errors are observed in previous studies. However, /ʌ/ of Vietnamese advanced learners is realized similar to /ʌ/ spoken by Koreans. /ɯ/ of Vietnamese advanced Korean learners is pronounced in the back of the tongue, whereas in the central by Koreans. In the case of /o/ and /u/, there is no significant difference by the Vietnamese advanced Korean learners. /ɯ/ and /u/ are pronounced in relatively front side of the tongue in Korean, but it is not observed in the Vietnamese advanced Korean learners.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.139-145
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• 2015

The present study investigates the effects of syllable structure and prosodic prominence on the patterns of tonal alignment and scaling of the phrase-initial rise in Seoul Korean. Two syllable structures (Onset (/#CVC.../ as in minsa) vs. No-onset (/#VC.../ as in insa)) and two prominence conditions (Focus vs. Neutral) were considered. Results showed that the alignment of the L and the H tones in the phrase-initial rise was affected by syllable structure but not by prominence. The time of L was before the vowel onset of the first syllable in the Onset condition (i.e., within the onset consonant) and it was after the vowel onset in the No-onset condition. The difference was attributable to the fact that the initial L was anchored at a fixed distance from the phrase boundary, which was about 30ms after the onset of the syllable in both cases. The time of H was also consistently observed about 20ms after the second vowel onset (i.e., /a/ in minsa/insa). Moreover, the rise time (the duration from the L to the H tones) was longer as the local syllable duration became longer due to different syllable structure and prominence conditions. Taken together, the results provide a support for the segmental anchoring hypothesis, which claims that both the beginning and the end of F0 movement are consistently aligned with segmental 'anchor' points with relatively high stability (Ladd et al., 1999). Results also showed that the scaling of the early rise was slightly influenced by syllable structure but not by prominence. The differences between the results of the current study and a previous study (Cho, 2011) are further discussed.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.33-41
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• 2013

This is a follow-up study on Han and Kang (2013) which argued that the Euclidean distances between /o/ and /u/ in Seoul Korean decreased in the first syllable position as speakers were among younger female speakers but not for male speakers, whereas in the second syllable position both gender groups showed a cross-generational decreasing effect of the Euclidean distance between /o/ and /u/. This study normalized the same data in Han and Kang (2013) which measured 12 speakers (six males and six females) for each Age group and investigated the spectral changes vowels /o/ and /u/ between age and gender, using the log-mean normalized statistical results. This study also examined overlap fraction values generated in SOAM 2D ($F1{\times}F2$) (cf. Wassink, 2006), which may also indicate the proximity of two vowels in question. The results showed that /o/ and /u/ vowels were making closer with /o/ raising for female speakers in $V_1$ and $V_2$ positions but only in the $V_2$ position for male speakers. That is, females led the upward movement of peripheral /o/ vowel, just like the raising of 'e' and 'o' in New York City (Labov, 1991). The results also showed that younger speakers used a rather narrow vowel space for the vowels. This also contributed to the proximity of the vowels /o/ and /u/, resulting in rather large overlap fraction values for younger speakers between these two vowels.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.1175-1184
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• 1992

A new classification method and recognition algorithms for printed Korean and Chinese character is studied for Korean text which contains both Korean and Chinese characters. The proposed method utilizes structural features of the vertical and horizontal vowel in Korean character. Korean characters are classified into 6 groups. Vowel and consonant are separated by means of different vowel extraction methods applied to each group. Time consuming thinning process is excluded. A modified crossing distance feature is measured to recognize extracted consonant. For Chinese character, an average of stroke crossing number is calculated on every characters, which allows the characters to be classified into several groups. A recognition process is then followed in terms of the stroke crossing number and the black dot rate of character. Classification between Korean and Chinese character was at the rate of 90.5%, and classification rate of Ming-style 2512 Korean characters was 90.0%. The recognition algorithm was applied on 1278 characters. The recognition rate was 92.2%. The densest class after classification of 4585 Chinese characters was found to contain only 124 characters, only 1/40 of total numbers. The recognition rate was 89.2%.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.201-207
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• 2013

This study is a follow-up study of Han and Kang (2013) and Kang and Han (2013) which examined cross-generational changes in the Korean vowels /o/ and /u/ using acoustic analyses of the vowel formants of these two vowels, their Euclidean distances and the overlap fraction values generated in SOAM 2D (Wassink, 2006). Their results showed an on-going approximation of /o/ and /u/, more evident in female speakers and non-initial vowels. However, these studies employed non-words in a frame sentence. To see the extent to which these two vowels are merged in real words in spontaneous speech, we conducted an acoustic analysis of the formants of /o/ and /u/ produced by two age groups of female speakers while reading a letter sample. The results demonstrate that 1) the younger speakers employed mostly F2 but not F1 differences in the production of /o/ and /u/; 2) the Euclidean distance of these two vowels was shorter in non-initial than initial position, but there was no difference in Euclidean distance between the two age groups (20's vs. 40-50's); 3) overall, /o/ and /u/ were more overlapped in non-initial than initial position, but in non-initial position, younger speakers showed more congested distribution of the vowels than in older speakers.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.65-72
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• 2015

AMI / HDB-3 method used a scrambling technique is used primarily for long distance data transmission line encoding. In this paper, information communication code standard (KS X 1001; 2014 confirmation), as defined in Hangul Character Code HDLC Flag bit or character stuffing at the data link layer and physical layer with respect to the code set for Hangul AMI / HDB-3 the code set for the new system to increase the data transmission efficiency Hangul consonant and vowel tables presented in terms of scrambling. The result of the existing system and the code set ($4{\times}4$) bit source coding rules for comparing the frequency of use Hangul consonant and vowel tables and statistics showed that about 22.01% of the data processing efficiency is improved.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.181-188
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• 1998

In order to examine the legibility of the Hangul letters which is a syllabic, the three kind of visual charts were made of the ninety eight($14{\times}7$) Hangul Gothic type letters by the laser printer. These Hangul letters were constructed with the 13 consonant letters which are 'ㄱ, ㄴ, ㄷ, ㄹ, ㅁ, ㅂ, ㅅ, ㅇ, ㅈ, ㅋ, ㅌ, ㅍ, ㅎ', and the 6 vowel letters which are 'ㅏ, ㅓ, ㅗ, ㅜ, ㅡ, ㅣ'. The two examination methods were used, One is the discriminating the letters on the visual chart by men having 1.5 visual acuity. The other is the using the laser printer's resolution. Obtained data by these examination methods are the minimum readable size values of the letters and the maximum readable distance values from the reader to the objects. From these data the relative legibility of the Hangul letters were calculated, where the letter ㄱ was chosen for the standard. This resultant data were analyzed. In this result, the mean legibility of these Hangul letters descended in the order of 'ㄱ, ㄴ, ㅅ, ㄷ, ㅈ, ㅇ, ㅁ, ㅋ, ㅌ, ㅍ, ㅎ' Which are the consonant letters being in these letters. And the mean legibility descended in 'ㅣ, ㅡ, ㅏ, ㅗ, ㅓ, ㅜ' order. The mean legibility is dependent on used consonant letter more then on used vowel.