• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.645-656
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• 2001

The relationship between socio-economic status and food and nutrient consumption patterns was studied in 7,370 Koreans aged 20 years and older in the 1995 Korean Health and Nutrition Survey. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of rapid economic growth on food and nutrient consumption for Korean adults in the last 30 years. Monthly household income, and individual's educational level and occupation were chosen as variables of socio-economic status for individuals. A one day 24 hour recall method was used for the dietary survey. One way analysis of varience was adopted to test tole association between socio-economic variables and food and nutrient consumption patterns. Individuals who had a high socio-economic status had significantly higher daily intake of most of the nutrients including calcium, vitamin A, vitamin B$_2$which reached above the recommended dietary allowances(RDA) and a higher percentage energy consumption from fat. In addition, individual who belonged to a low socio-economic status consumed less animal foods, including meat, egg, milk and consumed low proportion of energy from fat. The results suggest that in spite of rapid economic growth during the last 30 years in Korea, individuals who belonged to low sorio-economic status categories are still nutritionally vulnerable. Among the sorio-economic variables, income and education except occupation were the influential factors on the food and nutrient consumption of Koreans. Therefore, nutrition policy should focus on influencing the dietary patterns of lower social class individuals to improve the health status of the population as a whole.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.313-323
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• 2000

Although it is rapidly increasing the number of day-care centers in Korea, the quality of food and nutrition services is not improved sufficiently. The purpose of this study was to investigate the nutrition and health status of children in day-care center. Menus for lunch of 253 centers were collected and the content of nutrients was analyzed. Nutrient intakes from lunch and snacks of 90 children were investigated using weighing method and those from breakfast and dinner by 24-hour recall method surrogated from their mothers. Anthropometric indices of height, weight, skinfold thickness, the ratio of fat were measured. The lunch menus for children contained $437.0{\pm}138.9\;Kcal$, $17.6{\pm}6.7gr$ protein, $153.9{\pm}87.7mg\;Ca$, $3.63{\pm}1.6mg\;Fe$, $164.5{\pm}158.2RE\;Vit\;A$. and $4.46{\pm}3.04mg\;Vit\;B_1$. Energy, Ca and Fe supplied were below one third of RDAs. Mean daily calorie intake of children aged 3 years was $1303.0{\pm}474.0Kcal/day$, $1322.3{\pm}442.4Kcal$ in aged four, $1307.0{\pm}545.9Kcal$ in aged five and $1497.1{\pm}93.5kcal$ in six year of age. Intake of iron, vitamin A and vitamin $B_1$ were below RDAs.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.39-48
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• 1978

The present study is concerned with nutritional status and palatability of the packed-lunch in elementary school children in Daejeon city. Rice and side dishes in the lunch box were weighed and the contained nutrients were analyzed by the Food Composition Table. The result of survey is as follows; 1) The means of nutritional values of 523 lunch boxes were calorie 562.48 Cal. percentage of the recommended dietary allowances.(79.11%), protein 19.16gr. (88.43%), animal protein 6.03gr. (83.50%), calcium 110.75mg (48.15%), iron 2.20mg. (56.15%), Vitamin A 328.16 I.U.. (49.22%), Vitamin $B_1$ 0.22mg. (59.45%), Vitamin $B_2$ 0.14mg (32.56%), Niacin 3.20mg. (68.08%), Vitamin C 9.79mg. (73.44%). All the nutrients are under the recommended dietary allowances. 2) The correlation between the boys and girls in the intake of protein, calcium, iron, Vitamin A, Vitamin $B_1$, Niacin index revealed statistical significancy at the level of P<0.01. 3) According to the intake of calorie, the ratio of carbohydrates, protein and fat is 78 : 14 : 8, which is excessive meal of carbohydrate. 4) Among the total intake of the protein consists of 30.20% for the boys and 32.90% for the girls. 5) The most favorite food for boys and girls from the packed-lunch is kimchi, egg, ham, sausage, cuttle-fish, laver and beef, and pork and pickles are most undesirable items. 6) The most favorite snack is bread, cake, ice cream, chocolate, fruits and milk. 7) Both boys and girls like Kimchi, fried and saute foods but dislike Namul (seasoned green vegetables) the most. 8. The side dishes of the packed·lunch lack in variety of cooking method.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.419-431
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate nutrient intake and food behavior according to the nutrition knowledge of middle school students residing in Seoul and Kyunggi-do, Korea. Anthropometric measurements and questionnaires, including 24-hr recall of dietary intake, were collected from 543 male and female middle school students. They were assigned to one of five groups according to their nutrition knowledge : very high group (VHG ; 90 - 100 score), high group (HG ; 80 - 90 score), normal group (NG ; 70 - 80 score), low group (LG ; 60 - 70 score) and very low group (VLG ; < 60 score), and comparisons were made. The mean age of the subjects was 13.7 years old. The mean height, weight, and BMI of male and female students were 161.9 cm, 52.6 kg and 20.2 kg/$m^2$, 157.0 cm, 50.4 kg, and 20.4 kg/$m^2$ respectively. Female students skip breakfast and dinner more frequently than male students do. Male students skipp lunch and eat fast foods more frequently than females do. Protein, calcium, vitamin B$_1$, vitamin B$_2$, niacin, vitamin C, fat, and animal protein intakes in females are shown to be related to their nutrition knowledge. Calcium, protein, animal protein, vitamin B$_2$and niacin intakes are significantly lower in the VLG than in the others. However, vitamin B$_1$and vitamin C intakes are significantly lower both in VHG and VLG. Fat intake in VHG is lowest. Nutrition knowledge of male students is correlated with mothers knowledge, nutrition attitude and nutritional status. On the other hand, in female students, nutrient consumption was lowest in subjects whose nutrition knowledge was highest and lowest. Therefore, nutrient consumption is affected by nutrition knowledge. However, in female students, possibly due to wrong information on diet or prejudice and outlook, nutrient consumption was low even when they scored high in nutrition knowledge. In conclusion, nutrition knowledge of male students is affected by the mothers nutritional knowledge and attitude. Therefore, nutrition education for mothers is very important. In male students, as their nutrition knowledge is low, their nutrient consumption is affect. These results indicate nutrition education and correct information for body image, balanced diet, regularity of meals and food selection for middle school students are required at both school and home.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.419-431
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• 2005

The prevalence of atopic dermatitis (AD) continues to increase in the industrialized countries related to Western lifestyle and dietary patterns. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the nutritional status, dietary patterns and dietary quality of AD patients. AD patients (n=50) and gender age matched healthy control (HC) were studied in case-control clinical trail. Preference and frequencies of consumption for 98 foods were estimated by questionnaires. Dietary pattern, current nutrients intake, and dietary quality were evaluated by the 3-day food records. As a result, anthropometric measurements from HC and AD patients were not significantly different. AD patients had significantly lower preference for buckwheat, some fishes (shellfish, flatfish, salmon), egg yolk, some vegetables (onion, garlic, Chinese-cabbage, radish, pepper, mushroom), coffee, and snack than those of HC had (p<0.05). AD patients had significantly lower frequency for pea, some fishes (shellfish, herring, flatfish, salmon, codfish), egg, some vegetables (spinach, pumpkin, mushroom), margarine/butter, nuts, coffee and apple juice, fried chicken, coke than those of HC had (p<0.05). The intake of vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$ (p<0.05) and vitamin E (p<0.001) of AD patients were significantly lower than those of HC. The intake for Ca and Zn of AD patients were remarkably lower than RDA for each nutrient. Moreover, AD patients' index of nutritional quality (INQ) and nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) of vitamin E, vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$ were lower than those of HC. AD patients' dietary quality including dietary diversity score (DDS), dietary variety score (DVS), DMGFV (dairy, meat, grain, fruit, vegetable), dietary quality index (DQI) was poor. This results indicate that atopic dermatitis patients had significantly different food preference and food frequency when these were compared with those of healthy people. The dietary diversity, dietary variety and dietary quality of atopic dermatitis patients were very limited.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.507-515
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• 2001

The elevation of plasma total homocysteine(tHcy) is now established as a risk factro for cardiovascular disease. It is also well known that plasma levels of folate and vitamin $B_{12}$ influences homocysteine metabolism as cofactors. Recently, the effects of health-related lifestyle factors, such as smoking, alcohol drinking coffee consumption, regular exercise, and etc, on plasma tHcy have been determined. The Hordalane Homocysteine Study revealed that smoking and coffee consumption are major deter minants of plasma tHcy as well as folate levels; however, the influence of alcohol intake is still controversial. In Koreans, the effects of lifestyle factors of plasma tHcy have not yet been determined. Thus, we investigated the relationships of various lifestyle determinants with plasma tHcy, folate, and vitamin $B_{12}$ levels and the erythrocyte folate concentrations in Korean adults (99 males and 96 fermales). Plasma tHcy levels were significantly hight in male subjects. On the contrary, plasma levels of folate and vitamin $B_{12}$ and erythrocyte folate concentration of the females were significantly higher than those of the males. Among the five lifestyle factors determined in the study, regular exercise significantly affects plasma tHcy levels only in the females, Contrary to the expectation, there were on significant differences in plasma tHcy levels between alcohol drinkers and non-alcohol drinkers as well as smokers and non-smokers. And also, plasma tHcy leverls were not different between coffee consumers and non-coffee consumer and between green tea consumers and non-green tea consumers. Although alcohol intake did not influence plasma tHcy levels, the duration, frequency, and amount of alcohol drinking showed significant negative relationships with plasma folate levers. These results indicate the regular exercise and alcohol intake might influence plasma levels of tHcy and folate in Koreans, although the results were not reveled in both sexes.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제35권7호
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• pp.743-753
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship among nutritional status, serum lipids and leptin of 134 elementary school students with different obesity index residing in Kyunggi-do, Korea. Subjects were assigned to under weight, normal weight or over weight group according to the their obesity index. Their nutritional status, serum lipid and leptin levels were evaluated based on 24-hr dietary recalls, anthropometric measurements and blood analysis. The mean weight, height and obesity index of total subjects was 150.8cm, 45.6kg and 5.4%. The mean % of body fat was higher while LBM and TBW (total body water) were lower in over weight subjects than those of other two groups. Total food, plant protein, carbohydrate, and vitamin C intakes of underweight male students were lower than those of overweight male students. The consumption of total fat was the highest in the female normal weight subjects and the lowest in female overweight subjects. Male students consumed more plant protein and vitamin C than female students. The mean daily intake of vitamin B$_2$, calcium and zinc of all subjects did not meet the Korean RDA. Also, iron intake of female students was lower than the Korean RDA. The mean level of serum leptin was the highest in male and female overweight subjects (p＜0.001). The HDL-cholesterol level was the highest in the underweight group of male subjects (p＜0.05) and in the normal weight group of female subjects (p＜0.001) The serum level of leptin and atherogenic index (AI) of females were higher than those of males. Serum leptin of total subjects had significantly positive correlation with obesity index, weight, SBP, body fat, cholesterol intake, serum triglyceride, and AI. However, serum leptin was negatively correlated with LBM, TBW, intake of plant protein, vitamin B$_1$, vitamin C and serum HDL-cholesterol. Obesity index was also positively correlated with weight, SBP, body fat, serum triglyceride and AI. To summarize the results, the vitamin B$_2$, calcium, zinc, iron and fiber intakes should be supplied to elementary school students, especially those who were overweight. The average serum leptin level of students showed remarkably positive correlation with obesity index, body fat, serum lipids and AI. Also, it was suggested that the serum leptin might be related to the dietary factors like cholesterol, plant protein, vitamin B$_1$ and vitamin C of elementary school students.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.297-307
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• 2016

This study was performed to investigate the nutritional status associated with hypertension. The subjects were composed of 52 middle aged men divided into normotensive and hypertensive groups according to the Joint National Committee(JNC)-7 criteria. The mean blood pressures of the normotensive and hypertensive groups were $109.8{\pm}1.8$ / $68.9{\pm}1.7mmHg$, and $146.8{\pm}4.6$ / $90.5{\pm}2.9mmHg$, respectively. The percent body fat (PBF), waist to hip ratio (WHR), and serum levels of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, Na, Cl, alanine transferase (ALT), and atherogenic index (AI) were significantly higher in the hypertensive group than normotensive group. The intakes of energy, protein, lipid, vitamin B1, niacin, and intake ratio of Na/K were significantly higher in the hypertensive group than normotensive group. Our findings suggest that decreasing PBF, WHR, serum levels of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and NaCl may play an important role in the prevention of hypertension. It also suggests that decreasing intakes of energy, protein, lipid, vitamin B1, niacin, and Na/K ratio are crucial in order to prevent hypertension.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.218-226
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• 2001

This study was performed to assess the nutritional status, frequency of visiting and necessity of nutrition programs for 157 elderly(male:49, female:108) visiting public health centers in Puchon. The purpose of the study was to provide the basic data for developing a nutrition service model. The subject were investigated by interviews with a questionnaire to obtain dietary data and other information related to public health center. Blood tests for analyzing biochemical status were also carried out. The elderly showed low income status. Ninety two percent of them showed their monthly income was less than 400,000 won and 72.6% was observed as having 30,000 won/month as their pocket money. The most frequent disease reported as having or being treated were hypertension(32.6%), rheumatic arthritis(28.5%), diabetes(10.2%), and stomach disease(8.2%) for males and hypertension(33.1%), diabetes(19.4%), rheumatic arthritis(16.7%), anemia(11.1%) for females. The nutrients whose daily intakes were less than 2/3 of RDA were calcium(37.5% RDA),vitamin A(49.9% RDA), iron(60.0% of RDA) and protein(62.0% RDA) for males and vitamin A(27.7% RDA), vitamin B$_2$(33.3% RDA), calcium(44.1% RDA), iron(53.3% RDA), and niacin(60.0% RDA) for females, respectively. Prevalence of anemia, assessed by hemogloben using WHO definition, were 4.1% for males and 18.5% for females. The percentage of males with hypercholesterolemia( 220 mg/dl) was 2.1% and 19.4% fir females, Two percent of males and 12.0% of females were observed as having a LDL-C higher than 165 mg/dl. The mean fasting blood glucose(FBG) level of males and female was 84.2 mg/dl and 101.7 mg/dl respectively. Two percent of males and 8.3% of females were found with a FBG higher than 140 mg/dl. Seventy one percent of elderly reported they were visiting public health centers at least once per week or more frequently. They were satisfied most with the low medical bills but showed the lowest satisfaction for the facilities of the public health centers. What the nutrition service programs wanted most was nutrition counseling and guidance.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제44권12호
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• pp.1856-1864
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• 2015

본 연구는 춘천지역 대학생 306명(남 175명, 여 131명)을 대상으로 성별에 따른 영양소 섭취 상태를 알아보았으며, 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 평균 나이는 남학생이 $21.1{\pm}2.9$세, 여학생이 $20.3{\pm}2.2$세였고(P<0.05), 평균 신장과 체중은 남녀 각각 $175.2{\pm}6.2cm$와 $68.2{\pm}9.9kg$, $161.7{\pm}5.2cm$와 $55.1{\pm}6.5kg$으로 나타났으며(P<0.001), 평균 BMI는 남녀 각각 $22.2{\pm}2.8$과 $21.1{\pm}2.1$로 나타났다(P<0.001). 끼니별 결식률은 남녀 모두 아침결식률(31.7%, 29.2%)이 가장 높게 나타났다. 성별에 따른 영양소 섭취 상태를 알아본 결과, 1일 평균 에너지, 탄수화물, 단백질, 지방은 남학생이 여학생보다 유의적으로 높게 섭취하였다(P<0.001). 또한 비타민 A와 C를 제외한 비타민 $B_1$(P<0.001), 비타민 $B_2$(P<0.01), 나이아신(P<0.001), 비타민 $B_6$(P<0.001), 비타민 E(P<0.001), 엽산(P<0.01), 칼슘(P<0.05), 인(P<0.001), 철분(P<0.001), 아연(P<0.001), 나트륨(P<0.001), 콜레스테롤(P<0.001)도 남학생이 유의적으로 높게 섭취하였다. 주중과 주말의 영양소 섭취 상태는 남학생이 1일 평균 에너지(P<0.01), 탄수화물(P<0.01), 단백질(P<0.05), 지방(P<0.01), 비타민 $B_1$(P<0.01), 나이아신(P<0.01), 비타민 $B_6$(P<0.01), 비타민 E(P<0.01), 철분(P<0.05), 아연(P<0.01), 나트륨(P<0.05)을, 여학생은 지방(P<0.05), 비타민 E(P<0.05), 칼슘(P<0.01), 철분(P<0.01)을 주말에 비해 주중에 유의적으로 높게 섭취하였다. 에너지 섭취량에 대한 탄수화물, 단백질, 지방의 섭취비율은 남학생이 57.8:15.3:26.8, 여학생이 58.5:15.1:26.2로 나타나면서 서로 유사한 결과를 보였다. 성별에 따른 한국인 영양섭취기준에 대한 섭취비율을 보면 권장섭취량과 충분섭취량 이상 섭취한 영양소는 남학생의 경우 단백질, 비타민 $B_1$, 인, 철분, 나트륨이었으며, 여학생은 단백질, 비타민 A, 인, 나트륨으로 나타났다. 남학생의 에너지 필요추정량에 대한 섭취비율은 69%, 여학생은 70%였으며, 남학생은 비타민 $B_2$, 비타민 C, 칼슘을, 여학생은 비타민 C, 철분, 칼슘을 권장섭취량의 80% 이하로 섭취하고 있었다. 주중과 주말의 영양섭취기준에 대한 섭취비율을 살펴보면 남학생은 비타민 $B_6$와 아연을, 여학생은 칼슘과 철분을 주중에 비해 주말에 상대적으로 부족하게 섭취하였다(P<0.01). 성별에 따른 EAR 미만 섭취자 비율은 남학생이 칼슘(81.7%), 비타민 $B_1$(69.4%), 비타민 C(64.9%), 비타민 $B_6$(53.7%)를, 여학생은 칼슘(75.4%), 비타민 C(64.6 %), 철분(60.8%), 비타민 $B_6$(58.5%), 비타민 $B_2$(55.8%), 나이아신(53.5%), 엽산(51.9%)이 50%를 넘어 영양소의 섭취량이 매우 낮음을 알 수 있었다. 이상의 연구 결과에서 대학생들의 높은 아침결식률, 남학생이 여학생에 비해 높은 영양 섭취를 보이고 있었으나 전반적으로 대학생들의 에너지 섭취 수준은 낮았으며 특정 영양소, 특히 칼슘, 비타민 C, 철분, 비타민 $B_2$ 등의 영양 섭취 상태가 나쁜 것으로 나타났다. 또한 아침결식률과 영양 섭취 상태는 주중보다는 주말에 문제가 있는 것으로 나타나 불규칙한 생활 패턴에 따른 식습관 개선이 시급한 상황이다. 따라서 규칙적인 식생활 및 균형 잡힌 식습관 등에 대한 정확한 이해와 함께 식태도가 긍정적인 방향으로 변화되어 대학생들이 건강과 영양 상태 향상에 도움이 되는 행동을 자발적으로 습득할 수 있도록 영양교육의 필요성이 절실히 요구되는 바이다. 한편 본 연구는 표본의 대상이 춘천지역 일부 대학생이기에 연구 결과를 일반화시키는 데 어려움이 있다. 또한 영양소 섭취 상태의 분석 자료로 사용된 24시간 회상법은 자기기입방법으로 정확한 섭취량을 측정하기 어려운 점이 있어 본 연구의 영양소 섭취 상태와 국민건강영양조사 결과에 차이를 보인 것으로 생각된다. 그러나 본 연구는 개인의 영양 상태 평가가 아닌 집단 간의 비교이고, 개인별 일일 식품 섭취의 편차를 최소화하기 위해 주중과 주말이 포함된 4일 간의 조사를 실시하였기에 다른 지역 및 연령대와의 비교나 특성 연구 시 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.