• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.85-90
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• 2010

As the environmental regulation of vehicle emission is strengthened, investigations for $NO_x$ and PM reduction strategies are popularly conducted. Two current available technologies for continuous $NO_x$ reduction onboard diesel vehicles are Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) using aqueous urea and lean $NO_x$ trap (LNT) catalysts. The experiments were conducted to investigate the $NO_x$ reduction performance of SCR system which can control the ratio of $NO/NO_2$, temperature and SV(space velocity), and the model gas was used which is similar to a diesel exhaust gas. The maximum reduction efficiency is indicated when the $NO:NO_2$ ratio is 1:1 and the SV is 30,000 $h^{-1}$ in $300^{\circ}C$. Generally, ammonia slip from SCR reactors are rooted to incomplete conversion of $NH_3$ over the SCR. In this research, slip was occurred in 6cases (except low SV and $NO:NO_2$ ratio is 1:1) after SCR. Among 6 case of slip occurrence, the maximum conversion efficiency is observed when SV is 60,000 $h^{-1}$ in $400^{\circ}C$.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.165-174
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• 2020

The enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) method has been investigated to improve the hydro-mechanical properties of natural soil deposits. This study was conducted to explore the stiffness evolution during various stress scenarios. First, the optimal concentration of urea, CaCl₂, and urease for the maximum efficiency of calcite precipitation was identified. The results show that the optimal recipe is 0.5 g/L and 0.9 g/L of urease for 0.5 M CaCl₂ and 1 M CaCl₂ solutions with a urea-CaCl₂ molar ratio of 1.5. The shear stiffness of EICP-treated sands remains constant up to debonding stresses, and further loading induces the reduction of S-wave velocity. It was also found that the debonding stress at which stiffness loss occurs depends on the void ratio, not on cementation solution. Repeated loading-unloading deteriorates the bonding quality, thereby reducing the debonding stress. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray images reveal that higher concentrations of CaCl₂ solution facilitate heterogeneous nucleation to form larger CaCO₃ nodules and 11-12 % of CaCO₃ forms at the interparticle contact as the main contributor to the evolution of shear stiffness.

• 한국분무공학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.196-203
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• 2020

Nowadays, urea SCR technology is considered as the most effective NOx reduction technology of diesel engine. However, low NOx conversion efficiency under low temperature conditions is one of its problems to be solved. This is because injection of UWS (Urea Water Solution) is impossible under such a low temperature condition due to the problem of insufficient of urea decomposition and urea deposits. In several previous studies, it has been reported that appropriate control of the amount of ammonia adsorbed on SCR catalyst can improve the NOx conversion efficiency under low temperature conditions. In this study, we tried to find out how much the NOx conversion efficiency increases with respect to the amount of ammonia adsorbed on the catalyst, and what the temperature conditions that the ammonia slip occurs. This study shows the results of 8 times repeated WHTC test with a diesel engine, in which UWS was injected with NH3/NOx mole ratio of '1'. Through this study, it was found that 13% of the NOx conversion efficiency of WHTC increased while the θ (ammonia adsorption rate) increased from "0%" to "22%". In addition, it is found that in cases of high θ value, the significant improvement of NOx conversion efficiency at low temperatures presented during the beginning period of WHTC and at high temperature and transient conditions presented during last part of WHTC test. The NH3 slip occurring condition was 250℃ of catalyst temperature and 10% of θ, and the amount of NH3 slip increased as the temperature and θ are increased.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.111-118
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• 2009

Hybrid SNCR/SCR 공정개발을 위해 $1,000\;Nm^3/hr$ 용량의 실증 플랜트를 제작하였다. 1단계로 SNCR의 최적운전 조건을 규명하기위해 환원제의 당량비(NSR, 0.5~5.0), 반응온도($850{\sim}1,100^{\circ}C$), 노즐형태(벽노즐, 관통노즐), 노즐위치를 변수로 SNCR 실험하였다. 벽노즐은 NSR 2.5에서 87%까지 NOx 저감효율이 급증하고 이후 증가 폭이 둔화되었다. 관통노즐 상향분사와 비교해, 적용 가능한 반응온도 범위도 적었다. 관통노즐 상향은 NSR 1.5에서 77%까지 NOx 저감효율이 급증되는 현상을 보였다. 그러나 관통노즐 하향은 NOx 저감효과가 없을 뿐만 아니라 오히려 NOx 발생이 증가하였다. 관통노즐에서 환원제를 상향분사했을 때, NSR 0.5~1.5 범위에서 NOx 저감효율은 50~75%로 나타났고, $890{\sim}1,000^{\circ}C$ 범위의 반응온도변화에도 NOx 저감효율의 증감없이 일정한 효율을 보였다. Urea 5% 용액을 NSR 1.2 에서 관통노즐로 상향 분사했을 때 이며, 이때 200 ppm의 NOx가 약 60 ppm으로 저감되고, 미반응 $NH_3$는 50~100 ppm이었다. 이 조건에서 SNCR 후단의 SCR에 추가적인 $NH_3$ 공급 없이도 90 % 이상의 NOx 저감효율이 기대된다.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.179-187
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• 2008

A mathematical modeling of $NO_x$ reduction in $NH_3$-SCR process is conducted. The present deterministic model solves one-dimensional conservation equations of mass and species concentrations for channel flows and the catalytic reaction. NO and NO_2$ reactions by the vanadium catalyst in the presence of $NH_3$ are calculated with the rate expressions of Langmuir-Hinshelwood scheme. The modeling was validated with extensive empirical data regarding $NO_x$ reduction efficiency. Analysis of De-$NO_x$ sensitivity conducted with regard to oxygen and water yielded highly accurate prediction over a wide range of $NO_2/NO_x$ ratios from 0 to 1 in a temperature range of $200^{\circ}C{\sim}550^{\circ}C$. The $NO_x$ reduction largely depends on $NO_2/NO_x$ ratio at temperatures lower than $300^{\circ}C$. NO reduction efficiency is significantly augmented with increasing in $NH_3$/NO ratio at higher temperatures, whereas rather insensitive to the $NH_3$/NO ratio at lower temperatures.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제51권6호
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• pp.470-480
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• 2023

This study aimed to develop a sound-absorbing composite using sugarcane bagasse (SB) and coffee silver skin (CS) as raw materials. The composite boards were manufactured by bonding the fibers with Melamine Urea-Formaldehyde adhesive, ensuring a consistent thickness of 30 mm. Various densities were employed, namely 380, 450, and 520 kg/m³. The samples were fabricated with different fiber ratios, including SB100%, SB75% with CS25%, and SB50% with CS50%. The sound absorption coefficient (SAC) and noise reduction coefficient (NRC) were measured using the impedance tube method within a frequency range of 63-6,300 Hz. The experimental results revealed that the mixing ratio of CS exerted a notable influence on enhancing the SAC, while the density of the composite board exhibited a significant impact on increasing both the SAC and NRC. Among the densities tested, the optimal value was observed at 520 kg/m³, yielding a SAC value of 0.65 at a frequency of 1,000 Hz and an NRC value of 0.55 for the SB50-CS50 composite plate. These findings underscore the importance of considering the CS mixing ratio and composite board density when aiming to optimize sound absorption properties.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2008년도 추계학술대회B
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• pp.2874-2879
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• 2008

The Selective catalytic reduction(SCR) system is a highly-effective device of $NO_x$ reduction for diesel engines. Generally, the ammonia($NH_3$) generated from a liquid urea-water solution is used for the reductant. The ideal ratio of $NH_3$ molecules to $NO_x$ molecules is 1:1 based on $NH_3$ consumption and having $NH_3$ available for reaction of all of the exhaust $NO_x$. However, under the too low and too high temperature condition, the $NO_x$ reduction efficiency becomes lower, due to temperature window. And space velocity also affects to $NO_x$ conversion efficiency. This paper reviews a laboratory study to evaluate the effects of $NO_x$ and $NH_3$ concentrations, gas temperature and space velocity on the $NO_x$ conversion efficiency of the SCR system. The maximum conversion efficiency of $NO_x$ was indicated when the $NH_3$ to $NO_x$ ratio was 1.2 and the space velocity was $60,000\;h^{-1}$. The results of this paper contribute to improve overall $NO_x$ reduction efficiency and $NH_3$ slip.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• 제57권1호
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• pp.13-19
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• 2022

Polycarbonate diol-based waterborne polyurethane (WPU) was prepared by prepolymer mixing process. The prepolymer mixture contained the polycarbonate diol, isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), dimethylol propionic acid, triethylamine, and ethylenediamine (EDA). The NCO/OH ratio in the prepolymer was adjusted by controlling the molar ratio of IPDI, and its effects on the properties of WPU were studied. The structure of WPU was characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The average particle size increased and viscosity decreased with increasing NCO/OH ratio and EDA content in WPU. The reduced phase separation between soft and hard segments increased glass transition temperature. The reduction in the thermal decomposition temperature could be attributed to the low bond energy of urethane and urea groups, which constituted the hard segment. Additionally, the polyurethane chain mobility was restricted, elongation decreased, and tensile strength increased. The hydrogen bond between the hard segments formed a dense structure that hindered water absorption.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.23-28
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• 2009

복막투석은 정상적인 생리적 상태의 장애를 야기하는 체내의 독성물질을 치료적으로 제거하는 임상적 방법이다. 본 연구에서는 신부전으로 내원한 환자에게 복막투석을 적용한 20증례의 임상적 결과와 합병증을 후향적으로 평가하였다. 복막투석을 실시하는 동안 적혈구수, 혈구용적, 신기능과 관련된 혈액 화학적 수치 및 전해질 등의 혈액학적 분석과 합병증, 임상적 결과 등을 기록하였다. 복막투석의 결과로 19마리의 개에서 혈중 요소 질산 농도가 유의하게 감소하였고 (p<0.05), 17마리의 개에서 혈중 크레아티닌의 농도가 유의하게 감소하였다 (p<0.05). 복막투석의 부작용으로는 저알부민혈증(12/20, 60%), 빈혈(10/20, 50%), 투석액의 피하 누출(9/20, 45%), 세균성 복막염 (6/20, 30%), 투석액의 저류 (5/20, 25%)와 사지의 부종(4/20, 20%)이 나타났다. 본 증례고찰을 통하여 복막투석은 신부전(특히 급성기)에 이환된 개에서 질소혈증을 개선하는데 효과적임을 알 수 있었다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제46권5호
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• pp.642-652
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• 2016

Purpose: In this single repeated measures study, an examination was done on the effects of dialysate flow rate on dialysis adequacy and fatigue in patients receiving hemodialysis. Methods: This study was a prospective single center study in which repeated measures analysis of variance were used to compare Kt/V urea (Kt/V) and urea reduction ratio (URR) as dialysis adequacy measures and level of fatigue at different dialysate flow rates: twice as fast as the participant's own blood flow, 500 mL/min, and 700 mL/min. Thirty-seven hemodialysis patients received all three dialysate flow rates using counterbalancing. Results: The Kt/V ($M{\pm}SD$) was $1.40{\pm}0.25$ at twice the blood flow rate, $1.41{\pm}0.23$ at 500 mL/min, and $1.46{\pm}0.24$ at 700 mL/min. The URR ($M{\pm}SD$) was $68.20{\pm}5.90$ at twice the blood flow rate, $68.67{\pm}5.22$ at 500 mL/min, and $70.11{\pm}5.13$ at 700 mL/min. When dialysate flow rate was increased from twice the blood flow rate to 700 mL/min and from 500 mL/min to 700 mL/ min, Kt/V and URR showed relative gains. There was no difference in fatigue according to dialysate flow rate. Conclusion: Increasing the dialy-sate flow rate to 700 mL/min is associated with a significant increase in dialysis adequacy. Hemodialysis with a dialysate flow rate of 700 mL/min should be considered in selected patients not achieving adequacy despite extended treatment times and optimized blood flow rate.