• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.479-485
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• 2002

This study was conducted in order to elucidate the effects of nitrogen level and split application method, and shading treatment during reproductive stage on sink formation. Japonica variety Choocheongbyeo and Hwaseongbyeo and indica$\times$japonica cross type variety Nampoongbyeo were used. Five levels (6 to 30 kg/10a at 6 kg/10a interval) of nitrogen fertilization, and two split application methods (50-25-25% and 30-30-40% as basaltillering-panicle fertilizer) for each nitrogen treatment were applied. In addition shading treatments (shading rate, 65%) were performed for N 12 kg/10a and 24 kg/10a plot. Shading were applied for 30 days from panicle initiation to heading, 15 days from panicle initiation and 15days before heading. Panicle per square meter, and primary rachis branches per panicle and differentiated number of secondary branch per panicle increased according as applied nitrogen amount increased up to 18 to 24 kg/10a, and there was no significant difference between two nitrogen application methods. Primary rachis branch and secondary branch per square meter also increased according as the amount of applied nitrogen increase up to 18 to 24 kg/10a, and there was no significant difference between nitrogen application methods. Panicle per square meter and primary rachis branch per panicle were significantly decreased due to shading treatments only in Choochengbyeo. In all varieties, shading reduced secondary rachis branch per panicle significantly and the reduction was greatest in 30 days shading during reproductive stage. Spikelets per square meter increased according as the amount of applied nitrogen increases up to 18 to 24kg/10a, but showed no move increase above this nitrogen application level. Significant difference was not shown between nitrogen split methods. Spikelets per square meter also decreased significantly due to shading treatment during reproductive stage, showing the greatest reduction by 30 days shading during reproductive stage, and the least by 15 days shading during booting stage. The variation of spikelets per square meter was influenced greatest by the variation of panicles per square meter and spikelets per secondary rachis branch.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 1993

The nodular hyperplasia of the thyroid is a common thyriod disease. Nodular hyperplasia does rarely progress to thyroid cancer. The differentiation of a nodular hyperplasia from a neoplasm may be simple or difficult, both clinically and anatomically. The papillary carcinoma of the thyroid is the most common type of thyroid malignancies. There were few studies about cytogenetic observation in thyroid cancer. But only one case of banding observation in nodular hyperplasia have been reported. In order to compare the chromosomal changes in the thyroid cancer and the noncancerous thyroid disease, we performed cytogenetic analysis in two papillary carcinoma and two nodular hyperplasia after cell culture. The chromosomal pattern of the nodular hyperplasia found was very heterogenous but no clonal abnormaly in both cases was observed. Case I : A modal chromosomal number was in 42-46 range. Chromosome 8, 19, 21. 22 were commonly lost. 9 structural anomalities among 51 analysed cells were observed but they were not clonal. Case II: A modal chromosomal number was 43. Chromosome 17 and 19 were commonly lossed. Common cytogenetic characters of this two nodular hyperplasia are hypodiploidity and very heterogenous chromosomal pattern. The result about the papillary carcinoma are as follow. In one case some numerical and structural chromosomal changes were observed. But they were not clonal abnormality. In another case the chromosomal pattern found was very heterogenous with a clonal abnormality of del(11)(q23). The modal number was 46. The del(11)(q23) a chromosomal change in papillary carcinoma of the thyroid have previously been reported(Eva Olah et al. 1989). We suggest that 11q deletion may be important role to pathogenesis of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. According to this results, we could not find out specific differences about chromosomal changes and any relationship between the papillary carcinoma and the nodular hyperplasia.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.114-124
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• 1999

Purpose : To clarify the relation between psychosocial variables and cancer in Korea. Methods : Case-control study. Participants: 239 subjects in 2 university hospitals in Seoul completed a series of psychometric instruments(the Olson's FACES III and the Lee's 98-items life event scale). Results : In bivariable analysis, there were statistically significant difference in age and economic status(income): marginal significance in education status and marital status between the cases and controls. The family function type and stress score were not significantly different. The result of multivariable logistic regression, analysis showed that the risk of cancer was associated with economic status and marital status, but neither the family function nor the life event stress. Conclusion : In this study, we cannot prove the statistical association between the family function, life event stress and cancer. It is necessary to persevere in our efforts to clarify the relation between stress and disease and to develop the useful tools to measure the Korean family function and life event stress.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.447-455
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• 2011

To investigate the effects of the improvement of postharvest quality on fresh tomato, antimicrobial microperforated (AMP) films were prepared and their antimicrobial abilities were observed. AMP films were made by coating different types of natural antimicrobial agents such as cinnamon, clove, and clary sage essential oils into microperforated (MP) films. Cinnamon essential oil of 10% (v/v) has proven to be very effective as inhibitor of the mold growth on tomato, compared to the clove and clary sage essential oils. Quality changes of fresh tomatoes packed using the natural AMP films (AMP10 and AMP30) and MP films (MP10 and MP30) during storage were evaluated. Total microbial growth, weight loss, firmness, lycopene content, and decay rate as the major quality parameters were monitored over 9 days at $15^{\circ}C$. The oxygen transmission rates and mechanical properties between the natural AMP and MP films were also compared. There was no significant difference in change of oxygen transmission rate, tensile strength and elongation between the AMP and MP films. For storage studies, the freshness of tomato packaged in AMP30 film was higher than that in OPP film (the control), MP10, MP30, and AMP10 films. Especially, AMP30 film exhibited high efficiency compared to the control for tomato decay during storage periods. Based on the results, the microperforation and antimicrobial properties of the packaged films may significantly affect the maintenance of an optimum gas composition within the package atmosphere for increasing the storage life and quality of produce. They were also effective on the inhibition of microbial growth by controlled release of antimicrobial agent at an appropriate rate from the package into the tomato. Natural antimicrobial agent coating microperforated films could use potential functional package as a method of extending the freshness of postharvest tomato for storage.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.323-330
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• 1998

Cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) was purified from the culture broth of the Bacillus firmus var. alkalophilus, using ultrafiltration, starch adsorption/desorption, ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and gel filtration on Sephacryl HR-100. The molecular weight of the purified enzyme was determined as 77,000 by SDS-PAGE. The optimum pH and temperature for the CD synthesis were 6.0 and 5$0^{\circ}C$, respectively. The activity of this enzyme was stably kept at the range of pH 6.0～9.5 and up to 5$0^{\circ}C$. However, in the presence of $Ca^{2+}$, the optimum temperature for CD synthesis was shifted 55~6$0^{\circ}C$ and this enzyme was stable up to 6$0^{\circ}C$ because of the stabilizing effect of $Ca^{2+}$. The purified CGTase produced CDs with high conversion yields of 45~51% from sweet potato starch, com starch and amylopectin as substrate, especially, and the product ratio of $\beta$-CD to ${\gamma}$-CD was obtained at range of from 5.8:1 to 8.4:1 according to the kind of substrate. The purified enzyme produced mainly $\beta$-CD without accumulation of $\alpha$-CD during enzyme reaction using various starches as the substrate, indicating that the purified enzyme is the typical $\beta$-CGTase. The purified CGTase produced 25 g/l of CDs from 5.0% (w/v) liquefied com starch and the conversion yield of CDs was 50%, and the content of $\beta$-CD was 84% of total CDs after 8 hours under the optimum reaction condition.ion.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.209-218
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• 1999

Objectives : The aims of this study were to discriminate the clinical differences, to measure the estrogen and homovanillic acid levels, to evaluate a correlation between estrogen and homovanillic acid, and to identify an association of cognitive deficit with estrogen and homovanillic acid among male and female schizophrenics. Methods : In addition to the structured interviews, the plasma estrogen levels by radioimmunoassay and the homovanillic acid levels by HPLC were measured in 20 male and 21 female schizophrenics as well as 10 healthy male and 9 female controls. Results : 1) The plasma estrogen levels were higher in females than males, and significantly higher in female schizophenics than female controls. The homovanillic acid levels were higher in female schizophrenics than female controls, and were lower in male schizophrenics than male controls. 2) The onset age seemed to be earlier in male schizophrenics, and the frequency of admission, duration of antipsychotic drug administration, dosage of antipsychotics and duration of illnesses were more in males. The estrogen and homovanillic acid levels were significantly higher in female schizophrenics. 3) The estrogen levels had a significant positive correlation with sex, age and onset age, while the homovanillic acid levels did with sex. However, estrogen were not correlated with homovanillic acid levels. 4) The estrogen and homovanillic acid levels were not significantly different between male and female schizophrenics with cognitive deficits. In the schizophrenic patients without cognitive deficits, the estrogen levels were significantly higher in females, while there were no significant sex differences in homovanillic acid. 5) In the male and female schizophrenics predominantly with negative symptoms, there were no significant differences in estrogen and homovanillic acid levels. In those predominantly with positive symptoms, the estrogen levels were significantly higher in females, while there were no sex differences in homovanillic acid levels. 6) In schizophrenics with undifferentiated subtype, the estrogen and homovanillic acid levels were significantly higher in females. In those with paranoid or disorganized subtypes, the estrogen levels were significantly higher in females, while there were no sex differences in the homovanillic acid levels. 7) The mean values of PANSS-negative, PANSS-total, PANSS-CF, MMSE-K and estrogen levels were significantly higher in male schizophrenics with cognitive deficits. The mean values of illness duration, CGI, PANSS-positive, PANSS-negative, PANSS-total, PANSS-CF and MMSE-K were significantly higher in female schizophrenics with cognitive deficits. 8) The variables which showed significant correlation with cognitive deficits were PANSS-negative, PANSS-total, PANSS-CF, MMSE-K and estrogen levels in male schizophrenics. The variables which showed significant correlation with cognitive deficits were subtypes, onset age, illness durataion, CGI, PANSS-positive, PANSS-negative, PANSS-total, PANMSS-CF and MMSE-K in female schizophrenics. The estrogen levels were significantly correlated with admission frequencies, history of antipsychotic administration, duration of antipsychotic administration and cognitive deficits in male schizophrenics, while age were not correlated with in females. The homovanillic acid levels had a significant correlation with subtypes and onset age in male schizophrenics, while there were no correlation among variables in females. Conclusions : Although the plasma concentrations of estrogen and homovanillic acid in female schizophrenics were significantly higher than males, we could not find an association between them. Furthermore, the various factors affecting on the cognitive deficits, estrogen and homovanillic acid levels seemed to be somewhat different according to sex.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.209-216
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• 1999

Purpose : Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) is a rare X-linked disorder associated with renal tubule resistance to arginine vasopressin (AVP). The hypothesis that the defect underlying NDI might be a dysfunctional renal AVPR2 has recently been proven by the identification of mutations in the AVPR2 gene in NDT patients. To investigate the association of mutations in th AVPR2 gene with NDI, we analyzed the AVPR2 gene located on the X chromosome. Methods : We have analyzed the AVPR2 gene in a kindred with X-linked NDI. The proband and proband's mother were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformational polymorphism(PCR-SSCP) and DNA sequencing of the AVPR2 gene. We also have used restriction enzyme analysis of genomic PCR product to evaluate the AVPR2 gene. Results : C to T transition at codon 202, predictive of an exchange of tryptophan 202 by cysteine(R202C) in the third extracellular domain was identified. This mutation causes a loss of Hae III site within the gene. Conclusion : We found a R202C missense mutation in the AVPR2 gene causing X-linked NDI, and now direct mutational analysis is available for carrier screening and early diagnosis.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.63-73
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• 2006

The first packaging of Korean market milk dates back to July 1937 when Seoul Dairy Co-operative (Kyung Seong Dairy Co-operative in those days) used 1 hob (180 ml) glass bottles with either paper caps or cork caps. During 1945-1972, 2 hob (360 ml) glass bottles were produced, and iron caps and egret-shaped plastic film replaced the previously used caps. When there were insufficient numbers of milk bottles, other glass bottles such as soda drink bottles and beer bottles were used instead. Seoul Dairy Co-operative was the only dairy company existing in Korea until Nam Yang Dairy Co. Ltd was founded in March 1964, followed by Hae Tae Dairy Co. Ltd(Tae Han Food Public Corporation in those days) in 1969 and Mae-il Dairy Co. Ltd (Korea Dairy Company in those days) in May 1971. As many other dairy companies along with the above-mentioned companies were established, a variety of dairy products were packaged and marketed. In 1971 Seoul Dairy Co-operative first used triangular-shaped polyethylene film wrappers, and in 1972 Nam Yang Diary was the first company importing sterilized Tetra pak for the packaging of milk. Since 1974 rectangular shaped polyethylene film wrappers and plastic bottles were used. In 1977 the gable top carton pack made of paper was first introduced by Seo Joo Industry Co. Ltd, and its market share increased rapidly with gradual increase in its volume, from 180ml to 200ml, to 250ml, to 500ml and finally to 1,000ml, causing change in the volume of milk consumption. And in Sep. 1987 Pasteur market milk Co. Ltd. first used round type high density polyethylene bottle(body) with low density polyethylene cap of 245g, 490g and 980g volumes respectively.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 1982

An experiment was conducted to obtain the basic information about competitive ability of rice against weeds as affected by eco-geographic race and plant spacing. Generally, more weeds were grown at the plot of Japonica-type cultivar, (Nakdongbyeo) compared to Tongiltype cultivar (Seogwangbyeo). The degree of weed suppression was highest at the 10 ${\times}$ 10cm plant spacing while no difference was observed between 30 ${\times}$ 15cm and 40 ${\times}$ (10 ${\times}$ 10 cm) plant spacings in both cultivar;. In all treatments except the plot of 10 ${\times}$ 10 cm plant spacing of Seogwangbyeo, singnificant amount of weeds was higher for no weeding plot compared to hand weeding plot. Grain yield loss due to weed competition was the highest at the 40 ${\times}$ (10 ${\times}$ 10cm) plant spacing and followed by 30 ${\times}$ 15cm and 10 ${\times}$ 10cm plant spacing, in order, for Seogwangbyeo. However, for Nakdongbyeo, the highest grain yield loss was obtained from the 30 ${\times}$ 15cm plant spacing and grain yield was not affected at the 10 ${\times}$ 10cm plant spacing. Rice grain yield was highly correlated with weed weight for both cultivars (Seogwangbyeo; Y = 5.44 - 0.0128 X, r = -0.929$^{**}$, Nakdongbyeo; Y = 4.96 - 0.0103 X, r = -0.934$^{**}$). To reduce grain yield by 50%, weed weight of 212.5g/sq.m for Seogwangbyeo and 241g/sq.m for Nakdongbyeo was needed, respectively. This result implied that Nakdongbyeo was more competitive against weeds compared to Seogwangbyeo.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.199-203
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• 2000

$Ta_2_O5$ and $Sr_0.8Bi_2.4Ta_2O_9$ films were deposited on p-type Si(100) substrates by a rf-magnetron sputtering and the metal organic decomposition (MOD), respectively.The electrical characteristics of the $Pt/SBT/Ta_2O_5/Si$ structure were obtained as the functions of $O_2$ gas flow ratio during the $Ta_2_O5$ sputtering and $Ta_2_O5$ thickness. And to certify the role of $Ta_2_O5$ as a buffer layer, the electrical characteristics of $Pt/SBT/Ta_2O_5/Si$ were compared. $Pt/SBT/Ta_2O_5/Si$ capacitor with 20% $O_2$ gas flow ratio during the $Ta_2_O5$ sputtering did now show typical C-V curve of metal/ferroelectric/insulator/semiconductor (MFIS) structure. The capacitor with 20% $O_2$ gas flow ratio during the $Ta_2_O5$ sputtering had the largest memory window. And the memory window was decreased as the $Ta_2_O5$ gas flow ratio during the $Ta_2_O5$ sputtering was increased to 40%, 60%. In the C-V characteristics of the $Pt/SBT/Ta_2O_5/Si$ capacitors with the different $Ta_2_O5$ thickness, the capacitor with 26nm thickness of $Ta_2_O5$ had the largest memory window. The C-V and leakage current characteristics of the Pt/SBT/Si structure were worse than those of $Pt/SBT/Ta_2O_5/Si$ structure. These results and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) measurement showed that $Ta_2_O5$ films as a buffer layer tool a role to prevent from the formation of intermediate phase and interdiffusion between SBT and Si.