• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.82-93
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• 2008

Objective: Previously, the methanol extracts of the semen of Xanthium strumsrium could involved anti-inflammatory effects in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated Raw 264,7 cells, We evaluated the anti-allergic effects of X. strumarium on rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-2H3) cells, Methodes : To investigate the effect of X. strumarium on the phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and calcium ionophore A23187-induced RBL-2H3 cells. The effects of X. strumarium on the degranulation and the pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion and expression from RBL-2H3 cells were evaluated with $\beta$-hexosaminidase assay, ELISA, and RT-PCR analysis, In addition, we examined the effects of X. strumarium on nuclear factor (NF)-${\kappa}B$ activation and $I{\kappa}B-\alpha$ degradation using Western blot analysis. Results : X. strumarium inhibited degranulation and secretions and expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha ($TNF-\alpha$), interleukin (IL)-4 and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, on stimulated RBL-2H3 cells, however, X. strumarium not affect cell viability. In stimulated RBL-2H3 cells, the protein expression level of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-${\kappa}B$) was decreased in the nucleus by X. strumarium. In addition, X. strumarium suppressed the degradation of inhibitory protein $I{\kappa}B-{\alpha}$ protein in RBL-2H3 cells. Conclusion : These results suggest that X. strumarium inhibits the degranulation and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines through blockade of NF-${\kappa}B$ activation and I $I{\kappa}B-{\alpha}$ degradation.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.341-345
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• 2010

Introduction: Skeletal homeostasis is normally maintained by the stability between bone formation by osteoblasts and bone resorption by osteoclasts. However, the correlation between the inflammatory reaction and osteoblastic differentiation of cultured osteoprogenitor cells has not been fully investigated. This study examined the effects of inflammatory cytokines on the osteoblastic differentiation of cultured human periosteal-derived cells. Materials and Methods: Periosteal-derived cells were obtained from the mandibular periosteum and introduced into the cell culture. After passage 3, the periosteal-derived cells were further cultured in an osteogenic induction Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) medium containing dexamethasone, ascorbic acid, and $\beta$-glycerophosphate. In this culture medium, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-$\alpha$ with different concentrations (0.1, 1, and 10 ng/mL) or interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$ with different concentrations (0.01, 0.1, and 1 ng/mL) were added. Results: Both TNF-$\alpha$ and IL-$1{\beta}$ stimulated alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression in the periosteal-derived cells. TNF-$\alpha$ and IL-$1{\beta}$ increased the level of ALP expression in a dose-dependent manner. Both TNF-$\alpha$ and IL-$1{\beta}$ also increased the level of alizarin red S staining in a dose-dependent manner during osteoblastic differentiation of cultured human periosteal-derived cells. Conclusion: These results suggest that inflammatory cytokines TNF-$\alpha$ and IL-$1{\beta}$ can stimulate the osteoblastic activity of cultured human periosteal-derived cells.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.221-225
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• 2012

The anti-inflammatory effects of Undaria pinnatifida water extract (UPWE) were investigated using lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response in this study. To examine the potential anti-inflammatory properties of UPWE, the cell proliferation, nitric oxide (NO), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-${\alpha}$) and IL-$1{\beta}$ were measured. As a result, there was no cytotoxicity in the macrophage proliferation treated with UPWE compared to the control. NO levels decreased with increasing concentration of UPWE. Moreover, the secretion of IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-$1{\beta}$ were suppressed in a dose-dependent manner, and IL-6 inhibition activities were over 50% at 0.1%. These results suggested that UPWE may have significant effects on inflammatory factors and be a potential anti-inflammatory therapeutic materials.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.1-12
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• 2005

Objective: With the onset of stroke, white blood cells release several proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor $(TNF)-{\alpha}$. It has been proven in previous studies that the release of these cytokines is related to the extent of damage to the brain and to overall prognosis. However, no studies have yet been performed to determine the connection with IL-6 and IL-10. Thus, this study is performed to see whether polymorphisms of IL-6, IL-10, and $TNF-{\alpha}$ genes that show increased serum concentration with the onset of stroke are related to stroke attack in Koreans. Methods : Peripheral blood samples derived from patients with stroke (n=100) and healthy controls (n=100) were taken under informed consent. In subjects with stroke, blood samples were obtained within 24 hours of stroke onset. Genomic DNA was isolated using the Wizard DNA Purification Kit (Promega, Madison, WI). Results : 1. Subjects with Heterozygote (GA) and Homozygote (AA) $TNF-{\alpha}$ gene types showed 2.433 and 20.457 times higher risks of being attacked by stroke, respectively, compared to subjects with wild type (GG) $TNF-{\alpha}$ gene type. The data was still statistically significant after adjusting for age, sex, history of smoking, and history of alcohol drinking. 2. Subjects with Homozygote (CC) IL-6 gene type showed 182.033 times higher risk of being attacked by stroke, compared to subjects with wild type (GG) IL-6 genes. This data was statistically insignificant (p=0.700). The data was still statistically insignificant after adjusting for age, sex, history of smoking, and history of alcohol drinking. 3. Subjects with Heterozygote (GA) and Homozygote (GG) IL-10 gene types showed 8.785 and 3.303 times higher risks of being attacked by stroke, respectively, compared to subjects with wild type (AA) IL-10 genes. The data was still statistically insignificant after adjusting for age, sex, history of smoking, and history of alcohol drinking. Conclusion : Our results suggest that the investigated $TNF-{\alpha}$ and IL-10 gene polymorphisms play an important role in stroke attack, but IL-6 gene polymorphism has not been found to associated with stroke.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.7 s.80
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• pp.1181-1187
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• 2006

HS-1580 series (HS-1580, HS-1581, HS-1582) can produce anti-imflammatory effects were synthesized from the marine algae extraction in 2,3,6-tribromo-4,5-dihydroxy benzyl methyl ether (TDB). Raw 264.7 cells were pre-treated with $1{\mu}g/{\mu}l$ lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and later treated with HS-1580 series. These cells of inflammatory mediators were tested as well. Nitric oxide (NO) is related to autoimmune disease and is produced by inducible NOS (iNOS). When treated with HS-1580 series, the product of NO will reduce in a dose-dependent manner. HS-1580 series significantly inhibit the iNOS protein expression. Cyclooxygenase (COX) involves with the various physiologic events and catalyzes in prostaglandin. HS-1580 series also inhibit the COX-2 protein expression as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines production such as tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}\;(TNF-{\alpha})\;and\;interluekin-1{\alpha]\;(IL-1{\beta})$. These upcoming results suggest that HS-1580 series have anti-inflammatory efforts in Raw 264.7 cells by inhibiting such as iNOS, COX-2, $TNF-{\alpha}\;and\;IL-1{\beta}$ as inflammatory mediators.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.1284-1287
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• 2009

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$ is chronically elevated in adipose tissues of obese rodents and humans. Increased levels of TNF-${\alpha}$ have been implicated in both the induction of atherogenic adipokines, such as plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1, and the inhibition of the anti-atherogenic adipokine, adiponectin. In this study, we investigated the effects of trans-stilbene, piceatannol, rhaponticin, and piceid on the TNF-${\alpha}$-induced atherogenic changes of adipokines in 3T3-L1 cells. Exposure to TNF-${\alpha}$ for 24 hr increased PAI-1 secretion and decreased adiponectin secretion. Among stilbenoids, piceatannol significantly inhibited the increased secretion of PAI-1 induced by TNF-${\alpha}$. Adiponectin secretion decreased by TNF-${\alpha}$ was recovered after trans-stilbene and rhaponticin treatments. Our results showed that stilbenoids exerted different effects on TNF-${\alpha}$-induced changes in adipokines secretion in 3T3-L1 adipocytes according to their structural characteristics.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.799-811
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• 2005

This study was carried out to examine the potency of the three surface compo- nents from Porphyromonas gingivalis to stimulate the murine macrophage cell line RAW264.7 to synthesize the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha($TNF-{\alpha}$) and nitric oxide (NO). Lipopolysaccharide(LPS). lipid A-associated proteins(LAP) and saline-extractable surface -associated material(SAM) were isolated from P. gingivalis 381. $TNF-{\alpha}$ release into culture supernatants was determined by two-site ELISA. NO production was assayed by measuring the accumulation of nitrite in culture supernatants. Western blot analysis of iNOS and analysis of reverse transcription(RT)-PCR products were carried out. The surface components extracted from this bacterium were almost equally potent in stimulating release of $TNF-{\alpha}$ and NO by RAW264.7 cells. $TNF-{\alpha}$ that was being measured immunologically was due to activation of $TNF-{\alpha}$ gene transcription. The present study clearly shows that P. gingivalis surface components fully induced iNOS expression in RAW264.7 cells in the absence of other stimuli. The ability of P. gingivalis surface components to promote the production of $TNF-{\alpha}$ and NO may be important in the pathogenesis of inflammatory periodontal disease.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.143-153
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• 2003

Purpose : Infection with Shiga-like toxin (SLT)-producing Escherichia coli, an emerging human pathogen found particularly in young children under 5 years of age, causes a spectrum of illnesses with high morbidity and mortality, ranging from diarrhea to hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome. Host mediators play an important role in the pathogenesis of SLT-I toxicity. The experiments described here were designed to investigate the effect of SLT-I on TNF-${\alpha}$ production and to understand the effect of TNF-${\alpha}$ on GB3 expression. We also further examine the relationship between the Gb3 level and the differential susceptibility of cells to the cytotoxic action of SLT-I. Methods : The effect of purified SLT-1 from E. coli O157 : H7 (ATCC 43890) on tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) production in Raw264.7 cells was investigated. Many mediators regulate endothelial cell membrane expression of the glycolipid globotriaosyleramide (Gb3), which serves as the toxin receptor, suggesting that the host response to the toxin or other bacterial products may contribute to pathogenesis by regulating target cell sensitivity to the toxins. Therefore, the relationships between Gb3 expression and cytotoxicity against SLT-I on three types of cells were evaluated. Results : Detectable levels of TNF-${\alpha}$ were produced as early as six hours after induction and continued to increase during 48 hours by SLT-I. It was also found that Vero cells and dendritic cells (DC2.4 cells) expressed high levels of Gb3, 83% and 68%, respectively, and that Raw264.7 cells had a low level of Gb3 (29%) and appeared refractory to cytotoxicity against SLT-I. Vero cells and DC2.4 cells expressing high levels of Gb3 were highly susceptible to SLT-I. Furthermore, macrophages showed a resistance to SLT-I cytotoxicity, despite the fact that Gb3 expression was enhanced. Conclusion : These results strongly suggest that the expression of Gb3 is necessary but not sufficient to confer sensitivity of macrophages to SLT-I and further underpin the important role of SLT-I and its Gb3 receptors in the pathogenesis of E. coli O157 infection.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.337-344
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• 2018

Germinated brown rice (GBR, Orysa sartiva L.) has been reported to have anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory effects. However, the mechanisms underlying these effects in adipocytes are not fully understood. Therefore, this study was conducted to explore the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of GBR on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. 3T3-L1 adipocytes were pretreated with GBR extracts (0-20 mg/mL) 1 h before LPS stimulation. The mRNA expression of adipokines and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) were measured by RT-PCR. The protein expressions of TLR4-related molecules were detected by western blotting and nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$ ($NF-{\kappa}B$) activation was measured. Our results showed that GBR extract dose-dependently inhibited mRNA expression of LPS-induced tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ ($TNF-{\alpha}$), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). GBR extract was found to inhibit LPS-induced mRNA expression of TLR4 and protein expression of both myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6). Furthermore, GBR extract significantly inhibited extracellular receptor-activated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation and $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation. These results suggest that GBR extract has the anti-inflammatory effects on LPS-induced inflammation via inhibition of TLR4 signaling, includingthe ERK and $NF-{\kappa}B$ signaling pathways, in adipocytes.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.81-86
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• 2005

The hepatoprotective effects of chalcone derivatives were evaluated in D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide (D-GaIN/LPS)-induced fulminant hepatic failure in mouse. Thirteen chalcone derivatives were synthesized for study and their hepatoprotective effects were evaluated by assessing aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in serum. Chalcone preparations were injected into mice at 12 hand 1 h before intraperitoneal injection of D-GaIN/LPS. After abdominal administration, changes in AST and ALT between the control and treated groups were observed. Ten of the synthesized chalcone derivatives exhibited inhibitory effects on D-GaIN/LPS-induced levels of AST and ALT in mice. Compounds 2, 3, 8, 9, and 12 markedly reduced serum AST and ALT at 8 h, inhibited hepatocyte necrosis and showed significant hepatoprotective activities. The activity of compound 3 was compared with the bifendate (DDB) through oral administration. Compound 3 showed much higher inhibitory effects than bifendate for decreasing AST and ALT activity. The results indicate that compound 3 has strong hepatoprotective activity through suppression of tumor necrosis factor­alpha (TNF-alpha) preduction, reduction of the histological change in the liver, and attenuated of hepatocyte apoptosis confirmed by DNA fragmentation assay.