Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.7318/KJFC/2018.33.4.337

Effect of Germinated Brown Rice on LPS-Induced Inflammation in Adipocytes  

Park, Mi-Young (Department of Food & Nutrition Education, Graduate School of Education, Soonchunhyang University)
Publication Information
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture / v.33, no.4, 2018 , pp. 337-344 More about this Journal
Abstract
Germinated brown rice (GBR, Orysa sartiva L.) has been reported to have anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory effects. However, the mechanisms underlying these effects in adipocytes are not fully understood. Therefore, this study was conducted to explore the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of GBR on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. 3T3-L1 adipocytes were pretreated with GBR extracts (0-20 mg/mL) 1 h before LPS stimulation. The mRNA expression of adipokines and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) were measured by RT-PCR. The protein expressions of TLR4-related molecules were detected by western blotting and nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$ ($NF-{\kappa}B$) activation was measured. Our results showed that GBR extract dose-dependently inhibited mRNA expression of LPS-induced tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ ($TNF-{\alpha}$), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). GBR extract was found to inhibit LPS-induced mRNA expression of TLR4 and protein expression of both myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6). Furthermore, GBR extract significantly inhibited extracellular receptor-activated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation and $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation. These results suggest that GBR extract has the anti-inflammatory effects on LPS-induced inflammation via inhibition of TLR4 signaling, includingthe ERK and $NF-{\kappa}B$ signaling pathways, in adipocytes.
Keywords
Orysa sartiva L.; Inflammation; Germinated brown rice; Toll-like receptor 4;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Akira S, Uematsu S, Takeuchi O. 2006. Pathogen recognition and innate immunity. Cell, 124(4):783-801   DOI
2 Akira S. 2003. Mammalian Toll-like receptors. Curr. Opin. Immunol., 15(1):5-11   DOI
3 Appari M, Channon KM, McNeill E. 2018. Metabolic regulation of adipose tissue macrophage function in obesity and diabetes. Antioxid Redox Signal., 29(3):297-312   DOI
4 Bhat R, Axtell R, Mitra A, Miranda M, Lock C, Tsien RW, Steinman L. 2010. Inhibitory role for GABA in autoimmune inflammation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 107(6):2580-2585   DOI
5 Bui TN, Le TH, Nguyen do H, Tran QB, Nguyen TL, Le DT, Nguyen do VA, Vu AL, Aoto H, Okuhara Y, Ito Y, Yamamoto S, Kise M. 2014. Pre-germinated brown rice reduced both blood glucose concentration and body weight in Vietnamese women with impaired glucose tolerance. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol.(Tokyo), 60(3):183-187   DOI
6 Cani PD, Delzenne NM, Amar J, Burcelin R. 2008. Role of gut microflora in the development of obesity and insulin resistance following high-fat diet feeding. Pathol. Biol. (Paris), 56(5):305-309   DOI
7 Ha SK, Sung J, Choi I, Kim Y. 2016. Oryza sativa(Rice) Hull Extract Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Response in RAW264.7 Macrophages by suppressing extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and nuclear factor-$\kappa$B activation. Pharmacogn. Mag., 12(48):295-301
8 Cho DH, Lim ST. 2016. Germinated brown rice and its biofunctional compounds. Food Chem., 196:259-271   DOI
9 Chompoopong S, Jarungjitaree S, Punbanlaem T, Rungruang T, Chongthammakun S, Kettawan A, Taechowisan T. 2016. Neuroprotective Effects of Germinated Brown Rice in Rotenone-Induced Parkinson's-Like Disease Rats. Neuromolecular Med., 18(3):334-346   DOI
10 Ding Y, Subramanian S, Montes VN, Goodspeed L, Wang S, Han C, Teresa AS 3rd, Kim J, O'Brien KD, Chait A. 2012. Toll-like receptor 4 deficiency decreases atherosclerosis but does not protect against inflammation in obese lowdensity lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice. Arterioscler Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 32(7):1596-1604   DOI
11 Ho JN, Son ME, Lim WC, Lim ST, Cho HY. 2012. Anti-obesity effects of germinated brown rice extract through downregulation of lipogenic genes in high fat diet-induced obese mice. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 76(6):1068-1074   DOI
12 Johnson GL, Lapadat R. 2002. Mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways mediated by ERK, JNK, and p38 protein kinases. Science. 298(5600):1911-1912   DOI
13 Lim SM, Goh YM, Mohtarrudin N, Loh SP. 2016. Germinated brown rice ameliorates obesity in high-fat diet induced obese rats. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 16:140   DOI
14 Kopp A, Buechler C, Bala M, Neumeier M, Scholmerich J, Schaffler A. 2010. Toll-like receptor ligands cause proinflammatory and prodiabetic activation of adipocytes via phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase but not interferon regulatory factor-3. Endocrinology, 151(3):1097-1108   DOI
15 Kopp A, Buechler C, Neumeier M, Weigert J, Aslanidis C, Scholmerich J, Schaffler A. 2009. Innate immunity and adipocyte function: ligand-specific activation of multiple Toll-like receptors modulates cytokine, adipokine, and chemokine secretion in adipocytes. Obesity(Silver Spring), 17(4):648-656   DOI
16 Lim SM, Goh YM, Kuan WB, Loh SP. 2014. Effect of germinated brown rice extracts on pancreatic lipase, adipogenesis and lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Lipids Health Dis, 13:169   DOI
17 Lin PP, Hsieh YM, Kuo WW, Lin YM, Yeh YL, Lin CC, Tsai FJ, Tsai CH, Tsai CC, Huang CY. 2013. Suppression of TLR-4-related inflammatory pathway and anti-fibrosis effects of probiotic-fermented purple sweet potato yogurt in hearts of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Chin. J. Physiol., 56(3):174-183
18 Lin Y, Lee H, Berg AH, Lisanti MP, Shapiro L, Scherer PE. 2000. The lipopolysaccharide-activated toll-like receptor(TLR)-4 induces synthesis of the closely related receptor TLR-2 in adipocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 275(32):24255-24263   DOI
19 Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD. 2001. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method. Methods, 25(4):402-408   DOI
20 Mellen PB, Walsh TF, Herrington DM. 2008. Whole grain intake and cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis., 18(4):283-290   DOI
21 Rada I, Deldicque L, Francaux M, Zbinden-Foncea H. 2018. Toll like receptor expression induced by exercise in obesity and metabolic syndrome: A systematic review. Exerc Immunol Rev., 24:60-71
22 Muhammad SI, Maznah I, Mahmud R, Zuki AB, Imam MU. 2013. Upregulation of genes related to bone formation by $\gamma$-amino butyric acid and $\gamma$-oryzanol in germinated brown rice is via the activation of GABAB-receptors and reduction of serum IL-6 in rats. Clin. Interv. Aging, 8:1259-1271
23 Okarter N, Liu RH. 2010. Health benefits of whole grain phytochemicals. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 50(3):193-208   DOI
24 Paniagua JA. 2016. Nutrition, insulin resistance and dysfunctional adipose tissue determine the different components of metabolic syndrome. World J. Diabetes, 7(19):483-514   DOI
25 Poggi M, Bastelica D, Gual P, Iglesias MA, Gremeaux T, Knauf C, Peiretti F, Verdier M, Juhan-Vague I, Tanti JF, Burcelin R, Alessi MC.(2007). C3H/HeJmice carrying a toll-like receptor 4 mutation are protected against the development of insulin resistance in white adipose tissue in response to a high-fat diet. Diabetologia, 50(6):1267-1276   DOI
26 Prajapati B, Jena PK, Rajput P, Purandhar K, Seshadri S. 2014. Understanding and modulating the Toll like Receptors (TLRs) and NOD like Receptors(NLRs) cross talk in type 2 diabetes. Curr. Diabetes Rev, 10(3):190-200   DOI
27 Shen KP, Hao CL, Yen HW, Chen CY, Chen JH, Chen FC, Lin HL. 2016. Pre-germinated brown rice prevented high fat diet induced hyperlipidemia through ameliorating lipid synthesis and metabolism in C57BL/6J mice. J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr., 59(1):39-44   DOI
28 Shi H, Kokoeva MV, Inouye K, Tzameli I, Yin H, Flier JS. 2006. TLR4 links innate immunity and fatty acid-induced insulin resistance. J. Clin. Invest., 116(11):3015-3025   DOI
29 Tuntipopipat S, Muangnoi C, Thiyajai P, Srichamnong W, Charoenkiatkul S, Praengam K. 2015. A bioaccessible fraction of parboiled germinated brown rice exhibits a higher anti-inflammatory activity than that of brown rice. Food Funct., 6(5):1480-1488   DOI
30 Tsukumo DM, Carvalho-Filho MA, Carvalheira JB, Prada PO, Hirabara SM, Schenka AA, Araújo EP, Vassallo J, Curi R, Velloso LA, Saad MJ. 2007. Loss-of-function mutation in Toll-like receptor 4 prevents diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. Diabetes, 56(8):1986-1998   DOI
31 Song BH, Kim DY, Kim SK, Kim YD, Choi SK. 1988. Distribution of protein, fat, and ash within the degermed brown rice kenel. J. Korean Soc. Appl. Biol. Chem., 31(2):1-6
32 Wu F, Chen H, Yang N, Wang J, Duan X, Jin Z, Xu X. 2013. Effect on germination time on physicochemical properties of brown rice flour and starch from different rice cultivars. J. Cereal Sci., 58(2):263-271   DOI
33 Wunjuntuk K, Kettawan A, Charoenkiatkul S, Rungruang T. 2016. Parboiled germinated brown rice protects against CCl4-induced oxidative stress and liver injury in rats. J. Med. Food, 19(1):15-23   DOI