• 분석과학
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.132-138
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• 2015

Rosiglitazone metabolites in rat plasma were analyzed after intraperitoneal and oral administration to rats. Seven metabolites (M1-M7) were detected in rat plasma (IP and PO), and the structures were confirmed using liquid chromatography-triple time of flight (TOF) mass spectrometry; as a result, the most abundant metabolite was M5, a de-methylated rosiglitazone. Other minor in vivo metabolites were driven from monooxygenation and demethylation (M2), thiazolidinedione ring-opening (M1, M3), mono-oxygenation (M4, M7), and mono-oxygenation followed by sulfation (M6). Among them, M1 was found to be a 3-{p-[2-(N-methyl-N-2-pyridylamino)ethoxy]phenyl}-2-(methylsulfinyl)propionamide, which is a novel metabolite of rosiglitazone. There was no significant difference in the metabolic profiles resulting from the two administrations. The findings of this study provide the first comparison of circulating metabolite profiles of rosiglitazone in rat after IP and PO administration and a novel metabolite of rosiglitazone in rat plasma.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.363-370
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• 2018

Many studies reported reduced antioxidant capacity in the vasculature under hypertensive conditions. However, little is known about the effects of antihypertensive treatments on the regulation of vascular antioxidant enzymes. Thus, we hypothesized that antihypertensive treatments prevent the reduction of antioxidant enzyme activity and expression in the small vessels of angiotensin II-induced hypertensive rats (ANG). We observed the small mesenteric arteries and small renal vessels of normotensive rats (NORM), ANG, and ANG treated with a triple antihypertensive therapy of reserpine, hydrochlorothiazide, and hydralazine (ANG + TTx). Systolic blood pressure was increased in ANG, which was attenuated by 2 weeks of triple therapy (127, 191, and 143 mmHg for NORM, ANG, and ANG + TTx, respectively; p < 0.05). Total superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the small mesenteric arteries of ANG was lower than that of NORM. The protein expression of SOD1 was lower in ANG than in NORM, whereas SOD2 and SOD3 expression was not different between the groups. Reduced SOD activity and SOD1 expression in ANG was not restored in ANG + TTx. Both SOD activity and SOD isoform expression in the small renal vessels of ANG were not different from those of NORM. Interestingly, SOD activity in the small renal vessels was reduced by TTx. Between groups, there was no difference in catalase activity or expression in both the small mesenteric arteries and small renal vessels. In conclusion, SOD activity in the small mesenteric arteries decreased by angiotensin II administration, but not by hypertension, which is caused by decreased SOD1 expression.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.9-14
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• 2018

Ki-67 has been widely performed and become an important biomarker in worldwide clinics, but the standard cut off value of Ki-67 index in breast cancer is still controversy. The objective study was to understand the Ki-67 in breast cancer subtypes and to investigate relative risk of breast cancer subtypes according to Ki-67 cut off value in Korean breast cancer. Immunohistochemical staining (IHC) for estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), and Ki-67 index was examined from 123 breast cancer patients. Ki-67 index was significantly overexpressed in PR, ER, and HER2 hormone negative groups. Ki-67 index in Triple negative and HER2 subtypes was shown significantly higher than that in Luminal A and Luminal B subtype. Then, we compared the relative risk of each subtype according to 14% and 20% Ki-67 cut off value, which were applied in most clinics. Especially, 20% Ki-67 cut off value in HER2 and Triple negative subtypes was shown 8.41 fold and 2.83 fold higher relative risk than this in Luminal A subtype. Moreover, Ki-67 index in HER2 2+ or 3+ status showed significantly overexpressed than this in HER2 1+ status. At the 20% Ki-67 cut off value, HER2 1+ or 2+ status and 3+ status showed significant difference. Therefore, the 20% Ki-67 cut off value will be useful as a precise prognostic management and helpful for interpreting diverse outcomes of other subtypes in breast cancer patients.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.71-80
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• 2013

Objectives : This study aimed to investigate the difference of abdominal skin temperature responses following moxibustion comparing stimulation method. Methods : Moxibustion was applied on the acupuncture points of $CV_4$, $CV_6$, $CV_{12}$. Thirty healthy men were randomly divided into two groups, one receiving a single moxibustion stimulation in three locations '$CV_4{\cdot}CV_6{\cdot}CV_{12}$'(n=15) and the other receiving triple moxibustion stimulations in one location '$CV_{12}$'(n=15) for 30 min. To obtain the skin temperature on abdominal region, a thermograph was used. Three arbitrary frames(the upper abdominal, lower abdominal, whole abdominal regions) were made to analyse skin temperature. Thermographic images were obtained at before and after the procedure of indirect moxibustion and 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 min afterwards. Results : An increase in skin temperature on the three abdominal regions was observed following both one point and three points moxibustion administrations. Significant increase in skin temperature of the whole abdominal region was observed at 30 min after the procedure of three points moxibustion compared with one point moxibustion stimulation. A tendency of skin temperature changes over time was observed. Conclusions : In this study, skin temperature of lower abdominal region does not increase after triple moxibustion stimulations on $CV_{12}$. Administration of single moxibustion on $CV_4$, $CV_6$, $CV_{12}$ makes greater changes in skin temperature on the whole abdominal region than triple moxibustion on $CV_{12}$.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.104-112
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• 2015

Objectives: This study was performed to investigate the effects of different intracanal medicaments on chemical structure and microhardness of dentin. Materials and Methods: Fifty human dentin discs were obtained from intact third molars and randomly assigned into two control groups and three treatment groups. The first control group received no treatment. The second control group (no medicament group) was irrigated with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), stored in humid environment for four weeks and then irrigated with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). The three treatment groups were irrigated with NaOCl, treated for four weeks with either 1 g/mL triple antibiotic paste (TAP), 1 mg/mL methylcellulose-based triple antibiotic paste (DTAP), or calcium hydroxide [$Ca(OH)_2$] and finally irrigated with EDTA. After treatment, one half of each dentin disc was subjected to Vickers microhardness (n = 10 per group) and the other half was used to evaluate the chemical structure (phosphate/amide I ratio) of treated dentin utilizing attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (n = 5 per group). One-way ANOVA followed by Fisher's least significant difference were used for statistical analyses. Results: Dentin discs treated with different intracanal medicaments and those treated with NaOCl + EDTA showed significant reduction in microhardness (p < 0.0001) and phosphate/amide I ratio (p < 0.05) compared to no treatment control dentin. Furthermore, dentin discs treated with TAP had significantly lower microhardness (p < 0.0001) and phosphate/amide I ratio (p < 0.0001) compared to all other groups. Conclusions: The use of DTAP or $Ca(OH)_2$ medicaments during endodontic regeneration may cause significantly less microhardness reduction and superficial demineralization of dentin compared to the use of TAP.

• 한국연초학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.75-82
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• 1988

Cigarettes were made using a triple filter with several porous materials in its cavity. The removal effect of the adsorbents on carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide in cigarette smoke was investigated with the variation of their surface area and pore volume distributions. Several attempts were made to activated coconut shell based char under the fixed steam purging rate. 1. The specific surface area increased in number of micropore. It was found for transitional pore to have a little effect on the total surface area. 2. A Small amount of the particulate matter adsorbed on the adsorbents with transitional pores, Zeolite showed a little effect on the carbon monoxide adsorption though its small pore volume, but there was no significant difference in the adsorption capacity zeolite and the others. 3. In the adsorption for hydrogen cyanide as a vapor phase in cigarette smoke, the adsorption effect of the adsorbents increased remarkably with increasing their surface area and number of micropore. It was considered that the adsorbents with small pore volume like molecular seive 4A, in which the capillary diffusion of adsorbates could not be able, would not be effective for the adsorption of hydrogen cyanide.

• 한국군사과학기술학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.699-707
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• 2010

Electric-field-induced electron emission from the three kinds of $Pb(Zr_{0.56}Ti_{0.44})O_3$ ferroelectric cathodes with different electrode structure has been investigated. Regardless of the electrode structures, a threshold field of the each cathode was 2.5-2.6kV/mm, which is 3 times higher than the coercive field of $Pb(Zr_{0.56}Ti_{0.44})O_3$ material. Although the waveform of the electron currents was affected by the structure of the electrode, no significant difference for the emission properties such as the peak current and the pulse width was observed from the three kinds of the cathodes. However, the current density of the cathode was dependent on the electrode structure. From the simulation of electric field distribution, the surface flashover, and the injury region of the cathode surface, it was proved that the prime electrons were initiated at the electrode-ceramic-vacuum triple point by field emission and the emission currents were strongly enhanced by the surface plasma.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.384-392
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• 1989

Forty cases of coronary artery bypass grafting treated at the Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, SNUH, Korea were compared with forty cases of the procedure treated at University of Alberta Hospital, Canada, in terms of pathoanatomy. That showed no difference in sex ratio between Korean and Caucasian the average ages, however, were 50.4 years and 60.9 years respectively [p< 0.005]. The leading cause of angina at presentation was unstable angina in Korean, but it was post-infarction angina in Caucasian instead. The incidences of single-vessel disease and double-vessel disease were similar in both countries, but the incidence of so-called triple-vessel disease was higher in Caucasian while left main coronary artery disease was more prevalent in Korean [0.01< P, 0.005]. < The internal diameters of surgically available coronary artery branches had similar characteristics and no significant statistical differences were found between them. The predilection sites of stenoses were proximal left anterior descending artery, left main coronary artery, proximal left circumflex artery and proximal right coronary artery decreasing in incidence respectively, in Korean. The myocardial perfusion score were 6.80 in single-vessel disease, 7.56 in double-vessel disease, 11.27 in triple-vessel disease and 9.77 in left main disease respectively, in Korean.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제55권4호
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• pp.1342-1349
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• 2023

The planning accuracy of charged particle therapy (CPT) is subject to the accuracy of stopping power (SP) estimation. In this study, we propose a method of deriving a pseudo-triple-energy CT (pTECT) that can be achievable in the existing dual-energy CT (DECT) systems for better SP estimation. In order to remove the direct effect of errors in CT values, relative CT values according to three scanning voltage settings were used. CT values of each tissue substitute phantom were measured to show the non-linearity of the values thereby suggesting the absolute difference and ratio of CT values as parameters for SP estimation. Electron density, effective atomic number (EAN), mean excitation energy and SP were calculated based on these parameters. Two of conventional methods were implemented and compared to the proposed pTECT method in terms of residuals, absolute error and root-mean-square-error (RMSE). The proposed method outperformed the comparison methods in every evaluation metrics. Especially, the estimation error for EAN and mean excitation using pTECT were converging to zero. In this proof-of-concept study, we showed the feasibility of using three CT values for accurate SP estimation. Our suggested pTECT method indicates potential clinical utility of spectral CT imaging for CPT planning.

• 센서학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.86-94
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• 2009

Temperature measurement capability was inter-compared using the transfer standard platinum resistance thermometers(SPRT) among four laboratories of KRISS. The transfer SPRTs were primarily calibrated at the triple point of water and Ga melting point, then used at inter-comparison experiment. Temperature difference of calibration value between temperature laboratory and length laboratory at $20^{\circ}C$ was -0.7 mK and +2.4 mK at density laboratory. Temperature measured near $20^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$ at fluid flow laboratory was deviated by $34.2{\sim}80.4\;mK$ from the calibration values of the transfer SPRT. Ga melting points was inter-compared among three laboratories, and the difference of Ga melting points against the standard Ga melting point of temperature laboratory were $0.03{\sim}0.54\;mK$ at length laboratory and 0.02 mK at density laboratory.