• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.205-211
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• 2009

In this study, the membrane filter method was compared to the MPN method for the analysis of total coliforms from raw water using raw test waters and controls including 6 standard strains of coliforms, and the various factors were analyzed on the detection of general and fecal origin coliforms. The range of error rate for the detection of 5 standard strains using the membrane filter and the MPN methods was 0 to 6% and 45 to 133%, respectively. The error rate of the membrane filter method was lower than that of the MPN method. The membrane filter method (m-Endo) showed 10% (11 out of 111) of difference for the detection sensitivity of coliforms isolated from raw water compared to the MPN method (BGLB). The membrane filter method was less affected by the factors including temperature, turbidity, charcoals of powder form, contamination, and reverse pressure. In conclusion, the membrane filter method is a better method for the analysis of total coliforms from raw water than the MPN method, considering the accuracy of detection and the tolerance to various experimental factors.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.879-914
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• 2013

In part I of the article, formulation and characteristics of the several well-known structural geometrical nonlinear solution techniques were studied. In the present paper, the efficiencies and capabilities of residual load minimization, normal plane, updated normal plane, cylindrical arc length, work control, residual displacement minimization, generalized displacement control and modified normal flow will be evaluated. To achieve this goal, a comprehensive comparison of these solution methods will be performed. Due to limit page of the article, only the findings of 17 numerical problems, including 2-D and 3-D trusses, 2-D and 3-D frames, and shells, will be presented. Performance of the solution strategies will be considered by doing more than 12500 nonlinear analyses, and conclusions will be drawn based on the outcomes. Most of the mentioned structures have complex nonlinear behavior, including load limit and snap-back points. In this investigation, criteria like number of diverged and complete analyses, the ability of passing load limit and snap-back points, the total number of steps and analysis iterations, the analysis running time and divergence points will be examined. Numerical properties of each problem, like, maximum allowed iteration, divergence tolerance, maximum and minimum size of the load factor, load increment changes and the target point will be selected in such a way that comparison result to be highly reliable. Following this, capabilities and deficiencies of each solution technique will be surveyed in comparison with the other ones, and superior solution schemes will be introduced.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.57-62
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• 2012

In this paper, numerical analysis by finite element method, parameter design by the Taguchi method and ANOVA method were used to analyze about effect of design deviations and thickness variations on warpage of FCCSP substrate. Based on the computed results, it was known that core material in substrate was the most determining deviation for reducing warpage. Solder resist, prepreg and circuit layer were insignificant effect on warpage relatively. But these results meant not thickness effect was little importance but mechanical properties of core material were very effective. Warpage decreased as Solder resist and circuit layer thickness decreased but effect of prepreg thickness was conversely. Also, these results showed substrate warpage would be increased to maximum 40% as thickness deviation combination. It meant warpage was affected by thickness tolerance under manufacturing process even if it were met quality requirements. Threfore, it was strongly recommended that substrate thickness deviation should be optimized and controlled precisely to reduce warpage in manufacturing process.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.65-74
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• 1991

The purpose of this study was to find the basic application of Disporum genus in landscape-arc-hitectual space. Environment of native site (Daeducksan, Piseulsan) and growth characteristics of experiment plot were investigated and analyzed in this study. The results of this study were as follows; 1. In the case of environment of native site, the relative light intensity was about 10% and distribution of species were primarily north slope. Gradient of Daeducksan and Piseulsan were 10$^{\circ}$, 18$^{\circ}$ Soil textures was Lic both and field capacity of Daeducksan and Piseulsan were 69%, 73.5%. The soil pH of Daeducksan and Piseulsan were 6.1 and 5.8. The both content of organic matter and C.E.C. were high markedly. The P2O5 content of Daeducksan showed high but total nitrogen showed nearly the same level when comparing with the common dry field condition. 2. In tree layer, Daeducksan composed of broadleaved forest of 80% involving Quercus variabilis, and Piseulsan composed of coniferous forest of 80% involving Pinus densiflora on the other hand. Daeducksan, therefore, was more appearance species than Piseulsan in herbaceous layer. 3. Result in ANOVA Test, significance followed with light intensity was recognized in plant height, leaf width, leaf length, leaf thick and No. of leaf, while in the case of soil was not. Plant height was longest in 1% and leaf width, leaf length was largest in 25%. Therefore ornamental value of leaf was the very best in 25%. 4. Result in correlation coefficient analysis, plant height was correlated leaf width, leaf length. The longer plant height, the smaller leaf width, leaf length. In relative light intensity of 1%, flower was hardly expected because of the more shade, the less flower. Disporum smilacinum is expected great use as ground covers in the shades of tall-building or hdavy woods.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.75-86
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• 2002

This study was conducted to analyze the change of soil characteristics effect on the condition of urban forest in Sasang parti located near Sasang Industrial Complex. The results of this study are as follows; 1. Soil hardness is increasing from the area of forest, to the entrance, to facilities in that order. Soil acidity pH4.19∼4.23 in Sasang park indicated a high acidity condition. High levers of K, Na, Mg, Ca are shown in the areas composed of high soil hardness. 2. Pinus thunbergii in the overstory tree layer, Alnus japonica in the understory tree layer, and Rhus sylvestris in the shurb layer are shown respectively as dominant species based on the ground survey and the compution of important value. Pinus thunbergii is decreasing, while Alnus japonica and increasing. 3. Oplismenus undulatifolius which has a strong tolerance for air pollution, is shown as a dominant species of herbaceous plants in Sasang park. There are 10 species of Harbaceous in Sasang park compared to 20 species in Molundae park. This shows that deversity in herbaceous plants are imported by air pollution. 4. Species diversity indices of Sasang park is 0.8738∼0.9700 compared to 1.0817∼ 1.233 in Molundae park is due to the good condition of soil environment in addition to air pollution effects. 5. The vitality of Pinus thunbergii is 16.41∼20.42ER in Sasang park, and 12.42∼ 16.81ER, in Molundae park. This shows that tree vitality are impacted by soil characteristics. The regression analysis between tree vitality and soil environment shows the effects of is soil hardness, soil moisture, soil acidity, K, Na, Mg, Ca.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.56 no.6
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• pp.1039-1046
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• 2007

This paper presents the analysis for power consumption, mechanical vibration and acoustic noise characteristics of the Coreless and Slotless Brushless DC motor in Digital Lightening Processor(DLP) Motor with the Air-Dynamic Bearing. The Coreless BLDC motor has not the stator yoke as well as the stator slot to remove the unbalance force by the interaction between the stator yoke and Air-Dynamic Bearing clearance. The assembling tolerance and the processing error make the air-gap difference between the magnet and the stator yoke .which occurs the unbalanced electro-magnetic force in the Slotless BLDC motor. It imposes the air-dynamic bearing on the disturbance force and makes the Air-Dynamic Bearing vibrated and noised. Also, The attractive force between the magnet and the silicon steel stator yoke increases the power consumption. In this paper, the power consumption, mechanical vibration and acoustic noise of the Coreless BLDC motor and the Slotless BLDC motor with the silicon steel stator yoke are simulated, analyzed, and tested using the manufactured proto-type motors with Air-Dynamic bearing. The simulated and tested results present that the Coreless BLDC motor without the silicon steel stator yoke has the lower mechanical vibration and noise ,and lower power consumption than the Slotless BLDC motor with the silicon steel stator yoke in Digital Lightening Processor Motor with Air-Dynamic Bearing.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Pathology Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.77.2-78
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• 2003

An EREBP/AP2-type transcription factor (CaPFl) was isolated by DDRT-PCR following inoculation of soybean pustule pathogen Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines Bra which induces HR on pepper leaves. Genomic Southern blot analysis revealed that the CaPFl gene is present as a single copy within the hot pepper genome. The deduced amino acid sequence of CaPFl has two potential nuclear localization signals, a possible acidic activation domain, and an EREBP/AP2 motif that could bind to a conserved cis- element present in promoter region of many stress-induced genes. The mRNA level of CaPFl was induced by both biotic and abiotic stresses. We observed higher-level transcripts in resistance-induced pepper tissues than diseased tissues. Expression of CaPFl is also induced upon various abiotic stresses including ethephon, MeJA, cold stress, drought stress and salt stress treatments. To study the role of CPFI in plant, transgenic Arabidopsis and tobacco plants which express higher level of pepper CaPFl were generated. Global gene expression analysis of transgenic Arabidopsis by cDNA microarray indicated that expression of CaPFl in transgenic plants affect the expression of quite a few GCC box and DRE/CRT box-containing genes. Furthermore, the transgenic Arabidopsis and tobacco plant, expressing CaPFl showed tolerance against freezing temperature and enhanced resistance to Pseudomonas syrnigae pv. tabaci. Taken together, these results indicated that CaPFl is a novel EREBP/AP2 transcription factor in hot pepper plant and it may has a significant role(s) in regulation of biotic and abiotic stresses in plant.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.15-20
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• 2004

With attention to different human activities around Anzali wetland and introduction of different pollutants containing heavy metals into this water ecosystem and absorption and accumulation of heavy metals in shell and muscle of Astacus leptodactylus which is native benthose of Anzali wetland and enjoys food and economic importance; Sampling of waters and sediments from 18 stations and shell and muscle of Astacus leptodactylus from 5 stations had been conducted. After biometric evaluation of Astacus leptodactylus, the chemical analysis of the samples by using international and standard methods and then their heavy metals content was determined by Atomic Absorpotion Spectrophotometer (AAS), model P.U 9400 philips. Result of the analysis stated that; 1) The mean values of Cr, Zn, Pb, Ni, V in Anzali waters were 6.4, 184.5, 28.8, 28.9, 47.1 ($\mu$ gr/lit) respectively, which comparing to the international standards, is not suitable for drinking, but it can be used for agricultural and aquacultural purposes. Even though the concentration of heavy metals in sediments were high, there are in range of acceptable limit for aquatics organisms; 2) Comparatively, the concentration of heavy metals in shell and muscle of Astacus leptodactylus in Anzali wetland (Cr, Zn, Pb, Ni, V in shell were 3.48, 109.3, 14.13, 7.17, 36.2 and in muscle were 2.98, 131.98, 3.12, 4.77, 9.05 ppm respectively) were more than what is determined for Aras dam (in shell were 1.6, 224.3, 7.8, 7.6, 10.3 and in muscle were 1.4, 60.2, 0.45, 2.7, 4.4 mg/kgr respectively); 3) For all samples, concentration of heavy metals in all Astacus leptodactylus in Anzali wetland and Aras dam, was at tolerance level for human consumption; 4) There was no association with significant difference between weight and size of Astacus leptodactylus with absorption and accumulation of heavy metals; but there was a significant association between heavy metals content in water and in sediments, and in sediments, shell and muscle of Astacus leptodactylus in Anzali wetland.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.315-320
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• 2004

We examined the culture conditions and degrading characteristics of styrene dimer (endocrine disrupter) using microorganism. The isolated microbe were consisted of 3 kinds of strain. The strains were identified to Pseudomonas sp. and Klebsiella pneumoniae by API 20E kit, but one was not identified. Single strain was not grown on the C-medium containing styrene dimer. However the complex strain YH3 could grow and we confirmed it by the broth color and O.D$_{660nm}$ (optical density 660 nm). The optimal culture conditions of complex strain YH3 were 35$^{\circ}C$, 1,000 ppm (v/v) of styrene dimer and pH 7.0, respectively. In tolerance test against the organic solvents, the complex strain YH3 could grow above log P=3.1, and could degrade ethyl benzene and 2,4-D, one kind of herbicide. As a result of TLC (Thin Layer Chromatography) analysis, we confirmed that the metabolite of styrene dimer was created by YH3 after 5th day, but not at control samples.

• Journal of KIBIM
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.9-18
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• 2013

In case of applying the BIM method in the civil engineering of irregularly shaped structure, BIM method began to be introduced in the current building engineering area compared with the expected effects of the relatively high construction productivity has been recognized. In this paper, I have developed quantity calculation algorithms applying it to earthwork and bridge construction, tunnel construction, retaining wall construction, culvert construction and implemented BIM based 3D-BIM Modeling quantity calculation. Structure work in which errors occurred in range between -6.28% ~ 5.17%. Especially, understanding of the problem and improvement of the existing 2D-CAD based of quantity calculation through rock type quantity calculation error in range of -14.36% ~ 13.07% of earthwork quantity calculation. It's benefit and applicability of BIM method in civil engineering. In addition, routine method for quantity of earthwork has the same error tolerance negligible for that of structure work. But, rock type's quantity calculated as the error appears significantly to the reliability of 2D-based volume calculation shows that the problem could be. Through the estimating quantity of earthwork based 3D-BIM, proposed method has better reliability than routine method. BIM, as well as the design, construction, maintenance levels of information when you consider the benefits of integration, the introduction of BIM design in civil engineering and the possibility of applying for the effectiveness was confirmed. In addition, as the beginning phase of information integration, quantity document automation program has been developed for activation of BIM. And automatically enter the program code number, linkage and manual volume calculation program, quantity document automation programs, such as the development is now underway, and step-by-step procedures and methods are presented.