• Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.269-277
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• 2022

In this paper, we overview the system development status of the national maritime precise point positioning-real-time kinematic (PPP-RTK) service in Korea, also known as the Precise POsitioning and INTegrity monitoring (POINT) system. The development of the POINT service began in 2020, and the open service is scheduled to start in 2025. The architecture of the POINT system is composed of three provider-side facilities-a reference station, monitoring station, and central control station-and one user-side receiver platform. Here, we propose the detailed functionality of each component considering unidirectional broadcasting of augmentation data. To meet the centimeter-level user positioning accuracy in maritime coverage, new reference stations were installed. Each reference station operates with a dual receiver and dual antenna to reduce the risk of malfunctioning, which can deteriorate the availability of the POINT service. The initial experimental results of a testbed from corrections generated from the testbed network, including newly installed reference stations, are presented. The results show that the horizontal and vertical accuracies satisfy 2.63 cm and 5.77 cm, respectively. For the purpose of (near) real-time broadcasting of POINT correction data, we designed a correction message format including satellite orbit, satellite clock, satellite signal bias, ionospheric delay, tropospheric delay, and coordinate transformation parameters. The (near) real-time experimental setup utilizing (near) real-time processing of testbed network data and the designed message format are proposed for future testing and verification of the system.

• Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.351-360
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• 2022

Autonomous vehicles require precise knowledge of their position, velocity and orientation in all weather and traffic conditions in any time. And, these information is effectively used for path planning, perception, and control that are key factors for safety of vehicle driving. For this purpose, a high precision GNSS technology is widely adopted in autonomous vehicles as a core localization and navigation method. However, due to the lack of infrastructure as well as cost issue regarding GNSS correction data communication, only a few high precision GNSS technology will be available for future commercial autonomous vehicles. Recently, a high precision GNSS sensor that is based on a Broadcast-RTK system to dramatically reduce network maintenance cost by utilizing the existing broadcasting network is released. In this paper, we present the performance test result of the broadcast-RTK-based commercial high precision GNSS receiver to test the feasibility of the system for autonomous driving in Korea. Massive measurement campaigns covering of Korea region were performed, and the obtained measurements were analyzed in terms of ambiguity fixing rate, integer ambiguity loss recovery, time to retry ambiguity fixing, average correction information update rate as well as accuracy in comparison to other high precision systems.

• Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.75-81
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• 2023

In this study, we design an optimized Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)-based GNSS signal processing technique with the goal of designing and implementing a GNSS Software Defined Receiver (SDR) that can operate in real time all-in-view mode under multi-constellation and multi-frequency signal environment. In the proposed structure the correlators of the existing GNSS SDR are processed by the GPU. We designed a memory structure and processing method that can minimize memory access bottlenecks and optimize the GPU memory resource distribution. The designed GNSS SDR can select and operate only the desired GNSS or desired satellite signals by user input. Also, parameters such as the number of quantization bits, sampling rate, and number of signal tracking arms can be selected. The computing capability of the designed GPU-based GNSS SDR was evaluated and it was confirmed that up to 2400 channels can be processed in real time. As a result, the GPU-based GNSS SDR has sufficient performance to operate in real-time all-in-view mode. In future studies, it will be used for more diverse GNSS signal processing and will be applied to multipath effect analysis using more tracking arms.

• Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.51-58
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• 2023

Geofencing supports unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) operation by defining stay-in and stay-out regions. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has developed a prototype of the geofencing function, SAFEGUARD, which prevents stayout region violation by utilizing position estimates. Thus, SAFEGUARD depends on navigation system performance, and the safety risk associated with the navigation system uncertainty should be considered. This study presents a methodology to compute the safety risk assessment-based along-track position error bound under nominal and Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) failure conditions. A Kalman filter system using pseudorange measurements as well as pseudorange rate measurements is considered for determining the position uncertainty induced by velocity uncertainty. The worst case pseudorange and pseudorange rate fault-based position error bound under the GNSS failure condition are derived by applying a Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitor (RAIM). Position error bound simulations are also conducted for different GNSS fault hypotheses and constellation conditions with a GNSS/INS integrated navigation system. The results show that the proposed along-track position error bounds depend on satellite geometries caused by UAV attitude change and are reduced to about 40% of those of the single constellation case when using the dual constellation.

• Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.237-244
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• 2023

A signal generation simulator is an economical and useful solution in Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver design and testing. A software-defined radio approach is widely used both in receivers and simulators, and its flexible structure to adopt to new signals is ideally suited to the testing of a receiver and signal processing algorithm in the signal design phase of a new satellite-based navigation system before the deployment of satellites in space. The generation of highly accurate delayed sampled codes is essential for generating signals in the simulator, where its sampling rate should be chosen to satisfy constraints such as Nyquist criteria and integer and non-commensurate properties in order not to cause any distortion of original signals. A high sampling rate increases the accuracy of code delay, but decreases the computational efficiency as well, and vice versa. Therefore, the selected sampling rate should be as low as possible while maintaining a certain level of code delay accuracy. This paper presents the lower limits of the sampling rate for GNSS signal generation simulators. In the simulation, two distinct code generation methods depending on the sampling position are evaluated in terms of accuracy versus computational efficiency to show the lower limit of the sampling rate for several GNSS signals.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제17권11호
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• pp.1299-1310
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• 1992

최근에, 디지탈 데이터 전송을 위한 수신기 타이밍 검출 회로의 디지탈화에 관한 관심이 점점 증가하고 있다. 타이밍 검출 회로의 디지탈화의 결과로 인하여, 타이밍 에러 검출을 위한 새로운 디지탈 알고리즘이 필요하게 된다. 본 논문에서는, 직접 QPSK변조 기법에 적용할 수 있는 Angular Form(AF) Algorithm을 제시하였다. AF Algorithm은 기본적으로 복조된 각 (Detected Angle)과 천이논리표 (Transition Logic Table)등의 개념을 근거로 하여 개발되었다. Gaussian과 Impulsive 잡음을 모델링하여, 이들 두 잡음환경하에서 Monte-Carlo 시뮬레이션을 통하여 알고리즘 성능평가를 하였다. 성능평가 결과, AF Algorithm이 Gardner Algorithm보다 BER, RMS Jitter, S-curve등에서 성능이 개선됨을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.561-571
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• 1993

본 논문에서는 새로운 이산 심볼동기(STR) 알고리듬을 제안한다. 최적 추정이론에서 파생된 이 알고리듬은 기존의 알고리듬에 대한 이해와 분석을 바탕으로 장단점을 소화한 것이다. 새로운 알고리듬의 타이밍(timing) detector는 구현이 간단하며 반송파 위상에 독립적으로 동작하므로 Symbol Timing Recovery (STR)의 새로운 추세인 Carrier Recovery(CR)-STR의 연동동작이 가능하다. 한편 새로운 알고리듬에서 비선형소자에 의한 영향도 분석되고 설명되었으며 수치해석과 Monte-Carlo 시뮬레이션으로 기존의 알고리듬과 제안된 알고리듬간의 성능분석을 수행하였다. Gardner 알고리듬과 비교하였을 때 본 알고리듬은 작은 rolloff에서 패턴 지터(Pattern Jitter)에 의한 추적성능이 보다 우수하였다.

• 대한전자공학회논문지TC
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.34-41
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• 2002

기존의 IS-95 시스템에서는 다중경로 신호의 컴바이닝을 위해 레이크 수신기의 각 핑거에 시간 정렬 버퍼(time-deskew buffer or FIFO)를 사용하였다. IS-95 시스템의 경우, 단일 반송파를 사용하여 핑거의 수가 작고 확산 이득도 크기 때문에, 버퍼의 수와 크기가 작아서 기존 방식으로 설계해도 크게 문제가 되지않았다. 그러나, cdma2000 시스템에서는 고속의 데이터를 다중 반송파에 분할하여 보내고 확산 이득도 매우 작기 때문에, FIFO의 수와 크기는 매우 커지고 버퍼의 하드웨어 복잡도가 증가하여 설계의 큰 걸림돌이 된다. 따라서, 본 논문에서는 cdma2000 시스템용 레이크 수신기에서 FIFO의 수를 줄이기 위해, 심볼 정렬과 컴바이닝을 동시에 수행할 수 있는 새로운 심볼 정렬 및 컴바이닝 기법을 제안하고자 한다. 레이크 수신기당 3개의 핑거를 사용하는 경우, 제안된 방식은 기존 방식 보다 버퍼의 하드웨어 복잡도를 약 60% 이상 줄일 수 있고, 4개의 핑거를 사용하는 경우에는 약 70%이상을 줄일 수 있다. 더욱이, 제안된 알고리듬은 핑거의 수에 상관없이 복조하고자 하는 채널당 1개의 FIFO 레지스터를 사용하기 때문에, 성능향상을 위해 많은 수의 핑거를 사용하는 시스템에도 매우 효율적이다.

• 한국항행학회논문지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.328-335
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• 2010

본 논문에서는 2개의 송수신 안테나를 갖는 $2{\times}2$ MIMO-OFDM 기반 무선 LAN 기저대역 수신 모뎀을 위한 효율적인 수신 알고리즘 및 면적 효율적인 하드웨어 구조를 제시한다. 수신기 성능향상을 위해 효율적인 시간 동기 알고리즘과 MML 알고리즘 기반 MIMO 심볼 검출기 구조를 제안한다. 또한, 제안된 심볼 검출기는 IEEE 802.11n 무선 LAN 규격에 정의된 대로 MIMO 전송 기법 중 공간 다이버시티 모드뿐 아니라 공간 다중화 모드를 모두 지원하며, 다단 (multi-stage) 파이프라인 구조와 극좌표 형태의 복소수 승산 방법을 사용하여 연산블록의 공유와 연산기의단순화를 진행하였고, 이를 통해 하드웨어 복잡도를 크게 감소시켰다. 제안된 하드웨어 구조는 하드웨어 설계 언어(HDL)를 이용하여 설계 되었고, 0.13um CMOS standard 셀 라이브러리 통해 합성되었다. 그 결과 기존의 설계 구조와 비교시 56% 감소된 하드웨어 복잡도로 구현 가능함을 확인하였다.