• Journal of Sport and Applied Science
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.39-51
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• 2023

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in the control process to satisfy spatial and temporal constraints imposed upon the anticipation timing response by analyzing the effect of spatio-temporal accuracy demands on eye movements, response accuracy, and the coupling of eye and hand movements. Research design, data, and methodology: 12 right-handed male subjects participated in the experiment and performed anticipation timing responses toward a stimulus moving at three velocities (0.53m/s, 0.66m/s, 0.88m/s) in two task constraint conditions (temporal constraint, spatial constraint). During the response, response accuracy and eye movement patterns were measured from which timing and radial errors, the latency of saccade, fixation duration of the point of gaze (POG), distance between the POG and stimulus, and spatio-temporal coupling of the POG and hand were calculated. Results: The timing and radial errors increased with increasing stimulus velocity, and the spatio-temporal constraints led to larger timing errors than the temporal constraints. The latency of saccade and the temporal coupling of eye and hand decreased with increasing stimulus velocity and were shorter and longer respectively in the spatio-temporal constraint condition than in the temporal constraint condition. The fixation duration of the POG also decreased with increasing stimulus velocity, but no difference was shown between task constraint conditions. The distance between the POG and stimulus increased with increasing stimulus velocity and was longer in the temporal constraint condition compared to the spatio-temporal constraint condition. The spatial coupling of eye and hand was larger with the velocity 0.88m/s than those in other velocity conditions. Conclusions: These results suggest that differences in eye movement patterns and spatio-temporal couplings of stimulus, eye and hand by task constraints are closely related with the accuracy of anticipation timing responses, and the spatial constraints imposed may decrease the temporal accuracy of response by increasing the complexity of perception-action coupling.

• 한국정보처리학회논문지
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• 제6권10호
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• pp.2797-2808
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• 1999

Timing Constraint Petri Nets(TCPN) extend petri nets by adding timing constraints, it is provide a formal method for the modeling and analysis of real-time system. A real-time schedulability analysis decide that a set of concurrent processes will always meet its deadline. In this paper, we present TCPN model for real-time system include timing constraints and propose a schedulability analysis algorithm using them. Also, When the TCPN model is unscheduleable under the imposed timing constraints, we propose a recovery technique that will be scheduleable by the system specification modifying or timing constraints relaxing in the optimized time.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2002년도 합동 추계학술대회 논문집 정보 및 제어부문
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• pp.264-267
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• 2002

This paper proposed a effective priority selection algorithm named weighted round-robin algorithm and show the implementation result of DMAC priority selection module using prosed weighted round-robin algorithm. I parameterize timing constraints of each functional module, which decide the effectiveness of system. Proposed weighted round-robin algorithm decide the most effective module for data transmission using parameterize timing constraints and update timing parameter of each module for next transmission module selection. I implement DMAC priority selection module using this weighted round-robin algorithm and can improve the timing effective for data transmission from memory to functional module or one functional module to another functional module.

• 대한공업교육학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.232-247
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• 2008

최근 기업들은 B2B EC와 같은 웹 기반 분산 환경에서 적기 협력을 필요로 한다. 특히 시간 제약을 필요로 하는 긴급 협조 요청이나 긴급 메시지는 즉시 처리 하여야 한다. 본 논문에서는 웹 기반 분산 시스템 환경에서 기업사이의 적기 협력을 위한 시간 제약 조건을 사건, 데이터, 행위 관점에서 분석하였고, 시스템 설계자들이 시간 제약 조건과 이의 위반에 관련된 적기 협력 방안을 적절히 표현할 수 있는 ECA 규칙 프로그래밍 기법을 제안한다. 그리고 웹 기반 능동 기능 컴포넌트를 이용하여 프로토타입을 구현하였다.

• 제어로봇시스템학회논문지
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• 제3권5호
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• pp.542-554
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• 1997

In this paper, we present a resource conscious approach to designing distributed real-time systems as an extension of our original approach [8][9] which was limited to single processor systems. Starting from a given task graph and a set of end-to-end constraints, we automatically generate task attributes (e.g., periods and deadlines) such that (i) the task set is schedulable, and (ii) the end-to-end timing constraints are satisfied. The method works by first transforming the end-to-end timing constraints into a set of intermediate constraints on task attributes, and then solving the intermediate constraints. The complexity of constraint solving is tackled by reducing the problem into relatively tractable parts, and then solving each sub-problem using heuristics to enhance schedulability. In this paper, we build on our single processor solution and show how it can be extended for distributed systems. The extension to distributed systems reveals many interesting sub-problems, solutions to which are presented in this paper. The main challenges arise from end-to-end propagation delay constraints, and therefore this paper focuses on our solutions for such constraints. We begin with extending our communication scheme to provide tight delay bounds across a network, while hiding the low-level details of network communication. We also develop an algorithm to decompose end-to-end bounds into local bounds on each processor of making extensive use of relative load on each processor. This results in significant decoupling of constraints on each processor, without losing its capability to find a schedulable solution. Finally, we show, how each of these parts fit into our overall methodology, using our previous results for single processor systems.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:시스템및이론
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.216-226
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• 2000

본 논문에서는 시간 제한 조건을 가진 신호 전이 그래프로부터 바동기 회로를 합성하는 방법을 기술한다. 이 방법에서는 기존의 방법과는 달랴 상태 그래프를 생성하지 않고 신호 전이 그래프로부터 직접 신호 전이들간의 관계를 구하여 비동기 회로를 합성한다. 본 논문의 합성 과정에서는 먼저 타이밍 분석을 통하여 임의의 두 신호 전이 사이에 시간 제한 조건 내에서 병렬 관계와 인과 관계가 있는지를 구 한다. 그 다음에는 이들 관계들로부터 우선 순위 그래프를 생성하고 이 그래프 상에서 경로들을 구함으로써 해저드가 없는 회로를 생성한다. 실험 결과에 의하면 본 논문에서 제안한 합성 방법은 상태 수가 많은 회로에 대해서 현저하게 합성 시간을 단축시킬 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 기존의 합성 방법과 비교하여 거의 같은 면적의 회로를 합성한다.

• 음성과학
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.67-76
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• 2001

This study is targeted at introducing the three aspects of speech timing (articulatory, acoustic and auditory) and discussing their strong and weak points in describing speech timing. Traditional (extrinsic) articulatory timing theories exclude timing representation in the speaker's articulatory plan for his utterance, while the (intrinsic) articulatory timing theories headed by Fowler incorporate time into the plan for an utterance. As compared with articulatory timing studies with crucial constraints in data collection, acoustic timing studies can deal with even several hours of speech relatively easily. This enables us to perform suprasegmental timing studies as well as segmental timing studies. On the other hand, perception of speech timing is related to psychology rather than physiology and physics. Therefore, auditory timing studies contribute to enhancing our understanding of speech timing from the psychological point of view. Traditionally, some theories of speech timing (e.g. typology of speech rhythm: stress-timing; syllable-timing or mora-timing) have been based on our perception. However, it is problematic that auditory timing can be subjective despite some validity. Many questions as to speech timing are expected to be answered more objectively. Acoustic and articulatory description of timing will be the method of solving such problems of auditory timing.

• 제어로봇시스템학회논문지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.145-150
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• 1999

A real-time control system, composed of the controlled processor and the controller computer(s), may have a variety of task types, some of which have tight timing-constraints in generating the correct control input. The maximum period of those task failures tolerable by the system is called the hard deadline, which depends on not only fault characteristics but also task characteristics. In the paper, we extend a method deriving the hard deadline in LTI system executing single task. An algorithm to combine the deadlines of all the elementary tasks in the same operation-mode is proposed to derive the hard deadline of the entire system. For the end, we modify the state equation for the task to capture the effects of task failures (delays in producing correct values) and inter-correlation. We also classify the type of executing the tasks according to operation modes associated with relative importance of correlated levels among tasks, into series, parallel, and cascade modes. Some examples are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.

• 전자공학회논문지A
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• 제31A권2호
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• pp.116-124
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• 1994

This paper describes the design of a high-level synthesis system. ISyn: Interface Synthesis System for ISPS-A. which generates hardware satisfying timing constraints. The original version of ISPS is extended to be used for the description/capture of interface operations and timing constraints in the ISPS-A. To generate the schedule satisfying interface constraints the scheduling process is divided into two steps:pre-scheduling and post-scheduling. ISyn allocates hardware modules with I/O ports by the clique partitioning algorithm. Experimental results show that ISyn is capable of synthesizing hardware modules effectively for internal and/or interactive operations.

• 만화애니메이션 연구
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• 통권27호
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• pp.79-97
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• 2012

만화책을 읽을 때 드는 시간은 제각각이다. 이는 독자의 주관으로 만화속의 시간이 해석됨을 의미한다. 물론 만화의 시스템 안에서 시간성, 즉 만화의 타이밍을 조절하기 위해 여러 가지 장치를 만화 안에 배치시키는 것은 작가지만, 만화에 몰입하여 그 시간 감각을 읽고 상상하는 일은 독자의 몫이다. 즉, 종이만화에서 일반적으로 만화의 타이밍을 주관하는 주체는 독자였다. 반면 종이만화에서 전자만화로 매체가 바뀌게 되면서 새롭게 포착되는 현상은, 독자의 상대시간에 작가가 개입하여 절대시간으로 이행되는 양상이다. 게임 매체에서의 에이전시 이론에 따르면, 에이전시란 게임 안에서 독자가 할 수 있는 일을 재현해주는 게임 속의 대행을 의미하며 그에 수반되는 강제성으로 하여금 게임에 만족할 수 있게 한다. 전자만화 중 일부, 애니메이션이나 게임 등의 매체의 성격을 흡수한 형태의 전자만화에서는 출판만화에서 독자가 누릴 수 있었던 주관적인 타이밍이 작가에게 이행되는 경우를 볼 수 있다. 전자만화에서의 질료적 제약인 서사의 질 혹은 정보량, 형상적 제약인 조작이 균형을 이루어야 타이밍 에이전시가 높아진다. 적절한 에이전시는 전자만화의 가독성을 높이지만, 서사와 조작 사이의 불균형은 독자의 타이밍 에이전시를 빼앗게 된다. 멀티미디어와 혼합된 전자만화를 연출할 때 그 점 역시 고려하여야 할 것이다.