• Journal of the Korean Academy of Clinical Electrophysiology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.63-83
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• 2006

This study conducted the following experiment to examine anesthetic effects of 500 kHz ultrasound with lidocaine. Clinical experiment was conducted to compare local anesthetic effects by ultrasound frequencies and drugs with 40 normal adults and it divided subjects into experimental group (I) applying only ultrasound, ointment group (II) applying only lidocaine, phonophoresis group of 1 MHz (III), phonophoresis group of 500 kHz lidocaine (IV) for pain threshold and nerve conduct experiments. Mechanical threshold was measured with von Frey monofilament, thermal pain threshold with halogen lamp and digital thermometer, action potential in median nerve with diagnostic electromyography before and after treatment, and at 30 min., 60 min., 90 min., and 120 min. after treatment. Results of this study can be summarized as follows. Topical anesthesia experiment showed that pain threshold of phonophoresis groups was significantly increased, but there were little differences in ultrasound frequency and drugs among phonophoresis groups. Conduction anesthesia experiment showed that phonophoresis group of 500 kHz using lidocaine had significant difference in pain threshold and sensory nerve conduction compared to ointment group and ultrasound group, but there was no great difference from other phonophresis groups and light nerve block effect was found. It was considered that application of 500 kHz ultrasound using lidocaine will be more effective in deep anesthesia or nerve block than 1 MHz ultrasound. However, researches considering various frequencies, intensities and application hours in low frequency areas including kHz ultrasound are needed to increase deep permeation of drugs.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.269-277
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• 2017

Recently, there has been significant interest in structural health monitoring for civil engineering applications. In this research, a specially designed tendon, proposed by embedding FBG sensors into the center king cable of a 7-wire strand tendon, was applied for long-term health monitoring of tensile forces on a ground anchor. To make temperature independent sensors, the effective temperature compensation of FBG sensors must be considered. The temperature sensitivity coefficient ${\beta}^{\prime}$ of the FBG sensors embedded tendon was successfully determined to be $2.0{\times}10^{-5}^{\circ}C^{-1}$ through calibrated tests in both a model rock body and a laboratory heat chamber. Furthermore, the obtained result for ${\beta}^{\prime}$ was formally verified through the ground temperature measurement test, expectedly. As a result, the ground temperature measured by a thermometer showed good agreement compared to that measured by the proposed FBG sensor, which was calibrated considering to the temperature sensitivity coefficient ${\beta}^{\prime}$. Finally, four prototype ground anchors including two tension ground anchors and two compression ground anchors made by replacing a tendon with the proposed smart tendon were installed into an actual slope at the Yeosu site. Tensile forces, after temperature compensation was taken into account using the verified temperature sensitivity coefficient ${\beta}^{\prime}$ and ground temperature obtained from the Korean Meteorological Administration (KMA) have been monitored for over one year, and the results were very consistent to those measured from the load cell, interestingly.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.275-283
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• 2013

In this paper, a 8bit 10Ms/s CMOS Folding and Interpolation analog-to-digital convertor is proposed. The architecture of the proposed ADC is based on a Folding & Interpolation using FR(Folding Rate)=8, NFB(Number of Folding Block)=4, IR(Interpolation Rate)=8. The proposed ADC adopts a preamplifier sharing method to decrease the number of preamplifier by half comparing to the conventional ones. This chip has been fabricated with a 0.35[um] CMOS technology. The effective chip area is $1.8[mm]{\times}2.11[mm]$ and it consumes 20[mA] at 3.3 power supply with 10[MHz] clock. The INL is -0.57, +0.61 [LSB] and DNL is -0.4, +0.51 [LSB]. The SFDR is 48.9[dB] and SNDR is 47.9[dB](ENOB 7.6b) when the input frequency is 100[kHz] at 10[MHz] conversion rate.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.189-194
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• 2015

In this study, the heat radiation performance of COB LED according to the structure of thermoelectric device were compared. Thermoelectric device of the sheet copper structure and ceramic structure were used for bonding with the heating part of the COB LED. The temperature distribution in the bonding part of the thermoelectric device of COB LED was measured with a contact-type thermometer. The temperature variation of the thermoelectric device was measured by inputting the currents of 0.1A, 0.3A, 0.5A, and 0.7A. When 0.7A was applied, the temperature of the bonding part where there was a heat aggregation phenomenon of the COB LED was $59^{\circ}C$ for thermoelectric device of the sheet copper structure and $67^{\circ}C$ for the thermoelectric device of the ceramic structure. Therefore, the sheet copper thermoelectric device whose temperature was lower by $9^{\circ}C$ showed better heat radiation performance than those of the ceramic structure.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.81-86
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• 1997

Platinum thin films were deposited on $SiO_{2}/Si$ and $Al_{2}O_{3}$ substrates by DC magnetron sputtering for RTD (resistance thermometer devices) temperature sensors. The resistivity and sheet resistivity of these films were decreased with increasing the annealing temperature and time. We made Pt resistance pattern on $Al_{2}O_{3}$ substrate by lift-off method and fabricated Pt-RTD temperature sensors by using W-wire, silver epoxy and SOG(spin-on-glass). In the temperature range of $25{\sim}400^{\circ}C$, we investigated TCR(temperature coefficient of resistance) and resistance ratio of Pt-RTD temperature sensors. TCR values were increased with increasing the annealing temperature, time and the thickness of Pt thin films. Resistance values were varied linearly within the range of measurement temperature. At annealing temperature of $1000^{\circ}C$, time of 240min and thin film thickness of $1{\mu}m$, we obtained TCR value of $3825ppm/^{\circ}C$ close to the Pt bulk value.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.455-465
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to describe the alteration of muscle action potential of spastic upper extremity in a patient with cerebral palsy by the water temperature. We used seven patients with cerebral palsy. Participants classified according to each group in $29^{\circ}C,\;35^{\circ}C$ by the water temperature. All subjects participated 2 session, which at least 1 week between session. The test was measured continuously pre test, post-test by thermometer and surface EMG. The following results were obtained; 1. In changes of surface temperature, wrist flexor and extensor were significantly decreased in $29^{\circ}C$ (p<0.001) group but were significantly increased $35^{\circ}C$ group(p<0.01). 2. In changes of surface temperature, wrist flexor and extensor were significantly differenced between $29^{\circ}C$ and $35^{\circ}C$ group(p<0.001). 3. In changes of muscle action potential, wrist extension antagonist were significantly increased in $29^{\circ}C$ group(p<0.05). 4. In changes of muscle action potential, wrist flexion agonist were more significantly increased in $29^{\circ}C$ group(p<0.01). 5. In changes of muscle action potential, wrist extension antagonist were significantly differenced between $29^{\circ}C$ and $35^{\circ}C$ group(p<0.05). These results lead us to the conclusion that changes of muscle action potential of spastic upper extremity in a patient with cerebral palsy were influenced by the water temperature. Therefore, a further direction of this study will be to provide more evidence that a moderate water temperature have an effect on muscle tone in a patient with cerebral palsy.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.404-407
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• 2005

A 4-week-old 0.5 kg male Shih Tzu with history of congenital abnormality, abnormality, was referred to Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Chungbuk National University for further evaluation and treatment. During physical examination, the dog revealed mild depression and dyschezia. In plain radiographs, a digital thermometer put in the anus and grasped blind end of the rectum. In contrast radiographs, a urethrorectal fistula was confirmed. Urine specimens were collected with cystocentesis. Bacteria of the urine were detected using an auto microorganism analyzer. According to history taking, physical examination, radiographic signs and urinalysis, it was diagnosed as type IV atresia ani with a urethrorectal fistula. The dog was treated by fistulectomy and anoplasty, and discharged with instruction. Three days after operation, mild dehiscence was appeared. Wound was left to heal by second intention. During the follow-up of eight weeks, wound showed it to be healed and defecation was normal.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.249-254
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• 2017

The cutaneous microcirculation plays a role in various physiological processes and pathological conditions. Two non-invasive methods were used in this study to obtain reference values for cutaneous microcirculation in intact male beagles. Twenty intact male beagles were used. The experimental environments were standardized. Laser Doppler flowmetry was used to measure cutaneous blood flow, and an infrared thermometer was used to measure cutaneous temperature. The blood flow and temperature were measured from the right side of the subjects at 20 cutaneous sites. Based on the laser Doppler flowmetry, the region with the highest blood flow was the periocular region that with the lowest was the forelimb foot pad. In addition, the standard deviation of the chest wall was the highest while that of the periocular region was the lowest. For skin temperature, the inguinal region had the highest mean skin temperature and the forelimb foot pad had the lowest. The correlation coefficient between the two methods was 0.72. Similar to a previous study, the values derived from repeated measurements at the 20 regions are reproducible and can contribute to research. Compared to the results of a previous study, the temperatures of the two smallest skin regions were the same; however, no specific trend was observed. The correlation coefficient between the two methods was significantly comparable, and this good correlation can reduce their limitations and variables complementarily. In addition to possible use in human studies, accumulated resources on measurements of skin blood flow in the future will potentiate its use in the veterinary medicine field.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.45 no.12
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• pp.22-28
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• 2008

This paper designed a efficient 8-bit CMOS analog-to-digital converter(ADC) for an SOC(System On Chip) application. The architecture consists of two modified 4-bit full-flash ADCs, it has been designed using a more efficient architecture. This is to predict roughly the range in which input signal residers and can be placed in the proximity of input signal based on initial prediction. The prediction of input signal is made available by introducing a voltage estimator. For 4-bit resolution, the modified full-flash ADC need only 6 comparators. So a 8-bit ADC require only 12 comparators and 32 resistors. The speed of this ADC is almost similar to conventional full-flash ADC, but the die area consumption is much less due to reduce numbers of comparators and registors. This architecture uses even fewer comparator than half-flash ADC. The circuits which are implemented in this paper is simulated with LT SPICE tool of computer.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.1013-1022
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• 2010

In this paper, we propose a C-band radiometer for remote sensing of land surface temperature and present its experiment results using asphalt as target. Total power type is selected for high sensitivity and low power consumption, super-heterodyne type is selected for stable high gain. A radiometer designed at 5.1 GHz to have operating bandwidth of 110 MHz has system gain of 59 dB, noise figure of 2.7 dB and receiving sensitivity of 0.45 K. We have measured surface temperature on asphalt by using implemented system and thermometer. Analysis data of each measurement results show that a radiometer operates linearly with output voltage variation rate of 6 $mV/^{\circ}C$. As a result, we verified validity of a developed C-band radiometer for remote sensing of land surface temperature.