• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.21-27
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• 2009

Background: The neuropathic pain arising from nerve injury is difficult to treat and the therapeutic effects of opioid drugs remain debatable. Agonists acting at the ${\alpha}_2$ adrenergic and opioid receptors have analgesic properties and they act synergistically when co-administered in the spinal cord. The lack of subtype-selective pharmacological agents has previously impeded the synergistic effects that are mediated by the adrenergic receptor subtypes. Methods: We created neuropathic pain model by ligating the L5 spinal nerve in Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 18). We divided the rats into three groups (n = 6 for each group), and we administered intraperitoneal morphine (1 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg) and then we measured the mechanical allodynia with using von-Frey filaments for 8 hours. We then injected morphine (5 mg/kg) intraperitoneally, twice a day for 2 weeks. We measured the tactile and cold allodynia in the morphine group (n = 9) and the saline group (n = 9). After 2 weeks, we decapitated the rats and harvested the spinal cords at the level of lumbar enlargement. We compared the ${\alpha}_2$ subtype mRNA expression with that of control group (n = 6) by performing real time polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR). Results: Intraperitoneal morphine reduced the neuropathic pain behavior in the dose-dependent manner. Chronic morphine administration showed an antiallodynic effect on the neuropathic pain rat model. The rats did not display tolerance or hyperalgesia. The expression of the mRNAs of the ${\alpha}_{2A}$, ${\alpha}_{2B}$, ${\alpha}_{2C}$ subtypes decreased, and morphine attenuated this effect. But we could not get statistically proven results. Conclusions: Systemic administration of morphine can attenuate allodynia during both the short-term and long-term time course. Morphine has an influence on the expression of ${\alpha}_2$ receptor subtype mRNA. Yet we need more research to determine the precise effect of morphine on the ${\alpha}_2$ subtype gene expression.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.684-691
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• 2008

As part of studies to develop new materials to lower blood glucose levels using crude polysaccharide, this study was attempted to analyze the characteristics of crude polysaccharide obtained from the extracts of a mixed herbal medium(OCM) where Trichloloma matsutake mycelium and Cordyceps militaris mycelium were cultured together and to look into the influence of administering these by concentration upon the blood glucose and serum lipid levels of rats with diabetes which was induced by STZ(Streptozotosin). Experimental group was divided into 6 groups: first, it was divided into normal control group(NC group) and diabetes-induced group, and diabetes-induced group was subdivided into diabetic control group(DC group), acarbose-treated group(PC group), 100 mg/kg/body weight-treated by crude polysaccharide of OCM(UE) group(UE100 group), 200 mg/kg/body weight-treated group(UE200 group), and 300 mg/kg/body weight-treated group(UE300 group). In diabetic-induced groups, after streptozotocin was melted in 0.01M citrate buffer at 50 mg/kg/body weight, when the non-fasting blood glucose level not on an empty stomach was 300 mg/dl or more in blood collected from the tail vein, it was regarded as diabetic induction and then such diabetic-induced experimental animals were used in this experiment. The yield of crude polysaccharide obtained from OCM was found to be 0.31% and the ${\beta}$-glucan content 39.40%. As a result of analyzing NO on immune function, which is known as major physiological activity of crude polysaccharide, high NO viability was shown; when 1 mg/ml LPS was treated at 1 ug/ml, it was found to be 50.77 uM, and when LPS was treated at 10 ug/m, it was found to be 53.78 uM. Also, regarding cancer cells, cell count was decreased by about 26% in proportion to sample concentration, while for normal cells, it was a little decreased in proportion to concentration, however, cell count was maintained in the range of $81.92{\sim}98.16%$ at all concentrations. In case of blood glucose level, it was decreased in all extract-treated groups compared to DC group and in the cases of ALT and AST, they were found to be lower in extract-treated groups compared to PC group and for serum lipid, it was found to be lower in UE100 group compared to PC group. Thus this study tried to utilize these results as fundamental data for development of preventive and therapeutic agents against diabetes as well as functional foods using the crude polysaccharide of mushrooms.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.464-469
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• 2007

본 연구는 쑥 추출물의 항염 활성이 prostaglandins 합성의 저해 및 pro-inflammatory cytokine의 억제기전과 관련이 있을 것으로 예상되어짐에 따라, 큰비쑥(A. fukudo)을 대상으로 80% EtOH로 추출하고 추출물을 극성에 따라 용매분획을 실시하여, 큰비쑥 에탄올 추출물 및 용매분획물들이 염증반응의 주체가 되는 대식 세포 계열인 RAW 264.7 세포에서 LPS 로 유도된 TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$ 그리고 IL-6와 같은 pro-inflammatory cytokine과 NO의 생성억제효과, 그리고 iNOS와 COX-2의 단백질 발현 억제효과 및 $PGE_{2}$ 생성 억제효과 등을 통해 알아보았다. 대식세포 계열인 RAW 264.7 세포에 LPS로 자극을 주고 큰비쑥 추출물을 처리하여 확인해본 결과, 추출물 및 분획물들이 다소 차이는 있었지만 TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$ 그리고 IL-6에서 생성억제 효과를 나타났다. 또한 헥산, 디클로로메탄 및 에틸아세테이트 분획물에서 NO의 생성억제 효과가 강하게 나타났으며, 헥산과 디클로로메탄 분획물에서는 iNOS, COX-2 및 $PGE_{2}$ 생성 억제 효과가 다른 분획물에 비해 강하게 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 큰비쑥에서 유효성분 추출을 통한 항염증 물질의 연구 또는 예방하거나 치료할 수 있는 염증 억제 성분의 분리 및 그 작용기전 연구에 중요한 기초 자료가 될 것이라 사료된다. 또한 큰비쑥 추출물로부터 염증억제 성분을 도출하고자 활성분획인 헥산과 디클로로메탄 분획물에 대하여 활성성분의 분리가 진행 중이다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.113-120
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• 2015

골다공증은 골밀도(bone mineral density, BMD)가 평균 성인 정점에서 2.5 이상의 표준편차가 감소되는 뼈의 질환으로서 나이가 들어가면서 점차 증가하고 있다. 골다공증은 뼈를 흡수하는 파골세포와 뼈를 형성하는 조골세포로 이루어진 bone remodeling system의 불균형 때문에 발생한다. 이 불균형의 가장 큰 원인은 여성 폐경기 후에 따르는 에스트로겐 결핍 때문이다. 현재 골다공증의 치료에 사용되는 약들로는 호르몬 대체요법(hormone replacement therapy, HRT), biphosphonate, teriparatide 등이 있지만, 여러 가지 부작용 때문에 그들의 안정성과 실용성엔 의문의 여지가 있다. 더 안전한 대안을 찾기 위해 현재 천연물을 사용한 여러 가지 치료법이 연구되고 있다. Lactoferrin, isoflavone 등과 한약재를 이용한 많은 전통 치료법들이 있으며, 이는 뼈 흡수를 막거나, 뼈 동화를 일으킴으로써 골다공증 치료제로서의 가능성을 보여주고 있다. 그러나 대부분의 천연물 치료법은 지난 10여년간 괄목할만한 발전에도 불구하고 그 효능을 증명하기 위한 임상 예비단계에 머물고 있다. 따라서 천연물의 전임상 연구와 후속 임상 연구를 통해 새로운 골다공증 치료법으로 소개될 것이다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.651-656
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• 2006

Activation of $NF-{\kappa}B$ is known to be a trigger of various cellular disorders including inflammatory and autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. Numerous approaches are ongoing within laboratories to identify potential therapeutic agents which inhibit the $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation. In this study, we have tested the inhibitory effects of five traditional medicines on the activation of $NF-{\kappa}B$ by NIK. Among three medicines which exhibited inhibitory effect on the expression of $NF-{\kappa}B$ repoter plasmid, we investigated further the inhibitory mechanism of Dichroa febrifuga in connection with IKKY activity. Wild type $IKK{\gamma}$ inhibited the $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation by NIK but the C-terminal deletion mutant of IKKY did not show the inhibitory effect, indicating that the C-terminal leucine zipper domain of $NF-{\kappa}B$ is important for the inhibition of $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation. The water extract of Dichroa febrifuga(DFE) also strongly inhibited the $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation by NIK. The inhibitory activity of DFE appeared to be independent of the expression of $IKK{\gamma}$, suggesting that the pathways of inhibition by Dichroa febrifuga and $IKK{\gamma}$ are different. Our results suggest that Dichroa febrifuga can be used as a medicine for inhibition of the $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation in a wide range of cells without relation to the expression of $IKK{\gamma}$.

• 대한예방한의학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2017

Objectives : This paper serves to explore current trends of systems biology in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and examine how it may influence the Traditional Korean medicine. Methods : Literature review method was collectively used to classify Introduction to systems biology, diagnosis and syndrome classification of systems biology in TCM perspective, physiotherapy including acupuncture, herbs and formula functions, TCM systems biology, and directions of academic development. Results : The term 'Systems biology' is coined as a combination of systems science and biology. It is a field of study that tries to understand living organism by establishing a theory based on an ideal model that analyzes and predicts the desired output with understanding of interrelationships and dynamics between variables. Systems biology has an integrated and multi-dimensional nature that observes the interaction among the elements constructing the network. The current state of systems biology in TCM is categorized into 4 parts: diagnosis and syndrome, physical therapy, herbs and formulas and academic development of TCM systems biology and its technology. Diagnosis and syndrome field is focusing on developing TCM into personalized medicine by clarifying Kidney yin deficiency patterns and metabolic differences among five patterns of diabetes and analyzing plasma metabolism and biomarkers of coronary heart disease patients. In the field of physical therapy such as acupuncture and moxibustion, researchers discovered the effect of stimulating acupoint ST40 on gene expression and the effects of acupuncture on treating functional dyspepsia and acute ischemic stroke. Herbs and formulas were analyzed with TCM network pharmacology. The therapeutic mechanisms of Si Wu Tang and its series formulas are explained by identifying potential active substances, targets and mechanism of action, including metabolic pathways of amino acid and fatty acid. For the academic development of TCM systems biology and its technology, it is necessary to integrate massive database, integrate pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, as well as systems biology. It is also essential to establish a platform to maximize herbal treatment through accumulation of research data and diseases-specific, or drug-specific network combined with clinical experiences, and identify functions and roles of molecules in herbs and conduct animal-based studies within TCM frame. So far, few literature reviews exist for systems biology in traditional Korean medicine and they merely re-examine known efficacies of simple substances, herbs and formulas. For the future, it is necessary to identify specific mechanisms of working agents and targets to maximize the effects of traditional medicine modalities. Conclusions : Systems biology is widely accepted and studied in TCM and already advanced into a field known as 'TCM systems biology', which calls for the study of incorporating TCM and systems biology. It is time for traditional Korean medicine to acknowledge the importance of systems biology and present scientific basis of traditional medicine and establish the principles of diagnosis, prevention and treatment of diseases. By doing so, traditional Korean medicine would be innovated and further developed into a personalized medicine.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.630-635
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Naeso-san in interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) in murine small intestine. First, we isolated ICCs from murine small intestine. After that, we cultured these cells for 1 days. The patch-clamp technique was applied on ICCs that formed network-like structures in culture (1 days). Spontaneous rhythms were routinely recorded from cultured ICCs under current-clamp conditions, and the ICCs within networks displayed more robust electrical rhythms (pacemaker potentials). To understand the relationship between Naeso-san and pacemaker activity in ICCs, we examined the effects of Naeso-san on pacemaker potentials of ICCs. In current clamp mode (I = 0), the addition of Naeso-san (10 mg/ml - 50 mg/ml) decreased the amplitude and frequency of the pacemaker potentials of ICCs in a dose dependent manner. However, these effects were blocked by intracellular $GDP{\beta}S$, a G-protein inhibitor, and glibenclamide, a specific ATP-sensitive K+ channels blocker. Pretreatment with SQ-22536, an adenylate cyclase inhibitor, did not block the Naeso-san induced effects, whereas pretreatment with ODQ, a guanylate cyclase inhibitor, or L-NAME, an inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) synthase blocked the Naeso-san induced effects. Our findings provide insight into unraveling the modulation of Naeso-san in pacemaker potentials of ICCs and developing therapeutic agents against gastrointestinal motility disorders.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.317-324
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• 1990

Liposome was labelled with $^{99m}Tc$ after negative charged liposome was formed with combination of a few lipid components. $^{99m}Tc$ liposome was injected through the tail vein of C3H mice bearing fibrosarcoma and biodistribution of $^{99m}Tc$ liposome was evaluated. The results were as follows: 1) We confirmed formation of liposome which was small unillamellar and multilamellar vesicles. 2) In this experiment the optimal concentration of $SnCl_2$ was $156{\mu}g/ml$ to label liposome with $^{99m}Tc$ and labelling efficiency was 95%. 3) The labelled liposome was stable when it was incubated with human serum for 24 hours. Mean labelling efficiency was 94% at 24 hour. 4) The main uptake sites of Tc-99m liposome were liver and spleen. It showed significantly higher uptake than $^{99m}Tc$ HSA (p < 0.001). 5) $^{99m}Tc$ liposome uptake in tumor tissue was not significantly higher than $^{99m}Tc$ HSA uptake. In conclusion, $^{99m}Tc$ liposome disclosed high labelling efficiency and was highly stable. Liver and spleen were main uptake sites of $^{99m}Tc$ liposome. The uptake mechanism of $^{99m}Tc$ liposome also seemed to be different from that of $^{99m}Tc$ HSA. We conclude that $^{99m}Tc$ liposome would be a promising agents for the imaging of some tumor.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.382-390
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• 2018

Background: The plant Aster koraiensis has long been used as an ingredient in folk medicine. It has been reported that Aster koraiensis extract (AKE) prevents the progression of diabetes-induced retinopathy and nephropathy. However, although these beneficial effects of AKE on diabetes complications have been identified, the antidiabetic effects of AKE have not yet been completely investigated and quantified. In the present study, the glucose-lowering and antioxidant effects of aqueous and ethanolic AKEs were evaluated. Methods and Results: The glucose-lowering effects of aqueous and ethanolic (30%-, 50%-, and 80%-ethanol) AKEs were investigated via ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory assays. The mode of inhibition by AKEs on ${\alpha}$-glucosidase was identified through kinetic analysis. The total antioxidant capacity of each of the 4 AKEs was evaluated by assessing their conversion rate of $Cu^{2+}$ to $Cu^+$. The content of chlorogenic acid and 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid, the bioactive compounds in AKE, in each extract were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The AKEs showed potent ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activity with mixed inhibition mode, and significant antioxidant capacity. Conclusions: These results of this study suggested that the AKEs tested had ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory and antioxidant effects. Among the extracts, the 80% ethanol extract showed the most significant ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activity, with a half maximal inhibitory concentration ($IC_{50}$ value) of $1.65{\pm}0.36mg/m{\ell}$ and a half maximal effective concentration ($EC_{50}$ value) for its antioxidant activity of $0.42{\pm}0.10mg/m{\ell}$. It can therefore be used as a source of therapeutic agents to treat diabetes patients.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제53권2호
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• pp.233-238
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• 2008

괴경 내부에 적색과 보라색 안토시아닌 색소가 풍부하게 함유되어 있고, 색상의 기호도 및 건강 기능성으로 인해 소비자로부터 기호도가 증대된 유색감자의 생리적 활성을 검토하기 위해 유색감자로서 괴경 내부가 적색인 홍영, 괴경 내부가 보라색인 자영의 추출물에 대하여 ORAC를 통한 정밀한 항산화력의 비교, NO 억제 및 iNOS, COX-2의 발현 억제 활성을 비교, 검토한 결과는 아래와 같다. 1. 유색감자 홍영 및 자영 추출물의 항산화 활성 검정 결과 추출물의 농도가 $2\;{\mu}g/mL$ 이하 수준에서는 차이를 나타내지 않았으나, $10\;{\mu}g/mL$을 처리한 경우 시료 간 차이를 나타내었으며, 유색감자 중 괴경 내부의 색상이 적색인 홍영은 ORAC value 0.257, 자영은 ORAC value 0.402로 대조 표준액인 trolox 보다 낮은 수치를 보였지만, 각각의 추출물로부터 유색의 원인이 되는 안토시아닌을 순수 분리하여 활성을 평가할 경우 표준액인 trolox와 동등 혹은 그 이상의 항산화 효과를 기대할 수 있을 것이다. 2. 홍영 및 자영 추출물이 RAW 264.7 세포의 LPS에 의해 유도된 NO 생성을 억제함을 확인하였고, 또한 Western blot으로 분석한 결과 각 추출물에 의한 iNOS 발현 억제는 NO 형성 억제와 유사한 경향을 보였으므로, NO 형성 억제는 iNOS의 발현 저해 경로를 통하여 억제되는 것을 알 수 있고, 또한 홍영 및 자영 추출물이 LPS에 의해 형성되는 PGE2를 감소시킬 것으로 판단되는데, 이는 COX-2 단백질의 발현 저해를 통하여 확인할 수 있었다. 3. 유색감자 중 괴경 내부가 적색인 홍영품종은 자색인 자영품종에서 보다 상대적으로 우수한 COX-2 발현 단백질 저해효과가 확인되었으며, 괴경 내부가 보라색인 자영품종은 ORAC를 통한 항산화 활성, NO 및 iNOS 억제효과가 홍영 대비 30% 이상 증가된 양상을 나타내므로, 홍영과 자영 품종에 함유된 안토시아닌은 서로 다른 기능의 질환을 예방하거나 치료할 수 있을 것으로 판단되며, 향후 품종별 용도를 구분하여 활용하는 것이 바람직할 것으로 판단된다.