• 비교문화연구
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• 제23권
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• pp.351-382
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• 2011

This paper aims to compare systems and questions between Chinese I in the Korea National Scholastic Aptitude Test(abbreviated by KNSAT) and Chinese with Listening in the SAT. In the beginning, we compared KNSAT and SAT, and then focused our attention on Chinese I in KNSAT and Chinese with Listening in SAT in terms of assessment purposes, sections, ranges, questions. Through the research, the following results were obtained: Firstly, compared KNSAT with SAT, it is found that Chinese I is less important in KNSAT than Chinese with Listening in SAT. Chinese I belongs to one of the second foreign languages section, and it is placed under common rule of its section. However, Chinese with Listening is similar to Chinese I in that it also belongs to one of the languages section, but it keeps under its control, so it has its own system e.g. purpose, range etc.. Next, compared Chinese I with Chinese with Listening, in the matter of purposes of them, Chinese I is less explicit and less concrete to explain it than Chinese with Listening, and in respect of sections of them, the sections of Chinese I are leaning more toward language materials contrary to Chinese with Listening leaning more toward language functions. And in terms of ranges of them, Chinese I is limited to Basic vocabulary and Examples of communicative function in curriculum of Chinese I, but Chinese with Listening has not any limit on the ranges of questions. Lastly, with regard to questions of them, Chinese I has more tendency toward assessing knowledge of Chinese, on the contrary, Chinese with Listening has more tendency toward assessing performance of it.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제83권3호
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• pp.293-304
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• 2022

In this work, a novel reliability approach for combined high and low cycle fatigue (CCF) estimation is developed by combining active learning strategy with least squares support vector machines (LS-SVM) (named as ALS-SVM) surrogate model to address the multi-resources uncertainties, including working loads, material properties and model itself. Initially, a new active learner function combining LS-SVM approach with Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) is presented to improve computational efficiency with fewer calls to the performance function. To consider the uncertainty of surrogate model at candidate sample points, the learning function employs k-fold cross validation method and introduces the predicted variance to sequentially select sampling. Following that, low cycle fatigue (LCF) loads and high cycle fatigue (HCF) loads are firstly estimated based on the training samples extracted from finite element (FE) simulations, and their simulated responses together with the sample points of model parameters in Coffin-Manson formula are selected as the MC samples to establish ALS-SVM model. In this analysis, the MC samples are substituted to predict the CCF reliability of turbine blades by using the built ALS-SVM model. Through the comparison of the two approaches, it is indicated that the reliability model by linear cumulative damage rule provides a non-conservative result compared with that by the proposed one. In addition, the results demonstrate that ALS-SVM is an effective analysis method holding high computational efficiency with small training samples to gain accurate fatigue reliability.

• 시스템엔지니어링학술지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.61-73
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• 2015

The early-phase naval ship design demands requirements synthesis rather than design synthesis, which conducts engineering design for several domains on a detailed level. Requirements synthesis focuses on creating a balanced set of required operational capabilities satisfying user's needs and concept of operations. Requirements are evolved from capability based languages to function based language by statistical exploration and engineering design which are derived in the following order: concept alternative, concept baseline, initial baseline and functional baseline. The early-phase naval ship design process can be divided into three passes: concept definition, concept exploration and concept development. Main activities and outcomes in each pass are shortly presented. Concept definition is the first important step that produces a concept baseline through extensive design space exploration promptly. Design space exploration applies a statistical approach to explore design trends of existing ships and produce feasible design range corresponding to concept alternative. It further helps naval systems engineers and operational researchers by inducing useful responses to user and stakeholders' questions at a sufficient degree of confidence and success in the very early ship design. The focus of this paper is on the flow of design space exploration, and its application to a high-speed patrol craft. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors, and do not reflect the official policy or rule of the Navy.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.45-58
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• 2014

It is a well recognised rule in international law that the property of aliens cannot be taken. The question of whether indirect expropriation and government regulatory measures require compensation is an important issue in international investment law. Bilateral investment treaties and other investment agreements contain brief and general indirect expropriation provisions. These focus on the effect of government action and do not address the distinction between compensable and non-compensable regulatory actions. It is generally accepted that a state is not responsible for loss of property or for other economic disadvantages resulting from bona fide general taxation accepted as within the police power of states, provided it is not discriminatory. Yukos Oil Company is a Russian oil and gas company engaged in exploration, refining, and marketing activities. It is one of the largest oil and gas companies in the world. Yukos Oil Company has its production operations in Russia and markets its products in Europe. An international tribunal ordered the Russian government to compensate a group of Spanish investors for the losses they suffered when Russia seized the Yukos Oil Company on July 26, 2012. This has been the subject of several judicial proceedings and academic publications. This paper explores which circumstances do not lead to taxation amounting to expropriation. The author suggests that under the following circumstances, taxation would not amount to expropriation. First, taxation should be non-discriminatory. Also a lawful exercise of the taxation powers of governments would not amount to expropriation.

• 한국심리학회지 : 문화 및 사회문제
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• 제9권spc호
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• pp.15-34
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• 2003

본 논문은 이제까지 필자들이 교통문제와 관련하여 교육부의 BK 21 연구지원 과제를 수행하면서 발표한 여러 논문들의 결과를 정리하는 작업의 일환으로 쓰여졌다. 필자들의 이러한 작업은 교통문제와 관련한 여러 논문을 쓰는 개별 과정(주차위반, 신호위반, 과속운전, 음주운전)에서 비록 연구의 주제는 다르고 구체적 주제에 따른 위반의 상황과 일반인의 심리가 상이한 측면이 있지만, 그럼에도 불구하고 그 면면에는 공통점이 많다는 경험과 이를 종합해서 정리할 필요성을 느꼈기 때문이다. 따라서 이러한 작업은 종합적이고 포괄적인 시각에서 한국사회의 교통문화를 파악하고, 이를 토대로 교통문제와 관련된 여러 사회문제를 풀 수 있는 기초를 마련하는데 일조할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 자동차안전학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.35-41
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• 2023

On December 19, 2015, as Article 29-3 (Installation of Accident Recording Devices and Provision of Information) of Motor Vehicle Management Act came into force, In Korea, the EDR (Event Data Recorder) reports are often used for the analysis of various traffic accident cases such as multiple collisions, traffic insurance crimes, and sudden unintended acceleration (SUA), and the others. So many investigators have analyzed the driver's behavior and vehicle situation by comparing the time zero in the EDR report to the actual crash time in dash-cam (or CCTV). Time zero (T0) is defined as the reference time for the record interval or time interval when recording an accident in Article 56-2, Enforcement rule of Performance and Standard for Automobile and Automotive parts. Also in the EDR report, time zero (T0) is defined as whichever of the following occurs first; 1. "wake-up" by an air-bag control system, 2. Continuously running algorithms (by monitoring of longitudinal or lateral delta-V), 3. Deployment of a non-reversible deployment restraint. We have already proposed the "Flowchart & Checklist" to adopt the EDR report for traffic accident investigation and the necessity of specialized institutions or courses to systematically educate or analyze the EDR data. Therefore, in this paper, we report to traffic accident investigators notable points and analysis methods based on some real-world traffic accidents that can be misjudged in specifying time zero (T0).

• 한국방재학회 논문집
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• 제8권6호
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• pp.81-92
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• 2008

한국은 고도의 산업화 또는 지식정보화 사회로 접어들면서 소방업무도 변화 발전에 따라 업무범위가 점점 확대 되고 있다. 그러나 그에 따른 근무환경 등은 과거에 비해 크게 개선되지 않았다. 또한 생명을 위협하는 상황에 노출되어 다른 직업과 비교해볼 때 많은 스트레스를 받고 있는 것으로 보인다. 더욱이 소방공무원의 직업성 스트레스는 소방공무원의 안전은 물론 국민의 안전과 직결되어 있다. 본 연구에서는 소방공무원의 직업성 스트레스의 경감대책으로 구성원들 간의 활발한 커뮤니케이션 활동, 업무직능별 인사시스템 도입, 처우 및 복지시설의 개선, 소방공무원 안전 및 보건규칙 제정, 소방 전문병원 설립 및 소방전문의 위촉 등을 제안하였다.

• 정보보호학회논문지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.565-573
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• 2012

기업의 탈법, 비리 등 부정행위를 조사할 경우 인사, 회계, 물류, 생산 등의 업무데이터(Business Data)의 확보가 필요하다. 다수의 기업들은 분산된 업무 데이터를 데이터베이스(Database)화하여 통합적으로 관리하고 있기 때문에 디지털 포렌식 조사를 위하여 데이터베이스에 대한 체계적인 업무데이터 추출기법 연구가 중요하다. 일반적인 정보체계 환경에서 데이터베이스는 상위 어플리케이션 및 대용량 파일 서버와 통합된 정보체계 내의 부분적 형태로 존재한다. 또한 사용자가 입력한 원시 업무 데이터는 정규화 과정을 거친 테이블 설계에 의해 하나 이상의 테이블에 분산되어 저장된다. 기존 데이터베이스 구조 분석에 관한 연구들은 데이터베이스의 최적화와 시각화를 위하여 테이블 간 연관관계 분석이 가장 중요한 연구대상이었다. 그러나 원시 업무데이터를 획득해야 하는 디지털 포렌식 관점의 연구는 테이블 간 연관관계 시각화보다 데이터의 해석이 더 중요한 연구대상이다. 본 논문에서는 데이터베이스 내부에서 미리 정의된 테이블 간 연관관계 분석기술뿐만 아니라 도메인 전문 지식(domain knowledge)을 활용한 체계화된 분석절차를 제시하여 데이터베이스에 저장된 원시 업무 데이터 구조를 분석하고 사건관련 데이터를 추출할 수 있는 분석방안을 제안한다.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.239-245
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• 2018

Purpose: This study was to identify international classification of functioning, disability and health (ICF) categories that could be linked conceptually to disability of arm, shoulder and hand (DASH) items and short form of health survey 36 (SF-36) items for persons with shoulder pain. Methods: Linkage between each item in DASH and SF-36 and the categories in the ICF were assessed. The linking process was performed by ten health professionals following the linking rule. One hundred four patients with shoulder pain were enrolled from 12 private clinic outpatient departments and participated in this study. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to assess the relationships between each scale item and the linked ICF code. Results: Thirty DASH items were able to be linked to 30 ICF codes, whereas the 36 items in SF-36 were only linked to 17 ICF codes. General health items included in SF-36 could not be linked to a relevant ICF concept. There was a high correlation between the two measurement tools and the linked ICF codes, DASH and its ICF code list (r =0.91), SF-36-Physical Health and its code list (r =-0.62), and SF-36-Mental Health and its code list (r =-0.72). Conclusion: The results suggest that concepts within each item in DASH can be linked to ICF codes for patients with shoulder pain, however, the concepts in the SF-36 items had limited linkage to ICF codes. The shoulder-specific functional tool, DASH can be expressed with ICF codes and, therefore, its use can promote data standardization and improve communication between professionals.

• 대한수학교육학회지:학교수학
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.557-571
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• 2008

이 논문은 드모르간의 음수 지도 방법을 연구하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위하여 우선 드모르간이 제시한 대수발달 단계에 따라 드모르간의 음수관을 정리하고, 드모르간의 음수 지도 방법을 불가능한 뺄셈의 탐색, 불가능한 뺄셈에 대한 수정규칙 탐구, 불가능한 뺄셈에 대한 의미의 구성의 3단계로 나누어 고찰하였다. 드모르간의 음수 지도 방법의 특징은 방정식 지도와 결합되었다는 점, 불가능한 뺄셈 기호를 사용한다는 점, 역사발생적 과정을 준수하는 점진적 형식화를 추구한다는 점이다. 또한, 드모르간의 방법을 학교수학의 방법과 비교함으로써, 그 장점과 단점을 분석하였다. 드모르간은 수학적 실재를 형식과 의미를 동시에 갖는 것으로 보았던 자신의 수학관에 따라 음수를 설명하였으며, 대수의 발달 단계에 맞추어 음수를 서로 상이한 존재로 간주하였고 이에 따라 여러 단계를 거쳐 음수를 지도하도록 하고 있다. 그의 이러한 세심한 조처는 음수의 지도가 단시간에 마무리될 수 없는 성격의 것임을 분명히 인식하게 해 준다.