• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.57-64
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• 2006

This research is the survey result of the retirement house in Ochiai area that is a famous as mountain village of Japan. This area is being formed in a steep slope and be arranged the building long a side along the contour line. As for the plan type of a main house 'the middle bedroom three-madori(bay) type' and 'the parallel two madori(bay) type' occupy many. As for in the retirement custom of Ochiai area the independence family style (separation/ separate meal/separate household economy) is a principle and a parents family builds the retirement house and move out. The plan. of the retirement house is two-room type of 'Omote(public room) and Uchi(kitchen and living room)' and agree with the plane prototype 'plan constitution of a necessary minimum' of farmhouse of this area. The reconstruction that the retirement house is remodeled handily with a main home, especially intend the convenience of the life such as a kitchen and toilet has been done. The retirement custom has been succeeded thoroughly until recent years in this area. However, this traditional custom is seeing the end, without there is the successor of a main house with depopulation.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.133-156
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• 2011

This paper is to analyze the legality in which the fraud rule allow the issuer of L/C or a court to disrupt the payment to the beneficiary under the deferred payment credit when the nominated bank for deferred payment undertaking made prepayment or negotiation before the maturity date and fraud is identified to be involved. Since the function of commercial L/C is to provide absolute assurance of payment to a beneficiary, the fraud rule based on fraud exception has been known as the negative factor which lead to the disruption of "principle of independence & abstraction" under the commercial L/C transactions. As a result, the fraud rule is necessary to limit the activities of fraudsters, but its scope must be carefully circumscribed so as not to deny commercial utility to an instrument that exists to serve as an assurance of payment. But the fraud itself has not been firmly established because it is inherently pliable in its concept. There are numerous contents to describe the application of fraud to the L/C transactions as a standard such as egregious fraud, intentional fraud, L/C fraud(omitted here), flexible fraud, and constructive fraud. And so the standard applicable to the commercial transaction as the fraud rule would be high or low depending upon the various standards of fraud.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제33권
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• pp.3-28
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• 2007

A non-documentary conditions is a condition contained in the credit without reference to the presented document in compliance therewith, thereby causing many problems to all parties involved in letter of credit transactions. The purpose of this study is to examine the regulations on the non-documentary conditions under Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits: UCP, International Standby Practices: ISP98, United Nations Convention on Independent Guarantee and Stand-by Letters of Credit: CIGSLC and Uniform Commercial Code: UCC and also the opinions on the effect of non-documentary conditions through the analysis of several cases on the non-documentary conditions. The result of this study can be summarized as follows: First, UCP, ISP98, CIGSLC and UCC stipulate that banks will deem non-documentary conditions as not stated and will disregard them. Second, courts used to permit the effect of non-documentary conditions. Finally, all parties should not attempt to put in any non-documentary conditions in order to prevent disputes on the effect of non-documentary conditions.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.189-208
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• 2006

Monitoring large-scale civil engineering structures such as offshore platforms and high-large buildings requires a large number of sensors of different types. Innovative sensor data information technologies are very extremely important for data transmission, storage and retrieval of large volume sensor data generated from large sensor networks. How to obtain the optimal sensor set and placement is more and more concerned by researchers in vibration-based SHM. In this paper, a method of determining the sensor location which aims to extract the dynamic parameter effectively is presented. The method selects the number and place of sensor being installed on or in structure by through the tolerance domain statistical inference algorithm combined with second order sensitivity technology. The method proposal first finds and determines the sub-set sensors from the theoretic measure point derived from analytical model by the statistical tolerance domain procedure under the principle of modal effective independence. The second step is to judge whether the sorted out measured point set has sensitive to the dynamic change of structure by utilizing second order characteristic value sensitivity analysis. A 76-high-building benchmark mode and an offshore platform structure sensor optimal selection are demonstrated and result shows that the method is available and feasible.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.213-238
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• 2006

Deferred payment letter of credit is the L/C that makes the issuing bank to pay a beneficiary at maturity stipulated in the credit. In this deferred payment letter of credit transaction, is it possible that a confirming or nominating bank payor negotiate before maturity? and the confirming or nominating bank have legal protection when paid or negotiated before maturity? These problems are raised in argument. By the way, Korea, Switzerland, Germany, and Italy are positive on the above question, but France, United Kingdom, and Singapore are negative. Therefore, when using deferred payment letter of credit, it is required to keep in mind that the understanding of maturity stipulated in the credit is different among countries, legal principles of each nations, and researchers. And other problems are raised also as follows; the application of Fraud Rule and principle of independence and abstraction as nature of credit, when to pay credit amount to beneficiary, and refusal of payment due to poor quality. Finally, it is required to use deferred payment letter of credit, after full understanding of deferred payment letter of credit pointed out in this paper.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제46권5호
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• pp.927-943
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• 2022

This study explores the organic form generation method, which reflects the evolving biomimetic approaches converging in fashion technology and considers the characteristics of the organic relationship between the body and the clothing to be represented in contemporary fashion. A literature review on biomimetic architecture and design-related theory and a case study on biomimetic fashion were both conducted. Images, articles, and data related to biomimicry fashion and clothing, including the increase in virtual fashion cases around 2020, were analyzed based on the literature review. Biomimicry was used to derive interdisciplinary similarities in the organic morphogenesis principle, and the result was categorized as a network system, folds and unfolds, pneumatic structures, auxetic growth, and membranes. The biomimetic fashion characteristics, including externalization of the body's interior, expansion of the body structure and silhouette, body protection, independence from the body, and post-human expression through virtualization, were analyzed. Morphogenetic processes performed through biomimetic vision are expected to aid in generating research on the possibility of mass production or popularization in the future through various experimental technical studies.

• Journal of Power Electronics
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.815-826
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• 2014

An improved bridgeless interleaved boost power factor correction (PFC) rectifier to improve power efficiency and component utilization is proposed in this study. With combined conventional bridgeless PFC circuit and interleaved technology, the proposed rectifier consists of two interleaved and magnetic inter-coupling boost bridgeless converter cells. Each cell operates alternatively in the critical conduction mode, which can achieve the soft-switching characteristics of the switches and increase power capacity. Auxiliary blocking diodes are employed to eliminate undesired circulating loops and reduce current-sensing noise, which are among the serious drawbacks of a dual-boost PFC rectifier. Magnetic component utilization is improved by symmetrically coupling two inductors on a unique core, which can achieve independence from each other based on the auxiliary diodes. Through the interleaved approach, each switch can operate in the whole line cycle. A simple control scheme is employed in the circuit by using a conventional interleaved controller. The operation principle and theoretical analysis of the converter are presented. A 600 W experimental prototype is built to verify the theoretical analysis and feasibility of the proposed rectifier. System efficiency reaches 97.3% with low total harmonic distortion at full load.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제76권
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• pp.103-123
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• 2017

If additional condition in letter of credit is used in malicious way, it affects the international trade transaction in jeopardy. Therefore, it's significant to identify whether additional conditions are malicious or ordinary in the transaction with letter of credit. In normal cases, thanks to lots of useful features as an international payment method, such as security of payment, legal protection, and versatility, a letter of credit is widely used in international trade. However, even with these advantageous features, a letter of credit is complicate and costly to use, compared to other payment methods. Furthermore, due to its principle of independence from underlying contract, a use of letter of credit creates another type of concern for proper handling and needs significant caution upon field use. At some points, malicious additional conditions are used for buyer's advantage in deal making and fraud instance in worst situation. In addition, some countries request malicious conditions against sellers as a non-tariff barrier. Therefore it's extremely important to recognize whether malicious additional condition exists in letter of credit and, if so, how to deal with it. This study delivers the information to distinguish and categorize the malicious conditions in various cases and to figure out how to deal with them for safer trade with less risk.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제53권
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• pp.135-153
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• 2012

Incoterms is a standard transaction terms and conditions which is established to provide goods delivery, cost and risks between the seller and the buyer as a principle concerned. Incoterms is made of international rules about regular uses of transaction terms and condition. It removes uncertainty of misunderstanding and applying rules, commercial customs and etc, between nations. Incoterms does not have an enforcement like an unified rules or an agreements established between different nations. Therefore, it is just considered as a standard formal terms and conditions from International Chamber of Commerce. For those reasons, validity of Incoterms applies only when parties of contract come to an agreement not by officially adopted or applied by law in each nation. Incoterms 2010 contains specific and clear articles which is fixed version of incoterms 2000, it has insufficient points on insurance contract article. Though, insurance contract belongs to sales contract, it sustains independence itself. It is difficult to sustain perfection until establishment of insurance contract and expiration by fixing the articles. As a result, it is necessary for sellers and buyers take a full responsibility of making complete insurance contract. This paper is written for those reasons in this filed.

• 동양고전연구
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• 제55호
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• pp.59-84
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• 2014

본 연구는 서계 박세당의 "사변록"에 나타난 "중용"을 이해하고 그의 학문 평가에 대해 새로운 해석을 해보려는 시도이다. 기존의 학계에서는 서계의 학문 성격을 반주자학, 탈정주학, 탈성리학, 실학 등으로 구명하였다. 서계의 "중용" 이해는 분명히 주자의 "중용장구"에 대해 상당히 비판적이다. 하지만 그것은 반주자학, 탈정주학, 탈성리학, 실학이라기보다는 경(經)을 이해하고 독해하는 서계의 학문적 독특성 때문이다. 특히, 육경(六經)을 중심으로 실천적 학문을 펼치려는 철학적 방법의 창의적 돌출로 볼 수 있다. 서계는 중용이 지닌 뜻의 일관성 유지를 위해, 정자와 주자가 중용의 해석하면서 드러내는 사유의 불일치를 지적하며, 나름대로 유학의 본래 사유에 부합하는 근원적 의미를 찾으려고 노력하였다. 그것은 사물과 행위에서 그명칭과 본분, 역할과 기능을 일치하려는 노력으로 드러났다. 아울러 서계에게서 중용은 본성을 따르는데 힘쓰는 것으로 인식되고, 내 마음의 밝은 것을 따라 실천하는 사람의 길로 정돈된다. 이는 객관적으로 사람과 사물의 원리를 설명하는 주자의 사유와는 다른 측면으로, 인간 주체로서의 삶에 역동성을 부여하면서 실천의 기초로서 강력한 실제성과 현실성을 지닌다. 따라서 중용의 실천양식은 실제적인 효를 무게중심에 두고 전개되고, 사람이 그것을 어떻게 실천하느냐에 따라 천도(天道)에도 이룰 수 있다는 인간 주체의 발현으로 나타난다. 요약하면 서계는 중용을 관념적이고 이론적이며 형이상학적 차원으로 인식하기보다는 실제적이고 실천적이며 형이하학적 차원에서 규명하였다. 이는 인간을 중심으로 세계를 이해하고 사람의 길을 고심한 사유의 실천으로 유학의 본질을 탐구한 학문 정신의 전개이다.